Neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet fettchemischer Tenside

New Developments in the Field of Oleochemical Surfactants A large area of application for fats and oils in the technical field is the manufacture of surfactants. The oleochemical industry has long been making intensive efforts to gain a still greater share of the world's surfactant production for oleochemical surfactants. There are some promising conditions to reach this goal. New developments in the field of anionic and nonionic surfactants are summarized in an overview. There will be discussed fatty alcohol sulfates (especially tallow alcohol sulfate), α-sulfo-fatty acid methylesters, acyl cyanamides, non-terminal fatty acid methylester sulfonates (by sulfoxidation of saturated fatty acid methylesters and by SO₃-sulfonation of unsaturated fatty acid esters), oleic acid sulfonates, alkyl- and alkenyl ether sulfonates, hydroxy alkyl ether sulfates, alkyl glucosides, fatty alcohol polyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers and -hydroxyalkyl ethers and narrow range fatty alcohol ethoxylates. The development work on new oleochemical surfactants which has been described permits the conclusion that in future oleochemical surfactants will further increase their share of world surfactant production.     

Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in Western Europe

Basic oleochemicals are produced by splitting and further reactions of oils and fats: fatty acids, glycerine, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols and amines. The last two are included in the list of oleochemical raw materials, primarily because of their importance in the preparations of further derivatives. The wide range of derivatives of oleochemical raw materials such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty alcohol sulfates, fatty alcohol ether sulfates, quaternary ammonium compounds and soaps are summarized. Oleochemicals such as fatty alcohols and glycerine from oils and fats have equivalents on the basis of petrochemicals. Using the customary terminology, petrochemical products are referred to as “synthetics.” The are included in the present discussion because in the application of oleochemical raw materials the origin of the material is often less important than the structure. Oleochemistry can be regarded as a mature branch of chemistry, with many applications for its products, but with few completely new fields. The challenge and the opportunities for oleochemistry today lie in the changing economic and ecological conditions. Availability and price development of oils and fats are discussed with particular reference to European conditions, for these are the prerequisites if oleochemicals are to be competitive and are to improve their chances in the marketplace. The importance and development of the oleochemical raw material fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, glycerine, fatty alcohols and amines are considered on the basis of historical data. In considering future developments of oleochemicals, the capacity, demand and the possible influence of petrochemistry or crude oil is discussed. The highly developed oleochemical raw materials industry is a flexible supplier of medium-to long-chain fatty alkyl groups. These facts, together with the well organized supply lines for raw materials and the considerable potential of these renewable raw materials, could provide the necessary conditions for the oleochemical raw materials industry to fulfil its future tasks on a larger scale. This could arise, for example, due to the partial substitution of petrochemical surfactants, if this should become necessary as a result of developments in the price and availability of crude oil, or on grounds of ecological factors.     

世界油脂化工市场（英）

油脂化工产品的原料来自于动物性和植物性的油和脂肪,它们也衍生许多化工产品。然而,由于油脂化工产品的独特性质,它主要为肥皂、清洁剂和洗发水等产品提供广泛的表面活性剂原料。通常在制成品前,这些基本的油脂化工产品需进行进一步的转化程序。油脂化学品原料取之天然可再生,可生物降解,而石油原料却无法再生。因此,从这一点来讲油脂化学品对环境更友好。指出油和脂肪的价格变化无常,以及副产品甘油的价格因供求而变是造成油脂化工生产经济不稳定的两大因素。     

Block polymer nonionic surfactants in textiles

Block polymer surfactants have wide acceptance in the textile industry. These products are characterized by low-to-moderate foam, low levels of toxicity, and a variety of other desirable physical properties. This paper reviews their use as lubricants, texturizers, antistats, softeners, dyes, rayon processing agents, emulsifiers, defoamers and bleaching agents.     

