Effect of heating mode and electrochemical response on austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

Abstract

Powder metallurgical (P/M) processing has the main advantage of making near net shape products. Nowadays, in automobile industries, stainless steels have become the most promising material owing to their good corrosion resistance. In the current study, 316L and 434L stainless steel powders were sintered using microwave and conventional methods through powder metallurgy route. The effects of sintering modes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion responses of 316L and 434L stainless steel composites are investigated in detail. The results showed that the sample prepared through microwave sintering route exhibited significantly superior densification, higher hardness and better corrosion resistance as compared to the conventionally processed counterpart. On the whole, 316L composites showed better corrosion resistance than 434L stainless steels.     

Effect of sintering temperature, heating mode and graphite addition on the corrosion response of austenitic and ferritic stainless steels

In recent years, sintered stainless steel with carbon addition has been proposed for potential use as exhaust flanges in automotive applications. The net-shaping requirements for such applications necessitate the use of powder metallurgical (P/M) processing route. However, due to the presence of porosity, most sintered steels have poor corrosion resistance. The present study compares the effect of sintering temperature, heating mode and graphite addition (up to 1.5%) on the densification and electrochemical response of both ferritic (434L) and austenitic (316L) stainless steels. The compacts were sintered in both conventional (radiatively heated) as well as microwave furnace. As compared to conventional sintering, samples consolidated in microwaves have higher densification (particularly at 1200°C) and exhibit better corrosion properties.     

铜包覆石墨烯增强316L奥氏体不锈钢力学性能研究

采用分子水平混合和低速球磨的方法制备铜包裹石墨烯/316 L不锈钢复合粉体,通过放电等离子烧结制备石墨烯增强316 L奥氏体不锈钢复合材料,研究铜及石墨烯对复合材料密度、硬度和拉伸性能的影响,并对拉伸断口形貌进行了分析.结果表明:通过分子混合和球磨混合可制备铜包裹石墨烯与不锈钢均匀混合的复合粉体.烧结过程石墨烯结构保持完整.铜包裹石墨烯增强体可明显改善烧结不锈钢复合材料的密度、硬度、抗拉强度和屈服强度,使其分别提高3.6%、17.4%、35.8%和34.5%.     

Effect of Additive Cu-10Sn on Sintering Behavior and Wear Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel

 Austenitic 316L stainless steel has good corrosion resistance; however, the relative softness often limits its application. Severe adhesive wear often occurs between the 316L stainless steel and the metal counterpart. Cu-10Sn alloy is often used to improve the wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel. The influence of Cu-10Sn on sintering behavior and wear resistance of powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel was investigated. The parameters investigated included sintering temperature and volume percent of Cu-10Sn. A maximum relative density of 97% was achieved with 25% (in volume percent) Cu-10Sn content at a sintering temperature of 1300 ℃ for 60 min. The irregular and sharp angles of 316L stainless steel particles become round, and the pores are removed completely as a result of large amount of liquid phase formed during sintering. The minimum friction mass loss was achieved with 25% Cu-10Sn content.     

国外注射成形不锈钢研究的进展

本文以 31 6L和 1 7 4PH不锈钢为主 ,从不锈钢粉末制备、粘结剂与脱脂技术、烧结技术及性能等方面 ,综述了国外注射成形不锈钢技术研究的进展 ,并列出一些主要的应用领域     

316L不锈钢粉末微注射成形的烧结过程有限元模拟研究

金属粉末微注射成形技术(Micro MIM)在大规模生产微型产品领域有其特有的优势。将316L不锈钢细颗粒粉末进行混料、脱粘和烧结后制备了微型工件,对烧结过程进行数学建模得出注射料的本构方程,并对剪切黏稠度、体黏稠度、烧结应力等参数进行标定,实现了对316L不锈钢粉末烧结过程中的收缩率、相对密度等的有限元模拟,模拟结果与实验数据吻合良好。     

