新世纪核医学的展望

核医学与其他学科相比 ,还是一门比较年轻的新兴学科。1 939年ＪｏｓｅｐｈＧｉｌｂｅｒｔＨａｍｉｔｏｎ ,ＭａｙｏＳｏｌｅｙ和ＲｏｂｌｅｙＥｖａｎｓ发表首篇应用131Ｉ诊断病人的报告 ,1 942年ＥｎｒｉｃｏＦｅｒｍｉ在芝加哥展示第一个核反应堆 ,1 95 1年ＢｅｎｅｄｉｃｔＣａｓｓｅｎ等应用闪烁探测仪进行甲状腺核素检查 ,1 95 3年ＲｏｂｅｒｔＮｅｗｅｌｌ首先提出核医学 (ＮｕｃｌｅａｒＭｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ)的概念。 1 95 8年ＨａｌＡｎｇｅｒγ照相机问世 ,1 96 2年第一台商用的Ａｎｇｅｒ照相机于Ｏｈｉｏ州立大学应用。可以说核医…     

Prospects for the BN-1800 Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor Satisfying 21st Century Nuclear Power Requirements

The BN-1800 power-generating unit is designed to meet the requirements of the strategy for developing atomic energy in Russia in the first half of the 21st century. The development time is the next 15 years and construction could start after 2020. The design is innovative and includes the development of key new technical solutions as compared with the BN-800 reactor which is now under construction.The new technical solutions are based on the substantial positive experience in operating fast reactors in Russia (~125 reactor·years), specifically the BN-600 reactor. The innovations make it possible not only to solve strategic problems, such as increasing safety, improving ecology (including by burning actinides), and nonproliferation but also to make large improvements in economic performance.     

中国核农学现状与21世纪初的发展

我国核技术农业应用 ,经过 40多年的发展 ,对农业生产发展和农业科学技术进步产生了深刻的影响 ,并取得了日益明显的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益 ,已形成了一门新兴的边缘学科———核农学 (ＮｕｃｌｅａｒＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ)。从总体而言 ,核农学已成为改造、革新传统农业和促进农业现代化的重要科学技术 ,核农学研究成果中 ,有的直接促进增产和改进产品品质 ;有的减轻或避免了自然灾害所造成损失 ;有的则为节约能耗开辟了新途径等。中国核农学在长期的发展中逐步形成了两个体系 :一是有 2 6个省、市、自治区建立…     

Role of Nuclear Energy in Environment, Economy and Energy Issues of the 21st century Green House Gas Emission Constraint Effects

Role and potentials of nuclear energy system in the energy options are discussed from the viewpoint of sustainable development with protecting from global warming by using the energy module structure of GRAPE model. The analysis with respect to carbon emission control and nuclear fissile transaction among regions indicates the need of coordinated further developments of energy conservation, renewable and nuclear energies, and rather drastic nuclear introduction in the presently developing world. The analysis also suggests the need of long-term planning and R&D efforts under the wisdom.     

Energy and the Environment in the 21st Century: The Challenge of Change

The availability of affordable energy is an essential element to global economic development. Energy is needed for virtually every important function in modern society from growing and cooking food, to manufacturing, the heating and cooling of buildings, and transportation. The interruption of supplies by storms, earthquakes, wars, or other disasters quickly demonstrates how totally dependent we have become on the energy-consuming machines that shape and support our lives.     

Forecasts for the 21st Century

The population of the world is increasing, mainly in the developing world, and is projected to saturate within about 100 years at up to twice the present population of 6 billion people [1]. Studies [2,3,4] show that, historically, the population growth rate has varied inversely as the annual per capita energy use in most parts of the developing world, where per capita energy use is typically less than 1 tonne of oil equivalent energy per year. However, in areas with more than 2 to 3 tonnes of oil equivalent of energy per year per person the growth rate is around zero. If this trend continues, a stable world population will require, allowing for energy efficiency improvements, some 2 to 3 times the present annual energy use. There is an abundance of energy in the world both exploited and potential to meet this need—fossil, fission, and renewables—but it is not evenly distributed, some is costly, and there are issues of environmental pollution in present use, that may limit use. Fusion energy is a potential longer-term source with attractive environmental features. It is the least developed energy option and still faces a challenging development path, but there are many of areas of the world that would benefit hugely from its deployment from the latter part of the 21st century onward, and it is important to consider how it might be deployed. Most fusion power plant options considered today show an economy of scale, owing to the fixed distance needed for shielding fusion neutrons, tritium breeding and handling the heat loads. One interesting approach is to use the power plant to co-produce electricity and hydrogen to facilitate the introduction of lower cost-of-electricity, multi-gigawatt power plants [5].     

21世纪的核医学探测器

介绍了一些即将在２１世纪发挥重大作用的新的核医学探测材料和技术,包括ＬＳＯ闪烁晶体、雪崩光二极管（ＡＰＤ）、多通道光电倍增管（ＭＣ－ＰＭＴ）、半导体探测器等等。     

Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems and the Future of Nuclear Power

There is a renewed interest in nuclear power worldwide. The interest is sparked by concerns about global warming and security of energy supplies. In addition to the growing interest in building more reactors in countries that already have nuclear power, future demands for nuclear power are likely to include applications in countries that do not presently use nuclear power and applications beyond large-scale electricity generation. This paper will discuss some of the characteristics that future reactors will need to have to meet such demands, as well as other measures required to facilitate a nuclear renaissance. In addition, the emergence of new international nuclear initiatives and their potential roles will be described.     

核能在新时期国家能源可持续发展战略中的地位和作用(英文)

从国家能源安全与能源可持续发展的角度论述了核能的优势地位和作用,及核能在满足能源和电力安全供应需求、缓解生态环境污染和降低温室气体排放等方面的作用。讲述了中国能源安全和可持续发展面临的挑战和严峻形势,指出发展核能是中国优化能源结构的客观要求,是我国未来能源及电力安全供应的重要保证。阐明了发展核能是实现中国能源与电力可持续发展的必然选择,核能利用符合循环经济的原则。研究分析了核电发展对中国未来生态环境保护的贡献,并对中国核能发展提出了一些建议。     

Materials Balance Comparison of Growth Paths for Nuclear Power in the Twenty-First Century

The results of comparative calculations of material balances are presented for two concepts for the growth of nuclear power in the 21st century. The concepts of growth on the basis of fast reactors without expanded breeding of fuel and the conventional concept with a two-component structure of nuclear power growth are examined. The advantages of the conventional concept, capable of producing substantial savings of natural uranium and/or making it possible to increase substantially the installed capacities of nuclear power plants, are demonstrated.     

EPC模式下的核电生产准备

文章以方家山核电工程为例,论述在EPC核电总包模式下,运行公司开展核电生产准备工作的过程与经验,分析运行公司与工程公司之间关于生产准备工作的接口关系,探讨在EPC模式下的核电生产准备工作的难点,为核电厂后续开展生产准备工作及生产准备工作标准化提供一些建议与帮助。     

世界核电发展趋势与高温气冷堆

核能的发展面临经济竞争力、核安全、核废物的最终处置及防止核武器材料扩散的挑战。为改善公众的可接受性 ,核电厂的安全性进一步改进。电力市场体制的非管制化改革加剧了电力技术的竞争。环境保护意识增强使核废物的处置倍受关注。 80年代中期以来发展的先进轻水堆核电厂如ABWR ,System 80 ,EPR ,AP60 0等是今后一段时期内商用核电的主力堆型。进入 2 0 0 0年之际 ,美国能源部正在规划发展第四代先进核能系统 ,目标是在 2 0 2 0年或之前 ,向市场提供经过验证的成熟的第四代核电厂技术 ,以替代美国退役的核电容量。球床高温气冷堆被认为是第四代先进核能系统的优选技术。南非ESKOM电力公司选择了球床高温气冷堆作为今后核电发展的堆型。清华大学承担设计和建设的 10MW高温气冷实验堆计划在 2 0 0 0年内临界。通过10MW高温气冷堆的建造 ,我国已形成了高温气冷堆技术的自主知识产权 ,初步具备了自主设计、制造和建造的能力     

