用于过采样Σ-△ A/D转换器的Σ-△调制器

分析并讨论了过采样∑-△A/D转换器中一阶、二阶及高阶级联结构的∑-△调制器的性能特点,并编写C语言程序进行行为级仿真,用PSpice进行电路级仿真,利用MATLAB工具对其结果进行分析.结果表明,∑-△调制器具有噪声整形特性,可以提高基带内的信噪比,且三阶级联结构中1-1-1结构性能最优.∑-△调制器与过采样技术相结合可构成高精度、低成本的A/D转换器.     

基准电压波动对∑-△A／D转换性能的影响

∑-△A／D转换器需要一个基准电压作为参照进行模／数转换，因此，基准电压上的任何变化都会直接影响到A／D转换的结果。文章推导分析了基准电压的DC及AC波动对∑-△A／D转换结果的影响机制，并用一个三阶∑-△A／D转换器实例，在Matlab仿真环境中验证了分析结果。文章的结论可用于指导∑-△A／D转换器芯片中带隙基准源模块的电源抑制比设计。     

A 16 bit Stereo Audio ΣΔ A/D Converter

提出了一种16位立体声音频新型稳定的5阶∑△A/D转换器.该转换器由开关电容∑△调制器、抽取滤波器和带隙基准电路构成.提出了一种新的稳定高阶调制器的方法和一种新的梳状滤波器.采用0.5μm 5V CMOS工艺实现∑△A/D转换器.∑△A/D转换器可以得到96dB的峰值SNR,动态范围为96dB.整个芯片面积只有4.1mm×2.4mm,功耗为90mW.     

一种16位音频∑△ A/D转换器

提出了一种16位立体声音频新型稳定的5阶∑△A/D转换器.该转换器由开关电容∑△调制器、抽取滤波器和带隙基准电路构成.提出了一种新的稳定高阶调制器的方法和一种新的梳状滤波器.采用0.5μm 5V CMOS工艺实现∑△A/D转换器.∑△A/D转换器可以得到96dB的峰值SNR,动态范围为96dB.整个芯片面积只有4.1mm×2.4mm,功耗为90mW.     

一种稳定的高阶∑—△模／数转换器

文章提出了一种稳定的高阶∑-△模数转换器的设计方法。结合实例，简要说明了多级数字抽取滤波器的设计，并讨论了调制器基内零点优化的方法。设计的∑-△A/D转换器可以满足无线通信应用中大动态范围A/D转换的要求。     

PCB布线设计(之四)

A/D转换器起源于模拟范例,其中物理硅的大部分是模拟.随着新的设计拓扑学发展,此范例演变为,在低速A/D转换器中数字占主要部分.尽管A/D转换器片内由模拟占主导转变为由数字占主导,PCB的布线准则却没有改变.当布线设计人员设计混合信号电路时,为实现有效布线,仍需要关键的布线知识.本文将以逐次逼近型A/D转换器和∑-△型A/D转换器为例,探讨A/D转换器所需的PCB布线策略.     

CS5522型A/D转换器及其在小角度测量中的应用

CS5522是24位高精度△-∑型串行A/D转换器.文中介绍了CS5522型A/D转换器的主要性能、引脚构成、内部寄存器及校准方法.结合CS5522型A/D转换器在小角度测量中的实际应用,给出了CS5522型A/D转换器与单片机的接口及系统电路图,最后给出了试验数据.     

∑—△A／D转换器在软件无线电移动终端中的应用

A／D转换器是基于软件无线电的多模移动终端中的关键器件。文章简要描述了移动通信信号特征，对闪烁型A／D转换器(Flash ADC)和∑-△A／D转换器的性能进行了详细分析与比较，指出∑-△A／D转换器可以更好地满足多模移动终端中对大动念范围A／D转换的要求。     

AD7706∑-△A/D转换器在动态心电信号测量中的应用

AD7706 1 6位∑-△A/D转换器,可以对具有高内阻信号源和传感器信号直接进行A/D转换.本文给出AD7706在动态心电信号测量中的应用.     

高阶模拟∑-△调制器设计研究

在简要介绍高阶1位量化∑-△A/D转换器基本原理的基础上,分析了∑-△调制器的噪声特性;介绍了传统线性模型下的噪声传递函数的设计方法.同时,结合实际高阶模拟∑-△调制器的开关电容实现电路,重点对影响调制器性能的非理想因素进行了详细分析,并采用程序建模仿真的方法指导电路设计.与传统设计方法的结果对比表明,文中的方法可以为电路设计提供更加可靠的依据.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks