An analysis of millimeter wave quasi-optical gaussian beam radiation-perturbational expansion method

In this paper perturbational expansion of wave equation is used to analyse the Gaussian beam radiation efficiency and the near field distribution of aperture antenna. The analysis is also suitable at large angles from boresight because the Gaussian beam used here is corrected to satisfy wave equation. An approach of minimum deviation of aperture field is used to calculate the Gaussian beam radiation efficiency, and calculation results is compared with that of Wydle's[1].     

Gaussian beam techniques for illuminating reflector antennas

Simple design procedures are presented for use when a Gaussian beam is used to illuminate a classical reflector antenna. Displacement of the location of the beamwaist toward the focusing element in the case of electrically small antennas where the aperture is in the near field of the feed was calculated together with modification of the required beamwaist radius. Dual reflector antennas were discussed and design procedures appropriate for systems with large and small focal length to diameter ratio developed. Cases where a reflector or subreflector is electrically small, or in the near field of a feed, are readily treated. For elliptical beam antennas, a simple illumination system using only a scalar horn and a single cylindrical lens can generally be found; this has no ray optics analogue. A configuration of this type is discussed, with a practical case study of a 28-by-80-λ elliptical Cassegrain antenna operating at a wavelength of 3 mm. The design process for designing the feed system is discussed in detail. Despite the small size and relatively large aperture blockage, an aperture efficiency of 0.48 was measured, which compared quite well with the expected efficiency of 0.53, thus verifying the validity of the Gaussian beam design approach     

Design of a gaussian optic lens antenna and effective parameters study

The optimization of a Gaussian optic lens antenna design is considered using a previously exposed model. After discussing the global task, results with a few varying geometrical parameters are presented which study their effects on certain radiation characteristics such as the half pattern aperture angles 3 dB and 10 dB below the axial maximum, the sidelobes level or the beam efficiency. Finally, we are able to conclude on the complexity and the difficulty of optimizing such an antenna.     

A comparison among 1-, 3-, and 7-horn feeds for a 37-beam MBA

A very common multiple beam antenna (MBA) configuration consists of a collimating device illuminated by an array of feeds. The collimating device is usually a reflector or a lens. The feeds are usually horn antennas with a circular aperture. The reflector is usually offset-fed to eliminate aperture blockage; the lens is center fed. The antenna's feeds are excited to produce a finite number of beams, so as to provide contiguous coverage of the field of view. The designer is forced to minimize the angular spacing between adjacent beams in order to maximize the minimum gain over the antenna's field of view. On the other hand, the feed horn's aperture gain is maximized when the feed horn spacing and its aperture diameter are equal. This results in antenna efficiency of the order of 30% when a single feed horn is excited to produce a beam. When a cluster of 3 or 7 adjacent feed horns are excited to produce a single beam, antenna efficiency can be increased to 50%. When it is tolerable, several identical antenna apertures can be used to replace a single aperture configuration. In this case, each of M apertures produces approximately N/M beams of an MBA that produces N beams. Horns producing adjacent beams do not illuminate the same aperture. This permits the use of a much larger horn aperture for a given beam spacing. This results in reduced spillover, higher gain of each beam, and increased antenna efficiency of each aperture. This paper investigates the maximization of gain for several lens antennas. It shows that antenna gain is increased as its focal length is decreased. That is, a focal length-to-diameter ratio (F/D) less than 1 is preferred     

一种X波段波导缝隙天线的设计与仿真

给出了波导缝隙天线设计步骤,设计一种X波段波导缝隙天线,计算了天线口径、波导数量、缝隙的单元数量、宽度、位置等参数,设计半高波导宽臂耦合谐振缝魔T和差器,在此基础上完成了天线设计。仿真结果表明,当中心频率为12 GHz时,和波束增益为28.9 dB,第一副瓣电平为-22.2 dB,所设计的天线形式可获得较好的和、差波束方向图、电压驻波比和增益等参数。     

非均匀关联光束在湍流中的单模光纤耦合效率（特邀）

研究了非均匀关联光束经过大气湍流后的光纤耦合效率。研究结果表明,大气湍流中非均匀关联光束的光纤耦合效率优于传统高斯谢尔模光束;且调控光束相干长度可以提高光纤耦合效率;针对不同传输距离的情况,可以通过调控光束相干长度实现耦合效率的最优化。同时,文中还讨论了光源参数:束腰和波长;耦合透镜参数:接收孔径和焦距;湍流强度对光纤耦合效率的影响。该研究成果证明光场相干结构调控技术在提升光纤耦合效率中的应用,在自由空间激光通信研究领域存在重要价值。     

湍流大气中激光束经卡塞格伦天线后的传输

将卡塞格伦天线系统等效为一个环形光阑和括束器的组合,通过将环形光阑展开为复高斯函数的叠加,并利用广义的惠更斯-菲涅尔积分公式得到了准直的光束经卡塞格伦天线系统后衍射场的强度解析表达式。研究了湍流大气中光束经卡塞格伦天线衍射的传输特性及光强分布随折射率结构常数和天线遮挡比的影响。该研究工作将对大气激光通信中的端机性能的评估具有一定的意义。     

