Effect of heating mode and electrochemical response on austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

Abstract

Powder metallurgical (P/M) processing has the main advantage of making near net shape products. Nowadays, in automobile industries, stainless steels have become the most promising material owing to their good corrosion resistance. In the current study, 316L and 434L stainless steel powders were sintered using microwave and conventional methods through powder metallurgy route. The effects of sintering modes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion responses of 316L and 434L stainless steel composites are investigated in detail. The results showed that the sample prepared through microwave sintering route exhibited significantly superior densification, higher hardness and better corrosion resistance as compared to the conventionally processed counterpart. On the whole, 316L composites showed better corrosion resistance than 434L stainless steels.     

Effect of sintering temperature, heating mode and graphite addition on the corrosion response of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

In recent years, sintered stainless steel with carbon addition has been proposed for potential use as exhaust flanges in automotive applications. The net-shaping requirements for such applications necessitate the use of powder metallurgical (P/M) processing route. However, due to the presence of porosity, most sintered steels have poor corrosion resistance. The present study compares the effect of sintering temperature, heating mode and graphite addition (up to 1.5%) on the densification and electrochemical response of both ferritic (434L) and austenitic (316L) stainless steels. The compacts were sintered in both conventional (radiatively heated) as well as microwave furnace. As compared to conventional sintering, samples consolidated in microwaves have higher densification (particularly at 1200°C) and exhibit better corrosion properties.     

铜包覆石墨烯增强316L奥氏体不锈钢力学性能研究

采用分子水平混合和低速球磨的方法制备铜包裹石墨烯/316 L不锈钢复合粉体,通过放电等离子烧结制备石墨烯增强316 L奥氏体不锈钢复合材料,研究铜及石墨烯对复合材料密度、硬度和拉伸性能的影响,并对拉伸断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明:通过分子混合和球磨混合可制备铜包裹石墨烯与不锈钢均匀混合的复合粉体.烧结过程石墨烯结构保持完整.铜包裹石墨烯增强体可明显改善烧结不锈钢复合材料的密度、硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度,使其分别提高3.6%、17.4%、35.8%和34.5%.     

Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn on Sintering Behavior and Wear Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel

 Austenitic 316L stainless steel has good corrosion resistance; however, the relative softness often limits its application. Severe adhesive wear often occurs between the 316L stainless steel and the metal counterpart. Cu-10Sn alloy is often used to improve the wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel. The influence of Cu-10Sn on sintering behavior and wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel was investigated. The parameters investigated included sintering temperature and volume percent of Cu-10Sn. A maximum relative density of 97% was achieved with 25% (in volume percent) Cu-10Sn content at a sintering temperature of 1300 ℃ for 60 min. The irregular and sharp angles of 316L stainless steel particles become round, and the pores are removed completely as a result of large amount of liquid phase formed during sintering. The minimum friction mass loss was achieved with 25% Cu-10Sn content.     

国外注射成形不锈钢研究的进展

本文以 31 6L和 1 7 4PH不锈钢为主 ,从不锈钢粉末制备、粘结剂与脱脂技术、烧结技术及性能等方面 ,综述了国外注射成形不锈钢技术研究的进展 ,并列出一些主要的应用领域     

316L不锈钢粉末微注射成形的烧结过程有限元模拟研究

金属粉末微注射成形技术(Micro MIM)在大规模生产微型产品领域有其特有的优势。将316L不锈钢细颗粒粉末进行混料、脱粘和烧结后制备了微型工件,对烧结过程进行数学建模得出注射料的本构方程,并对剪切黏稠度、体黏稠度、烧结应力等参数进行标定,实现了对316L不锈钢粉末烧结过程中的收缩率、相对密度等的有限元模拟,模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

粉末形状与松装密度对不锈钢烧结多孔材料制备工艺及其性能的影响

通过选用气雾化及水雾化两种工艺方法制备的不锈钢粉末来制取粉末烧结多孔材料。探讨了粉末形状及松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料制造工艺中的成形压力和烧结温度等工艺参数的影响;研究了原料粉末松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料的透气性、拉伸强度的影响。结果表明:成形压力、烧结温度和制品的透气性受粉末松装密度影响显著。粒度范围为0.18～0.90mm时,气雾化粉末的成形压力比水雾化粉末要高近1倍;当粉末的粒度相同时,采用松装密度大的球形粉末所需的烧结温度比松装密度小的不规则粉末的高60～70℃;粒度为0.45～0.60mm时,选用松装密度为4.13 g/cm3粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性为3.16×10-10m2,而选用松装密度为2.67 g/cm3的粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性仅为8.8×10-11m2。不锈钢多孔材料的强度受原料粉末的松装密度影响显著;粒度相同,制备工艺相同时,采用较低松装密度的粉末的制品,能够得到较高的强度。     

注射成形0Cr17Mn11Mo3N无镍高氮不锈钢的烧结

采用粉末注射成形技术制备了0Cr17Mn11Mo3N无镍高氮奥氏体不锈钢,研究了各烧结工艺参数(温度、时间、气氛)对其相对密度及氮含量的影响.结果表明:温度是最重要的烧结参数,提高温度可以显著增加烧结体的相对密度,但引起氮含量的下降,在1300℃以上烧结,烧结体相对密度可达99%以上;烧结时间所起作用不明显,烧结2 h足够使粉末致密化过程完成;气氛对0Cr17Mn11Mo3N不锈钢的烧结影响显著,在N₂+H₂混合气中烧结比在纯N₂气中获得更高的相对密度及更低的氮含量.0Cr17Mn11Mo3N不锈钢的最佳烧结条件为:温度1300℃,时间2 h,气氛采用流动的高纯氮气,此时烧结体相对密度达到99.1%,氮质量分数为0.78%.     

