A first approximation method for smoke detector placement based on design fire size,critical velocity,and detector aerosol entry lag time

An analog light-scattering-type smoke detector was tested in a wind tunnel at various low velocities. The air flow in the wind tunnel contained an aerosol concentration that resulted in a high ambient optical density, simulating smoke well above threshold optical detector density. The objective of this research was to determine the lag time to alarm, t, associated with difficulty of smoke entry into a detector. A critical velocity was identified for the smoke detector, below which the lag time increased exponentially with decreasing velocity. Increased lag time results in the detector responding unacceptably late—or not at all—even when ambient obscuration is well above limits defined in UL standard tests.A preliminary method for placing smoke detectors has been developed, based on a user-defined design fire size and the detector aerosol-entry lag time. The preliminary method applies only to flaming fires producing smoke, with the detector far from a wall and mounted on smooth ceilings. The critical velocity value used in the examples in this paper applies only to the smoke detector configuration tested in this work, at the evaluated sensitivity setting, with the optical densities reached using the generated artificial smoke. Any variation in detector housing, design, operation principle, or application with different aerosols requires specific tests to determine a different critical velocity.This paper provides the basis for further development of a smoke detector placement method based on a design fire size and the proposed detector critical velocity concept. It does not presume to report a unique critical velocity for all smoke detectors, but suggests that such a value may indeed exist, but with differing values among different smoke detectors.     

Regional labor force participation and the discouraged worker hypothesis: Some empirical evidence

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the economic determination of the regional labor supply. In explaining the regional level of labor force participation two models are compared: the unemployment model based on the discouraged worker hypothesis and the neoclassical model of labor force participation. It is shown that a migration model complements the neoclassical model and provides an alternative interpretation of the discouraged worker hypothesis, this reinterpretation provides an explanation for the failure of the unemployment model at the regional level when it is quite successful at the national level.     

The effect of aggregation on the output multipliers in input-output models

This paper compares the output multipliers of the 1967 National input output model (367 industries) with the multipliers of the aggregated version (81 industries). The results show that, generally, the set of industries in the full model that were aggregated together for the reduced model, display a wide range of output multiplier values. Therefore, the output multiplier of an aggregated industry may not be truly representative of any of the industries that were joined together. Finally we show how information for a particular firm or disaggregated industry can be incorporated in an aggregated input-output model to obtain a close estimate of the actual output multiplier for that firm or industry.     

Feasibility of Face Surcharging during Deep Settlement-Free Tunneling in Dense Urban Settings

A procedure is proposed for the computational modeling of the driving of a deep tunnel by a tunnel-boring machine (TBM) with an active surcharge on the face, which is realized in the GEO-MIGG program. Basic factors affecting the stress-strain state (SSS) of the soil bed-TBM- buildings and structures of the urban setting system are demonstrated in a trial example. The feasibility of using the proposed procedure is confirmed by comparing results of computational modeling of a practical example of tunneling for the third transportation beltway around Moscow in the area of Lefortovo using a TBM manufactured by the German firm Herrenknecht with data derived from field observations.     

Mathematical Model of a Dense Urban Section Containing the Moscow International Business Center "Moscow City"

Results are cited for numerical calculations substantiating the embedment depth of foundations of buildings under construction at the Moscow International Business Center Moscow City with consideration given to the construction sequence of the buildings and their interaction.     

Linear thermal expansion of granitic rocks: influence of apparent porosity,grain size and quartz content

Values for the linear thermal expansion coefficients () of some Brazilian granitic rocks commercially used as facings for building are presented. The coefficients were determined within a temperature range of 0 to 50 °C, with the temperature raised at a rate of 0.3 °C/min. The values obtained were related to the apparent porosity, grain size and quartz content of the rocks. It is concluded that while increases with an increase in quartz content, it decreases with increases in apparent porosity and mineral grain size.     

Effect of Loading Character on Analysis of Pile and Pile-Foundation Settlements

A mathematical model that makes it possible to model the behavior of pile/soil and pile-foundation/soil systems is presented. The model takes into account the viscoelastoplastic properties of the soil. Numerical analysis with use of this model has enabled us to examine characteristic features of the settlements of single piles and pile groups in soils possessing rheological properties. Settlement behavior over time is analyzed for various alternate schemes employed to increase the load on the foundation. Numerical and experimental results are compared.     

Prediction of Consolidation-Induced Settlement of a Dual-Layer Bed Subject to Increasing Surface Load over Time

The problem of determining the time dependence of the settlement of a dual-layer bed is examined with allowance for an increase in the active thickness of a lower consolidating layer subject to increasing load due to the construction of a building.     

Incentives to geographic mobility of labour-over-confidence in profitability

Incentives to increase the geographic mobility of underemployed people are an important means of the labour market policy in many countries. Such methods have been used in Sweden since the early sixties being motivated on the basis of the goals of allocation of resources stabilization and distribution of incomes policies. Within the new Labour market theory measures of this type have also attracted a great deal of attention.Very few evaluations of this device are to be found in the international economic literature, however. The limited number of studies that have been carried out are all of a simple costbenefit type. Two recent studies of this type report a very high profitability from subsidized geographic mobility—at the private as well as the social level. One explanation of these results could be that the cost-benefit calculations are based on a very short period of observation after the migration. The increase in earnings for the migrants recorded during this brief period was assumed to remain constant for periods of up to nearly 50 years. Many things indicate that the rise of income caused by migration of unemployed people will abate in time. This hypothesis receives support from an empirical study reported in this paper. The study also shows that the profitability of migration is much lower than what has been found in other studies.     