粉末形状与松装密度对不锈钢烧结多孔材料制备工艺及其性能的影响

通过选用气雾化及水雾化两种工艺方法制备的不锈钢粉末来制取粉末烧结多孔材料。探讨了粉末形状及松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料制造工艺中的成形压力和烧结温度等工艺参数的影响;研究了原料粉末松装密度对不锈钢粉末烧结多孔材料的透气性、拉伸强度的影响。结果表明:成形压力、烧结温度和制品的透气性受粉末松装密度影响显著。粒度范围为0.18～0.90mm时,气雾化粉末的成形压力比水雾化粉末要高近1倍;当粉末的粒度相同时,采用松装密度大的球形粉末所需的烧结温度比松装密度小的不规则粉末的高60～70℃;粒度为0.45～0.60mm时,选用松装密度为4.13 g/cm3粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性为3.16×10-10m2,而选用松装密度为2.67 g/cm3的粉末所制备的多孔制品的透气性仅为8.8×10-11m2。不锈钢多孔材料的强度受原料粉末的松装密度影响显著;粒度相同,制备工艺相同时,采用较低松装密度的粉末的制品,能够得到较高的强度。     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of microwave sintered austenitic stainless steel

The objective of this work is focused on understanding the effect of microwave heating on sintering of 316L powders. The stainless steel samples were prepared from prealloyed powders of 316L. The powder samples were compacted at a pressure of 560 MPa and sintered at 1300°C in a microwave furnace of 2.4 GHz and 2KW capacity in nitrogen atmosphere. The sintering time was varied from 10 to 20 minutes in order to study the effect of sintering time on sintering behavior and mechanical properties of the sintered samples. The sintered samples were subjected to optical metallography, hardness testing, tensile testing and fractogrphy. The average density of sintered stainless steels was 92% of the theoretical density, approximately 18% increment from green density for 20 min. sintering time. Microstructural analysis showed the regularly distributed porosity with very small grains. The hardness value was in the range of 365VHN to 396VHN and tensile strength, in the range of 255MPa to 580 MPa. Fractographs for these steels revealed mixed mode of fracture.     

Effect of conventional and microwave sintering on the properties of yttria alumina garnet-dispersed austenitic stainless steel

The current study examines the effect of heating mode, temperature, and varying yttria alumina garnet (YAG) addition (5 and 10 wt pct) on the densification and properties of austenitic (316L) stainless steel. The straight 316L stainless steel and 316L-YAG composites were heated in a radiatively heated (conventional) and 2.45 GHz microwave sintering furnace. The compacts were consolidated through solid state as well as supersolidus sintering at 1200 °C and 1400 °C, respectively. Both 316L and 316L-YAG compacts couple with microwaves and heat to the sintering temperature rapidly (∼45 °C/min). The overall processing time was reduced by about 90 pct through microwave sintering. As compared to conventional sintering, compacts sintered in microwaves exhibit higher densification and finer microstructure but no corresponding improvement in mechanical properties and wear resistance. This has been correlated to elongated, irregular pore structure in microwave-sintered compacts.     

烧结双相不锈钢的相结构和强韧性

研究了粉末烧结双相不锈钢及其时效后的相结构和强韧性。结果表明,在316L粉末中添加4%(wt)St,用粉末烧结法可以获得奥氏体加18%(Vol)铁素体的双相不锈钢。该双相不锈钢在800℃时效时,沿奥氏体和铁素体界面析出条状σ相,使双相不锈钢的硬度增加,塑性下降。     

FeCrBSi预合金粉末对金属注射成形316L不锈钢烧结性能的影响

研究了添加不同质量分数FeCrBSi铁基预合金粉末（FeCrBSi）作为烧结助剂对金属注射成形316L不锈钢（316L）烧结性能的影响,通过电子密度计、金相显微镜及洛氏硬度计等仪器分析讨论了烧结制品的烧结密度、金相显微组织及硬度等性能。结果表明:在1360℃烧结时,FeCrBSi与316L形成了超固相线液相烧结,液相的增加有利于烧结致密化,烧结密度随着FeCrBSi质量分数的增加而升高,孔隙度逐渐降低。当FeCrBSi质量分数为3%~5%时,烧结密度达到7.81~7.87 g·cm-3;当FeCrBSi质量分数增至7%时,烧结出现变形。制品硬度随相对密度的上升而提高,在FeCrBSi质量分数为3%时达到最大值（HRB 75）,此时力学性能亦表现优异。     