316L不锈钢/Y-PSZ复合材料的制备与性能

采用粉末冶金方法制备了316L不锈钢/Y-PSZ复合材料,研究了316L不锈钢含量与粉末粒度对复合材料的显微组织、烧结收缩率、密度及硬度的影响.结果表明:随着316L含量的增加,复合材料的密度增高,相对密度和烧结收缩率逐渐降低,试样的HRC硬度值下降;在316L含量一定的情况下,随着316L颗粒尺寸的增大,复合材料的密度略有降低,相对密度和线收缩率逐渐减小,试样的HRC硬度值下降.在本文的研究条件下,所制备复合材料的相对密度值在92.5%~95.5%之间.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave sintered austenitic stainless steel

The objective of this work is focused on understanding the effect of microwave heating on sintering of 316L powders. The stainless steel samples were prepared from prealloyed powders of 316L. The powder samples were compacted at a pressure of 560 MPa and sintered at 1300°C in a microwave furnace of 2.4 GHz and 2KW capacity in nitrogen atmosphere. The sintering time was varied from 10 to 20 minutes in order to study the effect of sintering time on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of the sintered samples. The sintered samples were subjected to optical metallography, hardness testing, tensile testing and fractogrphy. The average density of sintered stainless steels was 92% of the theoretical density, approximately 18% increment from green density for 20 min. sintering time. Microstructural analysis showed the regularly distributed porosity with very small grains. The hardness value was in the range of 365VHN to 396VHN and tensile strength, in the range of 255MPa to 580 MPa. Fractographs for these steels revealed mixed mode of fracture.     

Effect of conventional and microwave sintering on the properties of yttria alumina garnet-dispersed austenitic stainless steel

The current study examines the effect of heating mode, temperature, and varying yttria alumina garnet (YAG) addition (5 and 10 wt pct) on the densification and properties of austenitic (316L) stainless steel. The straight 316L stainless steel and 316L-YAG composites were heated in a radiatively heated (conventional) and 2.45 GHz microwave sintering furnace. The compacts were consolidated through solid state as well as supersolidus sintering at 1200 °C and 1400 °C, respectively. Both 316L and 316L-YAG compacts couple with microwaves and heat to the sintering temperature rapidly (∼45 °C/min). The overall processing time was reduced by about 90 pct through microwave sintering. As compared to conventional sintering, compacts sintered in microwaves exhibit higher densification and finer microstructure but no corresponding improvement in mechanical properties and wear resistance. This has been correlated to elongated, irregular pore structure in microwave-sintered compacts.     

烧结双相不锈钢的相结构和强韧性

研究了粉末烧结双相不锈钢及其时效后的相结构和强韧性。结果表明,在316L粉末中添加4%(wt)St,用粉末烧结法可以获得奥氏体加18%(Vol)铁素体的双相不锈钢。该双相不锈钢在800℃时效时,沿奥氏体和铁素体界面析出条状σ相,使双相不锈钢的硬度增加,塑性下降。     

FeCrBSi预合金粉末对金属注射成形316L不锈钢烧结性能的影响

研究了添加不同质量分数FeCrBSi铁基预合金粉末（FeCrBSi）作为烧结助剂对金属注射成形316L不锈钢（316L）烧结性能的影响,通过电子密度计、金相显微镜及洛氏硬度计等仪器分析讨论了烧结制品的烧结密度、金相显微组织及硬度等性能。结果表明:在1360℃烧结时,FeCrBSi与316L形成了超固相线液相烧结,液相的增加有利于烧结致密化,烧结密度随着FeCrBSi质量分数的增加而升高,孔隙度逐渐降低。当FeCrBSi质量分数为3%~5%时,烧结密度达到7.81~7.87 g·cm-3;当FeCrBSi质量分数增至7%时,烧结出现变形。制品硬度随相对密度的上升而提高,在FeCrBSi质量分数为3%时达到最大值（HRB 75）,此时力学性能亦表现优异。     

含Fe-Mo-B预合金粉铁基合金的温压成形与液相烧结

研究了含Fe-Mo-B预合金粉的铁基合金的温压和液相烧结行为,分析了成形温度和压制压力对压坯密度的影响,对比了不同Fe-Mo-B预合金粉含量下烧结前后试样的密度和显微组织．结果表明:与常温成形相比,温压能够明显提高压坯密度,在120℃时含10%和15．4% Fe-Mo-B预合金粉的压坯密度分别提高0．34g·cm^-3和0．32g·cm^-3;混合粉中加入一定量的Fe-Mo-B预合金粉,压坯烧结时可形成液相烧结,促进材料的致密化,密度最大可达7．49g·cm^-3,其相对密度为97．74%,并可获得典型的贝氏体组织．     