Marketing and economics of oleochemicals to the plastics industry

The number of oleochemicals used in the plastics industry are many and varied. Usually the chemicals sold are designed for a specific application that depends on the end use and the economics of production. The percentage of oleochemicals that end up in the finished product is small, usually 0.1–1%, but it is there for a very important physical specification that the chemical imparts to the finished resin. The chemicals and applications are discussed by the structure of the additive and the property it imparts to the finished resin. The marketing of oleochemical to the plastics industry usually requires considerable application and process research to develop specialized molecules that impart the desired properties to the finished resin. Market size and economics numbers refer only to the US markets.     

Oleochemical products as building blocks for polymers

The use of oleochemical derivatives is dominated by applications in the field of surfactants and emulsifiers. There also is a remarkable amount of highly specialised uses, for example in lubricants and as additives to modify the characteristics of polymers. Besides this, some products have been developed on the basis of oleochemical building blocks in the polymer backbone. Starting with oleic acid, the difunctional azelaic acid (C-9) is produced by ozonolysis for application in high-value polyesters and polyamides. Pyrolysis of castor oil or ricinoleic acid is the commercial route to sebacic acid (C-10). Castor oil itself is used as a polyol for the production of polyurethanes. Similar polyols with modified viscosity and application characteristics are made by epoxidation and ring-opening reactions of unsaturated fatty acid derivatives. Dimer acid (C-36) is obtained by a double bond reaction of C₁₈ unsaturated fatty acids. By using hydrogenation technology, which is wellknown in the oleochemical industry to produce fatty alcohols, dimerdiols can be prepared from dimer acid. This dimerdiol is of great interest in polyurethane application fields in general, because it is a liquid, hydrophobic, long-chain raw material with two primary hydroxyl groups. By condensation of dimerdiol to building blocks with a molecular weight around 2,000 it is possible to prepare soft segments, that allow the production of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) with modified application characteristics. Two different soft segments based on dimerdiol, ethers, and carbonates are discussed. The advantages for TPUs prepared from these building blocks are hydrolytic and oxidative stability and resistance to saponification and polar solvents.     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(Ⅷ)——高分子表面活性剂的合成与应用进展

简单介绍了高分子表面活性剂的分类,主要综述了近几年高分子表面活性剂在合成方法上的进展,包括嵌段型高分子表面活性剂的合成、接枝型高分子表面活性剂的合成以及利用废旧聚酯PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯)合成高分子表 面活性剂的方法.同时,对高分子表面活性剂的特殊性质及其在制药、石油、纺织印染与造纸工业中的应用作了介绍.最后对其今后的研究开发方向及发展趋势作了展望.     

2-Fettalkyl-2-oxazoline - ein vielversprechendes oleochemisches Reaktivsystem - Synthese und Folgechemie

2-Fatty-Alkyl-2-Oxazolines - a Most Promising Oleochemical Reactive System - Synthesis and Reaction Products A new process has been developed for synthesizing imidic acid esters such as 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines and 2-alkyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-oxazines. This process exhibits all the preconditions necessary for manufacturing such heterocyclic compounds with fatty alkyl groups in the 2-position on an industrial scale. These reactive oleochemical compounds can be polymerized, and react with numerous nucleophiles by introducing the alkanoyl-aminoalkyl group. Catalytic hydrogenation and reactions with some nitrogen components are described. The corrosion-resistant and antimicrobial properties of the new reaction products (imidazole, 1,2,4-triazole and tetrazole derivatives) are then treated.     

Challenges to a mature industry: Marketing and economics of oleochemicals in the United States