Injection moulding of 316L stainless steels reinforced with nanosize alumina particles

Abstract

This study aims to compare the effect of Al₂O₃ nanoparticle additions on the densification and mechanical properties of the injection moulded 316L stainless steels. The 316L stainless steel and Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were dry mixed and moulded using a wax based binder. The critical powder loading for injection moulding were 60 vol.-% for all samples. Debinding process was performed in solvent using thermal method. After the debinding process, the samples were sintered at 1405°C for 60 and 120 min under vacuum. Metallographic examination was conducted to determine the extend of densification and the corresponding microstructural changes. The sintered samples were characterised by measuring tensile strength, hardness and wear behaviour. Wear loss was determined for all the samples after wear testing. All the powders, fracture surfaces of moulded and sintered samples were examined using scanning electron microscope. The sintered density of straight as well as Al₂O₃ nanoparticles reinforced injection moulded 316L stainless steels increases with the increase in sintering time. The additions of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles improve the hardness and wear resistance with the increase of sintering time.     

石墨还原剂对水雾化奥氏体不锈钢粉末真空烧结过程及其力学性能的影响

通常采用水雾化工艺制取铁粉和低合金钢粉,其主要优点是经济成本低,所制粉末呈不规则形状,因而具有较高的压坯强度。这种工艺现也越来越多地用于制取不锈钢粉。由于不锈钢中含有诸如Cr、Mn、Si等强氧化物形成元素,因此水雾化不锈钢粉的氧化问题十分严重,对其烧结过程和材料的力学性能有很大影响。为了达到既降低烧结不锈钢的成本,又不损害其力学性能的目的,因此,如何有效地减少烧结不锈钢中的氧含量就具有十分重要的意义。本文着重探讨了以碳做还原剂对水雾化奥氏体不锈钢粉真空烧结过程及其力学性能的影响。     

EURO PM2009 in cool Copenhagen

Abstract

The effect of additions of silicon powder on the sintering behaviour and microstructure of compacted 304L stainless powder has been studied. The shrinkage ratio increases substantially with silicon content. Silicon profoundly activates the sintering process through the formation of a eutectic and/or δ ferrite, which is pseudoperitectically formed during sintering. The sintering behaviour is closely related to the microstructures, which depend upon the amount of silicon addition. Ostwald ripening is encountered in the liquid phase sintered specimens (Si≤3 wt-%). The solid phase sintered materials (Si≥ wt-%) containing δ ferrite densify more rapidly than the liquid phase sintered ones. The densification kinetics are governed by the wetting characteristics of the eutectic liquid and the formation of ferrite. As a result of the silicon addition, the austenitic stainless steel powder aggregates are sintered into duplex stainless steels with austenite-ferrite structures. PM/0395     

Preparation of Nanocrystalline 430L Stainless Steel by HEBM and SPS

Preparation of nanocrystalline 430L stainless steel by both high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering technique has been investigated. The results have shown that the hardness can be improved markedly with an increase in sintering temperature and holding time. The lower the apparent porosity of nanocrystalline 430L stainless steel, the higher is the Vickers-hardness. The tensile strength reached a maximum value of 713 MPa when the sampie was sintered at 1 173 K for 10 min, and then it evidently decreased with an increase in sintering temperature and holding time because of the growth of crystalline grain.     

Application of Work-of-sintering concepts in powder metals

One of the current challenges facing the particulate materials industry is developing simple, accurate models to predict sintered properties. Work-of-sintering concepts, where time-temperature integrals are used in such models, offer a solution to this problem. In this study, the master sintering curve concept is applied to several powder metal systems: 17 to 4PH stainless steel, 316L stainless steel, nickel, niobium, tungsten heavy alloys with two different compositions, and molybdenum. A detailed explanation of the construction of these curves is given, including methods used to calculate the apparent activation energy for sintering and to curve-fit experimental data to a sigmoid function describing the master sintering curve. Discussion of the results shows that the master sintering curve can be applied to powder metal systems, even those that use liquid phase during sintering.     