Injection moulding of 316L stainless steels reinforced with nanosize alumina particles

Abstract

This study aims to compare the effect of Al₂O₃ nanoparticle additions on the densification and mechanical properties of the injection moulded 316L stainless steels. The 316L stainless steel and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were dry mixed and moulded using a wax based binder. The critical powder loading for injection moulding were 60 vol.-% for all samples. Debinding process was performed in solvent using thermal method. After the debinding process, the samples were sintered at 1405°C for 60 and 120 min under vacuum. Metallographic examination was conducted to determine the extend of densification and the corresponding microstructural changes. The sintered samples were characterised by measuring tensile strength, hardness and wear behaviour. Wear loss was determined for all the samples after wear testing. All the powders, fracture surfaces of moulded and sintered samples were examined using scanning electron microscope. The sintered density of straight as well as Al₂O₃ nanoparticles reinforced injection moulded 316L stainless steels increases with the increase in sintering time. The additions of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles improve the hardness and wear resistance with the increase of sintering time.     

石墨还原剂对水雾化奥氏体不锈钢粉末真空烧结过程及其力学性能的影响

通常采用水雾化工艺制取铁粉和低合金钢粉,其主要优点是经济成本低,所制粉末呈不规则形状,因而具有较高的压坯强度。这种工艺现也越来越多地用于制取不锈钢粉。由于不锈钢中含有诸如Cr、Mn、Si等强氧化物形成元素,因此水雾化不锈钢粉的氧化问题十分严重,对其烧结过程和材料的力学性能有很大影响。为了达到既降低烧结不锈钢的成本,又不损害其力学性能的目的,因此,如何有效地减少烧结不锈钢中的氧含量就具有十分重要的意义。本文着重探讨了以碳做还原剂对水雾化奥氏体不锈钢粉真空烧结过程及其力学性能的影响。     

工艺参数对凝胶注模成型不锈钢坯体强度和烧结密度的影响

为了制备高坯体强度和烧结密度的凝胶注模成型不锈钢制件,研究了凝胶注模工艺参数包括预混液单体含量和单体/交联剂比例、浆料固相含量及引发剂加入量等对坯体抗弯强度及烧结体密度的影响规律.结果表明,对于316L不锈钢的凝胶注模成型,可同时获得较好的坯体强度和烧结密度的工艺条件为:预混液单体质量分数18%~22%,单体/交联剂比例90∶1~240∶1;浆料固相体积分数52%~55%;引发剂用量约为单体质量的0.8%~1.4%.最终获得坯体强度高于30.0MPa、烧结密度高于97%的复杂形状烧结不锈钢零件,其烧结体力学性能略低于粉末注射成型时的性能,但远高于美国MPIF标准.     

EURO PM2009 in cool Copenhagen

Abstract

The effect of additions of silicon powder on the sintering behaviour and microstructure of compacted 304L stainless powder has been studied. The shrinkage ratio increases substantially with silicon content. Silicon profoundly activates the sintering process through the formation of a eutectic and/or δ ferrite, which is pseudoperitectically formed during sintering. The sintering behaviour is closely related to the microstructures, which depend upon the amount of silicon addition. Ostwald ripening is encountered in the liquid phase sintered specimens (Si≤3 wt-%). The solid phase sintered materials (Si≥ wt-%) containing δ ferrite densify more rapidly than the liquid phase sintered ones. The densification kinetics are governed by the wetting characteristics of the eutectic liquid and the formation of ferrite. As a result of the silicon addition, the austenitic stainless steel powder aggregates are sintered into duplex stainless steels with austenite-ferrite structures. PM/0395     

Preparation of Nanocrystalline 430L Stainless Steel by HEBM and SPS

Preparation of nanocrystalline 430L stainless steel by both high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering technique has been investigated. The results have shown that the hardness can be improved markedly with an increase in sintering temperature and holding time. The lower the apparent porosity of nanocrystalline 430L stainless steel, the higher is the Vickers-hardness. The tensile strength reached a maximum value of 713 MPa when the sampie was sintered at 1 173 K for 10 min, and then it evidently decreased with an increase in sintering temperature and holding time because of the growth of crystalline grain.     

Application of Work-of-sintering concepts in powder metals

One of the current challenges facing the particulate materials industry is developing simple, accurate models to predict sintered properties. Work-of-sintering concepts, where time-temperature integrals are used in such models, offer a solution to this problem. In this study, the master sintering curve concept is applied to several powder metal systems: 17 to 4PH stainless steel, 316L stainless steel, nickel, niobium, tungsten heavy alloys with two different compositions, and molybdenum. A detailed explanation of the construction of these curves is given, including methods used to calculate the apparent activation energy for sintering and to curve-fit experimental data to a sigmoid function describing the master sintering curve. Discussion of the results shows that the master sintering curve can be applied to powder metal systems, even those that use liquid phase during sintering.