Low temperature fired positive temperature coefficient resistors

Through the addition of BN as a sintering aid, Y-doped BaTiO₃-based positive temperature coefficient resistors (PTCR) can be fabricated at temperatures below 1200‡C, which is much lower than is required when conventional sintering aids such as silica or A1₂O₃, SiO₂, and TiO₂ (AST) are used. In comparison with the PTCR containing SiO₂, the low-temperature-fired thermistor shows an enhanced PTC effect and a much higher temperature of resistivity maximum. Electrical properties of the BN-added BaTiO₃, (Ba,Sr)TiO₃, and (Ba,Pb)TiO₃ ceramics were discussed.     

红外高温温度场中非完全温度点重建方法与预测精度的研究

在高温温度场重建过程中,仍然需要通过温度场的单点温度值来构建整个温度场的温度分布情况。以焊接温度场为例,通过反距离加权法、克里格法和样条函数法三种插值方法,分别对其空间变异和布局进行了分析和重建。结果表明:不同插值方法对预测精度影响不显著,而采样点数量则显著影响了温度场空间分布的重建精度。在温度场重建过程中,25个采样点进行重建是比较适宜的采样数量。将得出的结论与最佳采样公式进行比较,发现使用公式计算的最佳采样数量相对偏低,说明不考虑采样点实际的空间变异情况,仅使用最佳公式得到的采样数量进行温度场的重建会导致重建结果的不准确。     

基于反射温度补偿及入射温度补偿的红外测温影响分析

以红外辐射理论及红外热像仪测温原理为基础,为解决环境高温物体对红外测温的影响,提出反射温度补偿和入射温度补偿两种方法。分析了两种温度补偿方法的理论可行性和实际操作方案并具体进行实验测温对比。对4个硫化矿样本分别应用两种补偿方法同未经补偿的红外测温进行实验测温对比研究,分析结果显示:经过温度补偿后,相对误差明显小于未经补偿的红外测温,且反射温度补偿法较入射温度补偿法更为精确,验证了两种温度补偿方法的可用性及精确性。两种补偿方法在保证测量精度的同时拓宽了普通红外热像仪的应用范围,保证了硫化矿自燃红外预测数值精度。     

探针式智能温度控制仪

探针式智能温度控制仪以热敏电阻作为温度传感器,以耐高温防腐蚀的材料做外壳,能够自由伸缩50cmo以两端通入1mA恒流源的热敏电阻作为温度传感器,单片机将采得的电压信号值经过模拟放大、A／D转换器转换．LED数码管显示温度值。该温度控制仪通过串口将采样值通过高级语言显示在计算机窗口,方便直观显示存储温度值。     

Silver-indium joints produced at low temperature for high temperature devices

A two-step fluxless bonding process adopted to produce high temperature silver-indium joints (80 wt% silver and 20 wt% indium) at relatively low process temperature of 206/spl deg/C has been developed. After annealing the joint continuously for 26 h at 145/spl deg/C, its melting temperature increases to 765-780/spl deg/C, as confirmed by a de-bonding test. The technique thus developed provides a viable alternative to packaging many high temperature devices running at 350/spl deg/C and above. The bonding quality of the Ag-In joints produced was examined using scanning acoustic microscopy. The joint cross-section was also studied using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscope to find the local microstructure and composition. The results have shown that the joint is nearly void-free and uniform in thickness ranging from 7.2 to 7.8 /spl mu/m. The annealed sample joint, as determined by EDX, is mainly composed of AgIn/sub 2/, Ag/sub 2/In, and AuIn/sub 2/ grains embedded in an Ag-rich Ag-In alloy matrix. During joint formation, the intermetallic compound AgIn/sub 2/, in particular, prevents the indium layer from oxidation, and therefore, no flux is needed. In addition, low process temperatures help to reduce the thermal stresses developed in the bonded structure due to thermal expansion mismatch. Finally, reliability tests were conducted on three sets of annealed joints using a high temperature oven running continuously at 500/spl deg/C for 10, 100, and 1000 h each. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) images on these samples confirmed that the joints have an excellent survivability in a high temperature environment.     