Two-dimensional diffraction by half-planes and wide slits nearradiating apertures

With the complex source-point method used to produce the basis elements of an array of linearly and directionally equispaced two-dimensional (2-D) beams, the fields of any aperture distribution at any range to any degree of accuracy can be obtained. For efficiency a limited number of significant beams and beam directions is required. Approximately twice as many beams as the aperture width in wavelengths, with all beam directions normal to the aperture, is found to be sufficient here for simple uniform and cosinusoidal distributions in apertures of moderate size at ranges outside the evanescent field zone of the aperture. Now the exact solution for the far field of a line source, or here a beam source in the presence of a conducting half-plane, is used as our basis element to give the solution for antenna pattern diffraction by a local half-plane. Antenna pattern diffraction by an aperture near a wide slit is presented as simply a superposition of the solutions for two coplanar half-planes with separated parallel edges. Antenna pattern distortion by various other local obstacles can be obtained similarly     

Multiple beam feed networks using an even number of beam ports

An aperture illumination compatible with the use of an even number of adjacent beam ports in a multiple beam feed network is discussed. The antenna pattern characteristics of near-in sidelobe levels, half-power beamwidth, aperture efficiency, and feed network loss are evaluated. Maximization of the available antenna gain at adjacent beam crossover points is shown to be possible for either sequential or simultaneons operation of a receiving system. The results presented indicate that lossy feed networks are quite suitable for certain array antenna applications.     

收发等波束的双频低副瓣多波束天线

介绍了一种可实现收发波束大小一致的工作于K/Ka频段的低副瓣反射面多波束天线系统。该天线系统采用高效率双频多模喇叭作为馈源,实现了收发频段共用同一反射面,极大地降低了系统的规模。通过对反射面口径场上幅度和相位的分布对天线二次辐射方向图的影响的分析,提出了一种在高频处对反射面引入副瓣照射的方法,从而实现了收发波束大小一致。该天线系统在收发频段均体现了良好的低副瓣、高载干比特性。     

An improved solution for integrated array optics in quasi-opticalmm and submm receivers: the hybrid antenna

A dielectric lens antenna that is a special case of an extended hemispherical dielectric lens and is operated in the diffraction-limited regime is considered. The dielectric lens antenna is fed by a planar antenna that is mounted on the flat side of the dielectric lens antenna, using it as a substrate, and the combination is termed a hybrid antenna. Beam pattern and aperture efficiency measurements were made at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths as a function of the extension of the hemispherical lens and of lens size. An optimum extension distance for which excellent beam patterns and simultaneously high aperture efficiencies can be achieved is found experimentally and numerically. At 115 GHz the aperture efficiency was measured to be (76±6)% for a diffraction-limited beam with sidelobes below -17 dB. Results for a single hybrid antenna with an integrated superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) detector and a broadband matching structure at submillimeter wavelengths are presented. The hybrid antenna is space efficient in an array due to its high aperture efficiency, and is easily mass produced, thus being well suited for focal plane heterodyne receiver arrays     

一种基于共口径的连续视场多波束馈源设计

提出了一种共口径的连续视场多波束馈源设计方法,在满足高交叠电平的前提下,通过利用电小尺寸紧耦合单元的电流连续性实现口径共用,从而获得超过物理尺寸的口径范围. 以Vivaldi天线为例验证了其作为反射面高效率馈源的可行性,并总结了在固定反射面交径比和照射角时,这种共口径多波束馈源的设计方法. 最后根据15 m天线设计指标要求,设计了一种Vivaldi馈源阵列,并采用差分进化算法对阵列参数进行了优化,在一个倍频程内实现了波束覆盖范围2°×2°的馈源阵列,其口径效率在60%以上,交叠电平3 dB以内,为面向高效率和高交叠电平需求的反射面馈源低成本设计提供了参考.     

A 140-170-GHz low-noise uniplanar subharmonic Schottky receiver

A 150-GHz Schottky diode subharmonic receiver based on a coplanar-waveguide-fed double-folded-slot (DFS) antenna is presented in this paper. The DFS antenna is placed on an extended hemispherical high-resistivity silicon substrate lens to achieve a high directivity and a high coupling to a Gaussian beam efficiency. The uniplanar receiver results in a 12±0.5-dB measured double-sideband conversion loss at 144-152 GHz for a 8-10 mW local-oscillator power at 77 GHz, and has a wide-hand ⩽13-dB conversion loss over 30 GHz of bandwidth (140-170 GHz). The measured conversion loss includes silicon lens absorption and reflection losses, as well as IF mismatch losses. The applications are in new small aperture (7.5-cm lenses) collision-avoidance radars at 150 GHz     

一种三单元新型宽波束扫描电控无源阵列天线

通过电抗加载来控制方向图主瓣指向的天线称为电控无源阵列天线,简称ESPAR天线.提出了一种三单元H形缝隙耦合馈电贴片ESPAR相控阵天线,该天线通过分别改变加在两侧寄生辐射贴片馈电端的直流控制电压来改变相应的电抗加载值,从而使其实现宽波束扫描.给出了该天线的详细分析,以及电磁仿真结果,结果表明,该天线在H面上能实现-30°～30°的宽波束扫描.     