我国核电对国民剂量的贡献

估算了我国核电生产对国民剂量的贡献 ,只占相同电能煤电生产所致国民剂量的 5 .2 1 % ,核电替代相同电能的煤电可使国民剂量减少 81 .86人· Sv。     

Research and Development Work on Nuclear Reactors for Power Production in Russia

The directions and content of research and development work on nuclear reactors for civilian power production, conducted in the USSR and in Russia presently, are presented. The development of technological directions of channel and vessel water-cooled reactors, fast reactors with liquid-metal coolant, gas-cooled reactors, low-capacity nuclear power for isolated users is studied.Continuity and development of new directions as factors in the present-day trends of nuclear power in Russia are discussed.     

The Future of Nuclear Power: Energy, Ecology, and Safety

The results are presented of a bilateral meeting of Russian and US experts on The future of nuclear power: energy, ecology, and safety held on July 22–24, 2002 in Moscow. The subject of discussion was the question of how the US and Russia can provide for a future where nuclear energy will support economic growth, improve living conditions, protect the environment, and ensure nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. Several positive points concerning nuclear fuel cycle which emerged and which encourage a reexamination of the future of nuclear power are noted. It is suggested that a four- or fivefold increase by the middle of this century in the production of nuclear energy be considered and discussed as a problem which is important enough to have a global effect on electricity production, energy safety, and mitigation of the greenhouse effect. A prediction is made for the development of global nuclear power in the 21st century. Specific directions of Russian–American collaboration are proposed without setting priorities. The factors that could effectuate successful collaboration are determined.     

Toward the 21st century nuclear-science technology

Energy security is vital for the steady growth of the world's welfare and economy and although many novel non-nuclear energy sources are being explored, much less attention is given to nuclear energy. In developing this source, safety, environment protection, and non-proliferation are essential considerations. I have proposed establishing deep underground nuclear parks where not only energy production, but also the processing and transportation of fuel can be carried out in a well protected small area; in the near future they might be operated under international supervision to ensure non-proliferation. The quantum physics on which modern technologies such as nanotechnology, and biotechnology are based, offer a sound foundation. The mathematical and physical technologies developed in the fields of nuclear engineering will provide the fundamental educational basis for such 21st century science and technology.     

Modified String Fragmentation Function and Particle Production in Nuclear Collisions at Top RHIC Energy

A modified string fragmentation function is assumed in a hadron and string cascade model, LUCIAE （m）, accounting for interactions among strings formed at the early stage of relativistic nucleus- nucleus collisions.     

压水堆核电厂失水事故后安全壳内产氢量计算研究

采用ORIGEN2程序对压水堆核电厂失水事故工况下堆芯区和地坑区氢气的产生量进行计算,以合理减少安全壳内可燃气体的控制设计评价的保守性.通过冷却剂的辐照分解产氢以及其他相关计算模型,对600MW(电功率)级压水堆核电厂失水事故工况下的氢气产生量进行计算.计算结果表明原评价结果过于保守,在核电厂失水事故后仍有充分的时间准备投入安全壳内氢气复合器.     

核医学仪器在核医学发展中的作用

本文叙述了核医学仪器的现状及在核医学发展中的积极作用，各类仪器如：诊断仪器、治疗仪器，防护剂量仪器等互相促进，缺一不可，都在推动着核医学的发展。     

Spent Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing and Nuclear Materials Recycling in Two-Component Nuclear Energy

Atomic Energy - The project Proryv [Breakthrough] now being implemented in our country is aimed at achieving a new quality of large-scale nuclear power, development, origination, and industrial...