Fatty acids, accounting for more than half of oleochemicals discussed, grew at an annual rate of ca. 3% during the 1970s, with no growth since 1979. As competition intensified, the number of companies in the industry declined or owenrship changed. Challenges are covered under five major headings—markets, raw materials, competition, research and profitability. Oleochemical markets are extremely diverse but usually involve surface modification. Fatty acid disposition and real consumer personal income correlate closely. Growth of consumer income in the 1980s will be the most important factor in determining growth of fatty chemicals. Fatty chemicals compete with petroleum-derived products; and, therefore, price relationship of natural fats versus petroleum will affect market share. Tallow and other natural fats and oils are approximately the same price as 15 years ago, whereas ethylene has about doubled. Interchangeability of natural fats tends to moderate price fluctuations. Competition remains intense with market shares divided among many companies. Neither imports nor exports have played a significant role in the US fatty chemical industry. There are large exports of fatty acid derivatives, particularly to South America. Research will concentrate on energy reduction as oleochemical production is highly energy-intensive. Enzymatic splitting is a potential commercial process for this purpose. Improved hydrogenation catalysts and development of new specialty oilseeds are additional research objectives. Success of researchers will probably play the biggest role of all in future marketing and economics of fatty chemical companies. The belief is that the fatty chemical industry has had difficulty in consistently maintaining acceptable levels of profitability. To avoid extinction and achieve reasonable rates of return, business strategies must (a) identify, create and exploit growth segments; (b) emphasize product quality and innovative product improvement; and (c) systematically improve production and distribution efficiencies.     

表面活性剂的性能与应用(XXV)——表面活性剂在纺织工业中的应用

纺织工业是表面活性剂在工业方面的最大用户之一,表面活性剂在其中扮演着多重角色。详细介绍了表面活性剂作为洗净剂、润湿剂和渗透剂、退浆剂、染色剂、防水防油剂在纺织业中的应用,并对纺织用表面活性剂的发展前景进行了展望。     

Marketing and economics of oleochemicals to the oil patch

Oleomines represent the largest class of oleochemicals used in the oil patch and are used in virtually all phases of the oil industry. Although the largest volume is used in production and refining, many amines are used prior to production in drilling operations and well completions, as well as postprocessing as additives in finished products. Other oleochemicals widely used include various surfactants made by ethoxylation and sulfation of fatty acids as well as polymerized fatty acids. The amines of interest start with simple primary amines and include secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines. They extend into higher amines such as diamines, triamines and beyond as well as all of these further reacted with other chemical species. Oleoamines in a generic sense also include amino amides, amphoteric amines, cyclic amidines, ether amines, as well as some high molecular weight polymeric materials. The oleoamines are used per se in suitable solvent systems, or as components in a wide variety of finished products containing several chemical entities to obtain specified product properties. Oleoamines, their derivatives, and other oleochemicals are used to prevent corrosion, inhibit and kill bacteria, condition waters for improved injectivity, emulsify, deemulsify, foam, gel, remove deposits, disperse solids, wet solids, solubilize or disperse otherwise incompatible liquids, produce or stabilize foaming systems, lubricate and produce detergent properties in liquid systems. They are used in drilling fluids. well completion fluids, oil and gas wells, water source wells, injection wells, gathering systems, filters, storage tanks, pipelines, refineries, and in finished products for all of the purposes listed above. This paper covers the oil patch operating parameters that determine the need for using oleochemicals, and describes for each system appropriate oleochemicals whose properties satisfy those needs.     

我国基础油脂化学品的生产工艺水平

对中国基础油脂化学品生产工艺与世界水平的差距进行了对比,说明我国油脂工业具有光明的发有景和空间,提出成立中国油脂化学家协会,加强油脂化工大联合的初步建议。     

壳聚糖及其衍生物在天然织物整理中的应用研究进展

壳聚糖具有良好的抗菌性、吸湿性、反应活性和成纤性,作为新型织物整理剂在纺织产业具有广泛的应用前景。本文综述了近年来壳聚糖及其衍生物在天然织物抗菌、染色、阻燃、防静电、抗紫外和防毡缩等整理中的应用,并就其赋予织物各项性能的机理及影响因素进行讨论。采用对壳聚糖进行改性、与金属化合物的复合使用和对织物表面进行超声、等离子等预处理的方法有利于改善其对织物的整理效果,并对织物的各项物理性能起积极作用。未来壳聚糖基整理剂可在加强某个单一性能的基础上,选择性地引入多个功能性基团,合成符合应用需求的环保型多功能整理剂。     