光纤Bragg光栅液氦环境下温度传感特性的研究

进行了液氦温度(4.2 K)到室温(298 K)温区内光纤Bragg光栅(FBG)温度传感性能的实验研究.重点分析了液氦温度(4.2 K)到液氮温度(77 K)FBG的温度传感特性.实验表明:FBG传感特性与温度相关.在50 K以下,温度响应基本没有变化;50 K-77 K,波长偏移量随温度上升变化不规律;150 K-298 K传感特性近似成线性.对比裸光栅与涂敷光栅,涂敷光栅的温度灵敏度远大于裸光栅的温度灵敏度.选用外加热膨胀系数大的聚合物封装,可以显著提高FBG的温敏系数和线性度.     

多光谱瞬态测温系统最优测温波段的分析研究

针对多光谱瞬态温度的测量系统中波长的选择问题。研制了一套适用于反演爆炸场瞬态温度的测试系统,该系统从辐射测温的原理出发,通过分析温度随波长灵敏度的变化关系,确定温度精度最高时的波长,并结合天鹰优化器约束算法,对蜡烛燃烧的火焰现场测试加以验证,结果表明：选择各个波段的最优待测波长测量时,测量的温度误差最小,不超过±2.1%,减小因波长的选择而引起的误差。     

Low temperature fuel cells

Fuel cells have emerged from the research laboratories and are now in the state of being actively developed for various military and commercial purposes. The paper tries to describe the principal problems which had to be overcome to build reliably operating, relatively inexpensive cells. The different systems presently used are compared with each other and the possibility of the use of cheap hydrocarbon fuels in low temperature cells is discussed.     

Emitter-junction temperature measurement under nonuniform current and temperature distribution

A computer analysis of the temperature dependence of emitter junction voltage under an assumed nonuniform temperature distribution is presented, which demonstrates a temperature averaging effect when using junction voltage as an indicator of junction temperature.     

Optical fibre for fabricating long-period gratings with low temperature sensitivity within selected temperature range

Reported is a photosensitive fibre for making long-period gratings with temperature sensitivity of the resonance wavelength as low as 0.25 nm over 0-70/spl deg/C. Furthermore, a convenient method for selecting the temperature of minimum sensitivity, by controlling the boron concentration in the core and monitoring it with attenuation at 1550 nm, is presented.     

基于光纤光栅传感器的海水入侵温度测量系统

近年来海水入侵造成各地沿海滩涂出现了大面积生态退化,对滩涂温度的有效测量有利于监控滩涂海水入侵的情况解决生态平衡问题;通过对光纤光栅结构的特殊设计解决了基底热胀冷缩产生的应变对温度的测量,实现了传感器的解耦;光纤光栅传感器的重复性实验和标定实验,结果表明温度传感器的灵敏度在10.21 pm/℃以上,线性度达到了99 %以上,精度为0.2 ℃,分辨率达到0.1 ℃,传感器具有良好的性能;在现场试验中,将3个光纤光栅传感器串联组成2000 m的传感器系统对滩涂的温度进行测量,数据表明该传感器可以在实际温度测量中进行使用。     

温补晶体振荡器的频率温度稳定度

大部分晶体振荡器生产厂家的数据手册不会兼顾所有使用者的需要,特别是温补晶体振荡器的频率温度稳定度指标,多数情况下,数据手册所列指标往往只适应于某一类典型的应用场合或只符合生产厂家与其某几个主要用户的验收规则,所以只有充分理解频率温度稳定度的不同定义方法、与频率温度稳定度相关的其他频率温度特性指标、不同的环境温度测试方法,才能正确制定符合自己使用要求的频率温度稳定度指标,不加分析地简单套用频率温度     

High sensitive and wide detecting range MOS tunneling temperature sensors for on-chip temperature detection

This paper examined the feasibility of applying a highly sensitive metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) tunneling temperature sensor, which was compatible with current CMOS technology. As the sensor was biased positively at a constant voltage, the gate current increased more than 500 times when the sensor was heated from 20/spl deg/C to 110/spl deg/C. However, when the sensor was biased at a constant-current situation, its gate voltage magnitude changed significantly with substrate temperature, with a sensitivity exceeding -2 V//spl deg/C. The improvement of temperature sensitivity in this paper is one thousand times over the sensitivity of a conventional p-n junction, i.e., namely, about -2 mV//spl deg/C. Regarding a temperature sensor array, this paper proposes a method using gate current gain, rather than absolute gate current, to eliminate the gate current discrepancy among sensors. For constant current operation, a sensitivity exceeding 10 V//spl deg/C can be obtained if the current level is suitable. Finally, this paper demonstrates a real temperature distribution for on-chip detection. With such a high temperature-sensitive sensor, accurate temperature detection can be incorporated into common CMOS circuits.     

液氮温区集成式数字温度传感器设计

温度传感器是制冷型红外焦平面探测器的重要组成部分,它用于测量探测器工作温度,其输出用于制冷机控制,从而控制探测器温度。探测器的工作温度将直接影响探测器的性能,如信噪比、探测率和盲元率等。针对传统PN结温度传感器需要模拟信号处理电路及易受电磁干扰的弊端,设计了一种基于CMOS工艺的集成式数字温度传感器,可以集成到红外焦平面探测器读出电路中,直接通过SPI接口输出数字测温值。设计的集成式数字温度传感器采用0.35 m CMOS工艺流片,芯片面积为380 m500 m（不包含PAD）,在电源电压2.5 V和采样频率6.1次/s条件下,功耗为300 W,分辨率0.061 6 K。在77 K温度下输出的RMS噪声为0.148 K。测试结果表明,集成式数字温度传感器可以应用于制冷型红外焦平面探测器温度测量。     

恒温流体供应器温度检测和控制的实现

很多工业生产及高档生活要求高精度的恒温流体供应。尤其对于需要传输一定距离的流体温度难以准确控制。本文研究了恒温流体供应器如何对流体温度检测和精确控制的新方法。针对供应器的可靠性,系统采用了流体温度控制监测和供应温度检测相互独立的方法;针对工厂生产效率或人们生活的便利性,采用了模糊控制和细化功率等级的方法实现对流体温度的...     

A two-terminal IC temperature transducer

A bipolar monolithic IC temperature transducer with an operating temperature range of -125/spl deg/C to +200/spl deg/C has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The two-terminal device, which is fabricated using laser trimmed thin-film-on-silicon technology, is a calibrated temperature dependent current source with an average output impedence of 10 M/spl Omega/ over the 3.5-V to 30-V range of input voltage. Overall absolute accuracies of /spl plusmn/0.5/spl deg/C from -75/spl deg/C to +150/spl deg/C have been achieved on a scale of 1 /spl mu/A/K under optimum operating conditions.     

长周期光纤光栅温度传感器应变交叉敏感的研究

长周期光纤光栅是透射谱光栅,纤芯基模与同向各阶包层模发生耦合,谐振波长和幅值对外界环境的变化非常敏感,比传统布拉格光纤光栅具有更好的温度、应力、弯曲、扭曲、横向载荷、折射率等的传感特性.由于长周期光纤光栅对两个或者多个参量都是敏感的,当光纤光栅用于传感测量时,很难分辨出各个参量分别引起的被测量的变化,交叉敏感问题比布拉格光纤光栅严重的多.交叉敏感是光纤光栅传感中的关键问题.分析了目前较为典型的解决策略和方案,在此基础上提出了联系的思想和解决方案,提出并实验验证了一种解决长周期光纤光栅温度传感测量中应力与温度的交叉敏感问题.充分利用了LPFG温度与应变交叉敏感的现象,利用联系的思想,将应变对温度的负面干扰转变为正面的增敏.     

High temperature reliability of electrically conductive adhesive attached temperature sensors on flexible polyimide substrates

The attachment and packaging of temperature sensors may be challenging due to their structure and materials. Sensing requires a structure which is open to the environment and the materials often differ from those used in silicon-based electronics. Thus, traditional attachment techniques and materials such as soldering may be inappropriate. Polymer-based electrically conductive adhesives (ECA) are an alternative. The operating environment of a sensor may, however, be very demanding. Very little research data is available on the use of ECAs in challenging conditions, thus restricting their use in many applications. This study tested the behaviour of temperature sensors attached with ECAs onto flexible polyimide (PI) substrates in thermal storage at 200 °C. More than 1000 h of testing without failures were conducted on the ECA sensor structures. Good high temperature reliability therefore seems to be possible with ECAs. However, the PI substrate was observed to be critical to reliability. An adhesive layer used in the PI substrate reacted at the test temperature and severe oxidation of the copper pads and reaction between the materials consequently destroyed the interconnection and caused failures.