Master decomposition curve analysis of ethylene vinyl acetate pyrolysis: influence of metal powders

Abstract

Polymer burnout (pyrolysis or delubrication) is a crucial step in sintering die compacted powders. To systematically analyse and design the thermal delubrication step, the master decomposition curve (MDC) has been formulated based on the intrinsic kinetics of polymer pyrolysis. The Kissinger method was used to estimate the activation energy from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiments. The activation energy of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) was determined and an MDC analysis was performed to map the weight loss of the polymer as a function of time and temperature. The developed MDC was used to investigate the effects of powder chemistry, powder shape, and particle size of 316L stainless steel on the decomposition behaviour of EVA. The activation energies for decomposition of EVA decreased in the presence of gas and water atomised 316L stainless steel powders, indicative of a catalytic effect. This effect was more pronounced for the first decomposition step suggesting the possible role of a carboxylate ion – metal transition state complex that promoted decomposition. In addition, the gas atomised 316L stainless steel had a greater effect on lowering the activation energy for decomposition compared to water atomised 316L stainless steel, emphasising the influence of powder surface chemistries. Based on the MDC analysis, the required hold time can be predicted for a given temperature and target binder weight loss. This reduces the experimentation required to optimise the delubrication cycle. Furthermore, when extrapolating to very small particle sizes, this approach is of particular interest for predicting the behaviour of nano-particulate materials.     

孔隙度对烧结不锈钢纤维多孔材料压缩性能的影响

采用丝径为100μm的不锈钢纤维经松装烧结工艺制备了孔隙度在70%～95%之间的金属纤维多孔板材.在MTS858材料试验机上检测压缩性能,结果表明:孔隙度在82.8%以下的试件的面内应力应变曲线大致分为三个阶段,应变很低情况下的线性弹性区、屈服平台区和应力急剧增大情况下的致密化区,其中屈服平台区较长,说明该材料具有较强的能量吸收能力;随着孔隙度的增加,不锈钢纤维多孔材料的卸载模量、屈服强度减小,其中孔隙度为70%的烧结不锈钢纤维多孔材料的平均卸载模量为5.2GPa,平均屈服强度达到了23MPa;孔隙度大于90.1%的试件屈服强度很低,能量吸收能力很小.     

Some Factors Influencing the Sintering Behaviour of Austenitic Stainless Steel Powders

Abstract

Densification studies of sintered stainless steel powder blends have shown that the introduction of delta-ferrite into the micro structure increases substantially the sintering rate of the compact. Model experiments, in which spherical particles of a 316 powder were sintered on several different base plates including iron, 18Cr–12Ni stainless steel, iron–12% nickel, have been carried out to provide more detailed information. Quantitative observations have been made on the rate of neck growth and on the compositional gradients which develop between particle and plate. It has been found that the sintering rates were very sensitive to the composition of the base plate and to the presence of austenite/ferrite interfaces. Micro-examination and the use of electron probe microanalysis indicate that interdiffusion of elements between particles and plates is by both surface and volume diffusion.     

Effect of nickel boride and boron additions on sintering characteristics of injection moulded 316L powder using water soluble binder system

Abstract

A new metal injection moulding system for 316L stainless steels has successfully been derived and tested. A mixture of small water atomised powder (average size 15 µm), larger gas atomised powder (average size 75 µm), and sintering additives has been coupled with a new water soluble binder system for economical powder injection moulding. The details for each process step and the effect of sintering additives are described. The binder system consists of poly (2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) as the leachable polymer, polyethylene as the backbone, and stearic acid as a surfactant and plasticiser. This binder system provides satisfactory mixture stability, excellent mouldability, and reasonably fast water leaching and thermal debinding rates. The optimum powder/binder compositions were determined using torque and capillary rheometry. Densification was by persistent liquid phase sintering through additives, such as nickel boride and boron. This 316L powder system was sintered to 7·9 g cm ^-3 (98·75% of theoretical) at 1285°C using nickel boride addition and at 1245°using boron addition. nickel boride additions are particularly effective at increasing the tensile strength and ductility. In contrast, the boron additions only increase the tensile strength and decrease ductility. Based on microstructure evaluations, this effect is traced to a continuous boride phase on the grain boundaries of the boron doped samples and a discontinuous boride phase on the grain boundaries of the nickel boride samples.