表面活性剂在纺织染整中的应用

按照表面活性剂的离子类型，分别讨论了阳离子型、阴离子型、非离子型和两性表面活性剂，以及其他新型表面活性剂在纺织染整中的应用。重点介绍了绿色环保型表面活性剂，并对表面活性剂在纺织染整中的发展方向予以展望。     

Adsorption of a silicone‐based surfactant on polyethylene and polypropylene surfaces and its tribologic performance

Aqueous silicone‐based surfactants are widely used in the processing of synthetic fibers in textile industries since they enhance a number of functional and processing properties. In this paper the interactions between silicone‐based surfactants and textile‐relevant surfaces (polyethylene and polypropylene) were investigated by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation and the tribologic performance was evaluated by lateral force microscopy. Our results showed that the more hydrophobic polypropylene surface had higher affinity with silicone‐based lubricants than polyethylene surface. These adsorbed layers provided lubricity in textile materials when subject to shear forces and offered protection to wear and abrasion. This is explained by the fact that the hydrophobic groups in the surfactant molecules interact more effectively with the polypropylene surface via hydrophobic forces. This information will ultimately help to further our understanding on lubrication phenomena in fiber processing. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40838.     

印染助剂发展的回顾与展望(续)

回顾了我国印染助剂,特别是表面活性剂的发展状况。重点介绍了前处理助剂的革新和Gemini表面活性剂及树状聚合物的合成方法、性能及应用。提出行业应注重创新,以促进我国印染助剂发展。     

Glycerin - Ein fettchemischer Grundstoff im Wandel der Zeit

Glycerine - The History of an Oleochemical Raw Material Being a constituent of all fats and oils, natural glycerine has always played a key role in oleochemical manufacturing processes. Owing to its special physical and chemical properties, glycerine, which is obtained as a byproduct in neutral oil saponification and in the splitting and transesterification of fats and oils, has succeeded in becoming established and gaining in importance even under changing economic conditions. The major part of glycerine and its derivatives produced worldwide is nowadays used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries, the food and tabacco industries, and in plastics manufacturing. Often its lack in color and odor and the fact that it presents no health hazards are of decisive importance. The range of applications is accordingly very wide. The current world consumption is estimated at about 500000 tons per year. Therefore the useful and economically efficient production, processing and marketing of this valuable oleochemical raw material continues to be one of the focal activities of the chemical industry today.     

氟表面活性剂的工业应用

介绍了氟表面活性剂的分类、结构及性质;主要综述了由于氟表面活性剂具有"三高"、"两憎"的独特性能,广泛应用于消防、皮革、石油、造纸、纺织印染及金属材料加工等工业领域,起到普通碳氢表面活性剂所不能的作用;指出了根据应用领域的不同,应从分子结构设计入手,有针对性地、有目的地研发氟表面活性剂新品种新工艺,拓展应用领域,注重氟表面活性剂与普通表面活性剂的复配研究。     

甜菜碱型硅表面活性剂的合成和应用

简要介绍了甜菜碱型硅表面活性剂的结构类型和性质,提出了甜菜碱型硅表面活性剂合成有硅氢化和季铵化两种方法,详细阐述了羧基型、磺基型和磷酸酯型甜菜碱有机硅表面活性剂的合成方法,最后讨论了这类两性表面活性剂在日用化学、纺织、制革等行业中的应用。     

Die destillative Aufarbeitung oleochemischer Stoffe

The distillation of oleochemical products . Distillation is the most important separation technique for the fractionation of oleochemical products like fatty acids, fatty alcohols and esters. The demand for higher purities and yields has influenced strictly the development of this technology during the last 10 years. An up to date overview is given for the practical use of distillation and rectification equipment in the oleochemical industry. Also, aspects of new rectification sequences, of side stream columns or control concepts, of safety and of energy savings are discussed. It is expected that combinations with other unit operations, improvements of batch processes, new methods of process control will be the main subject of process development in the next future.