The concept of local development: A stages model of endogenous regional growth

The concept of local development is defined as a particular form of regional development, one in which endogenous factors occupy a central position. A stages model of local development is proposed: 1) the emergence of local entrepreneurship; 2) the take off of local enterprises; 3) the expansion of these enterprises beyond the local region; and 4) the achievement of a regional economic structure that is based upon local initiatives and locally created comparative advantages. The theoretical and empirical foundations of this model are examined, with particular emphasis upon the roles of the entrepreneur and of human capital in the process of economic growth, and upon the spatial effects of the expansion of the firm.This paper was originally written and presented in French under the title of Le concept de développement local en sciences régionales: voies de réflexion et de recherche.     

Computational Models of a System Comprising a Building and an Extremely Thick Loess Bed Prone to Slump-Type Settlement

Results are presented for research, on the basis of which computational models are proposed for a building/loess-bed system with no conventional cone of wetting and slump-type settlement of the soil for the two-stage design of buildings with bearing walls; this appreciably simplifies the computational model previously proposed by the author.     

Development and Application of the Fire Brigade Intervention Model

A performance based building code [1] was introduced in Australia in 1996. In order that fire brigades could ensure that their functional role was maintained in the building code, a method of quantifying fire brigade roles was required. In response to this issue, the Australasian Fire Authorities Council (AFAC) formed a Performance Based Fire Engineering Committee. This committee developed a model that determines the time taken by a fire brigade to undertake its activities at a fire scene.The Fire Brigade Intervention Model [2] is an event-based methodology, which quantifies fire brigade responses employed during a structure fire from time of notification through to control and extinguishment. It has been primarily developed for use in fire engineering design in a performance based regulatory environment so that the functional role of a fire brigade can be effectively incorporated into the building design process. It establishes a structured framework necessary to both determine and measure fire brigade activities on a time-line basis. It interacts with the output of other sub-systems, which model such events as fire growth, smoke spread, fire spread, detection and suppression as well as occupant avoidance.This paper describes the Fire Brigade Intervention Model, now available for use by fire brigades and fire engineers. The model has been developed for specific case and site analysis and is applicable to most structural fire scenarios. As the expertise of the local fire brigade will be incorporated inthe input parameters, it is valid for most brigade types, crew sizes and resource limitations.This paper also describes ongoing developments including a training package and computer program.The terms fire brigade and fire department are synonymous.     

Running hot and cold in the urban home-ownership market: The experience of Japan’s major cities

Urban home-ownership in Japan was destabilised when the bubble economy collapsed at the beginning of the 1990s. This paper looks beyond the social and economic changes in Japanese housing in the post-bubble recession to focus on the ups and downs in current home-ownership markets in Japans major cities. Since the mid-1990s, social fragmentation has created a novel environment for urban home-ownership. The combination of a prolonged recession and a policy to promote housing construction and urban redevelopment has split urban space into hot spots, where the housing market is increasingly active, and cold spots, where the market is persistently inactive.     

Development of Regulations in the 1990 National Fire Code of Canada on storage of Dangerous Goods

The 1990 edition of the National Fire Code (NFC) of Canada contains new requirements to regulate storage of dangerous goods in buildings. In Canada, dangerous goods are defined by the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations as explosives, compressed gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizing substances, poisonous and infectious substances, radioactive materials, corrosive substances, and miscellaneous environmentally dangerous substances. The new Fire Code regulations will apply to storage and handling of these products when they are kept in buildings, where they are no longer under the control of transportation legislation.This paper describes the process by which the Canadian National Fire Code was recently revised to address problems created when fires occur in buildings storing dangerous goods. Problems include the increased hazard to the surrounding community because of toxic smoke, runoff of contaminated fire-fighting water, and delays to normal fire-fighting operations. Key ideas that evolved as part of committee deliberations, such as the rationale for regulating products that were not previously considered to be a fire hazard, are described.     

Bestandsaufnahme Grundwasser nach der EU-Wasserrahmenrichtlinie im Koordinierungsraum Mulde-Elbe-Schwarze Elster