空间光通信光纤耦合效率及补偿分析

受大气湍流影响,空间光通信系统中接收光至单模光纤耦合效率降低,根据弱湍流理论,推导了Kolmogorov湍流信道情况下准直高斯光束至单模光纤平均耦合效率表达式,仿真了1 km传输距离下不同接收孔径下平均耦合效率与湍流强度的关系,结果表明:当大气折射率结构常数达到10-12时,耦合效率降到0.1以下,且耦合效率随接收孔径增大而降低。采用37单元自适应光学系统（AO）进行补偿实验,对畸变波前进行重构再利用反射变形镜进行修正的方法,对比不同AO状态下波面图质量及远场长曝光成像及质心位置漂移,发现AO进行低阶像差校正后,波面峰-谷值及标准差减小、斯特列尔比（SR）及耦合效率增加,进行高阶校正后情况进一步改善。     

Radiation patterns of circular apertures with Gaussian illumination

We analyze the radiation pattern from circular apertures with Gaussian electric field distribution. Patterns are calculated using the Fraunhofer diffraction integral and we obtain a convenient expression for the FWHM beamwidth as a function of the edge taper. The aperture efficiency can be calculated for blocked and unblocked apertures in analytic form. The beam efficiency must be computed numerically, but can be obtained in a straightforward way from the beamwidth.     

会聚高斯光束光轴上的光场强度分布

根据惠更斯一菲涅耳原理，推导出会聚病折光束经圆形孔径衍射后光轴上的场分布及强度分布表达式。讨论了轴上点光强最大值相对会聚高斯光束束腰的偏移量同衍射孔径及高斯光束参数的关系。     

Efficiency of quasi-optical couplers

Millimeter-wave devices are often coupled to radiation by means of a feed antenna placed at the focus of a primary lens or mirror, a technique known as “quasioptical coupling”. A general expression for the efficiency of such a coupler is derived. The efficiency of such a coupler depends on the relationship of the feed antenna pattern to the numerical aperture of the primary lens. An approximate general rule for coupler design is obtained. This rule is as follows. Let θ_o be the angle between the direction in which the feed pattern is maximum and the direction in which the pattern intensity has one-half its maximum value. Then the optimum numerical aperture of the primary lens is approximately sin (1.67 θ_o). The effects of focussing errors and lens aberrations can also be calculated by this technique.     

On the optimal synthesis of sparsely thinned planar array antenna with constraints using meta-heuristic optimization

The investigations related to the planar antenna array have attracted much attention due to their vast applications in the areas of advanced wireless communication and electromagnetics. This article presents an effective synthesis method of a sparsely thinned symmetric planar antenna array using three well-known meta-heuristics including symbiotic organism search (SOS) algorithm, moth fly optimization (MFO), and multi-verse optimization (MVO) algorithms. The main aim of this work is to optimize the positions of the switched-on antenna elements on the array aperture in order to reduce the value of side-lobe levels in the radiation field pattern in multiple planes for a desired first null beam width and subsequently to obtain the maximum reduced number of array-elements in the antenna array. Two different cases are performed to optimize the radiation pattern in different azimuth angles with two different examples. The proposed methods can constrain the total number of array elements, inter-element distance, and aperture area of the array. The radiation pattern characteristic and computation time linked with each example and each algorithm are recorded and compared with each other as well as with a fully populated planar symmetric rectangular array antenna of same aperture size for arriving at the conclusion. The simulation-based results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed design and the efficiency of the performance using the SOS algorithm.     

Scalar horn with shaped lens improves Cassegrain efficiency

It is shown that the aperture efficiency of a classical Cassegrain antenna can be considerably improved if the radiation pattern of the feed is optimally shaped. The corresponding optimum field distribution Over the aperture of the feed consists of a circular main lobe which is surrounded by concentric sidelobe rings. This optimum field distribution with one sidelobe ring included is realized by shaping of a dielectric lens which is positioned in the aperture of a corrugated horn antenna. The design can provide a theoretical aperture efficiency of 90.5 percent when subreflector diffraction and aperture shadowing are neglected, i.e., an improvement of 0.4 dB compared to an optimum conventional feed. Measurements of a model at 22.8 GHz gave a practical result of 85.6 percent. If the model is used to feed a 30 m radiotelescope the overall antenna efficiency becomes about 71 percent.