Kurzfassung Die Wasserrahmenrichtlinie regelt den Schutz von Grund- und Oberflächengewässern und fordert eine nachhaltige Wassernutzung. Sie legt einen Zeitplan fest, um bis zum Jahr 2015 für alle Gewässer einen guten Zustand zu erreichen. Der erste Schritt ist eine Bestandsaufnahme der Gewässer. Für das Grundwasser besteht diese aus einer erstmaligen Beschreibung, einer weitergehenden Beschreibung und der Prüfung der Auswirkungen menschlicher Tätigkeit auf das Grundwasser. Die Wasserrahmenrichtlinie wird unabhängig von administrativen Grenzen innerhalb von hydrologischen Einzugsgebieten umgesetzt. Im deutschen Teil des Flusseinzugsgebietes der Elbe wurden 5 Koordinierungsräume gegründet. Der Koordinierungsraum Mulde-Elbe-Schwarze Elster (MES) wird vorgestellt. Beispielhaft für die angewandten Methoden wird die Beurteilung diffuser Stoffeinträge in das Grundwasser bei der erstmaligen Beschreibung erläutert. Die Ergebnisse der Bestandsaufnahme Grundwasser im Koordinierungsraum MES werden präsentiert. Von 54 Grundwasserkörpern ist für 25 Körper aufgrund der Belastungen durch Punktquellen und diffuse Quellen, wegen des mengenmäßigen Zustands oder sonstiger anthropogener Einwirkungen die Zielerreichung nach der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie unklar/unwahrscheinlich.

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Status review groundwater for the Water Framework Directive in the coordination zone Mulde-Elbe-Schwarze Elster

Abstract The Water Framework Directive (WFD) governs the protection of groundwater and surface water and promotes sustainable water use. It sets up a timetable to ensure that a good status of all waters will be achieved by 2015. The first step is a status review of the waters. For groundwater, this procedure is divided into an initial characterisation, a further characterisation and a review of the impacts of human activity on groundwater. The WFD is to be implemented independently of administrative boundaries within hydrological river basins. In the German part of the Elbe river basin district five coordination zones have been established. The Mulde-Elbe-Schwarze Elster (MES) coordination zone is introduced. As an example for the applied methods, the assessment of the pressures of groundwater by diffuse sources (initial characterisation) will be explained. Then the outcome of the status review groundwater in the coordination zone MES will be presented: From the 54 individual bodies of groundwater 25 bodies will probably not achieve the environmental objectives of the WFD because of the pressures point sources, diffuse sources, quantitative status or other anthropogenic impacts.

     

Dynamic forecasting of travel demand,residential location and land development

TheChicago Area Transportation/Land-Use Analysis System (CATLAS) is a large scale urban simulation model which synthesizes location rent analysis from urban economics with travel demand analysis from transportation planning. This paper describes the theoretical formulation, empirical estimation and policy application of CATLAS to the evaluation of CBD-oriented rapid transit projects in Chicago.     

Shell Foundations on Tamped Soil Beds

A method is proposed for the installation of a shell foundation on a bed formed from a compacted soil pillar, which repeats the internal shape of the shell, and which can be formed by a special conical die. Results are cited for full-scale tests under field conditions, and an approximate method is proposed for estimation of the bearing capacity of the soil bed from static-probe data.     

Economic impact of potential new industries in a four-state area

This note applies an input-output multiplier technique developed by Burford and Katz to analyzing the impact of potential high technology industries in a rural, four-state, thirteen county Midwestern region. By using the 1972 national input-output table coefficients and the Burford-Katz multiplier estimation formula, the estimated output impacts for fifty-one individual industries were calculated. The results indicate that within the four-state region, conventional industries would produce greater economic impacts than designated high-tech ones. This analysis could be performed rather easily for any other region in the U.S.     

Geotechnical Solutions for Construction of the “Business Center” in Moscow

An example of a complex geotechnical solution is cited for the construction of buildings housing the Business Center in Moscow, which includes the analysis, design, and construction of a trench enclosure for the building complex, including an architectural monument with an underground level, and a newly constructed building with from two to three underground levels, as well as the church of Saint Peter and Paul on Yauze, which abuts the buildings under construction.     

Ways to increase the economical effectiveness of foundations for agricultural buildings with three-hinged bents

Conclusions 1. The failure of a sandy foundation bed under a rigid embedded reinforced-concrete foundation (h/b0.5) with a flat, rough lower surface is three-dimensional in nature when the loads are inclined at =20–40° to the vertical.2. Plane shear is not observed when the load is inclined at an angle = and the eccentricity e0 ( is the angle of the soil's internal friction as determined on a shear apparatus in accordance with GOST 12248–66).3. The settlements and lateral displacements of an embedded foundation (h/b>0.5) in the limiting state are 2–3 times larger than those of the nonembedded foundation; lateral displacements exceed the limiting values established for farm buildings [2], or approach them.4. For angles =20–40°, eccentricity of the inclined load in the direction opposite to the horizontal component, but not less than r_C (r_C is the core radius of the section) effects an increase in the ultimate load as compared to a central positioning of the resultant. Additional experiments and theoretical studies are required to investigate the role of positive and negative eccentricity on the bearing capacity of the foundation bed.5. For loads inclined at angles =35–40° and a relative foundation embedment 0.5h/b1, computation in accordance with SNiP II-15-74 yields considerably lower bearing capacity than computation from experimental data.6. The studies that we conducted are used to develop a more economical method of computing and designing foundations for farm buildings under an inclined loading, which is employed in practice [2].B. E. Vedeneev All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Hydraulic Engineering. Central Scientific-Research Institute of Experimental Design and Planning for Rural Construction. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 4, pp. 3–6, July–August, 1979.