变物性对有凸出热源通道换热计算的影响

本文基于一侧含有三个均匀分布的凸出热源竖壁、另一侧为绝热竖壁的二维垂直换热通道,研究了物性变化相比于常物性和Boussinesq假设对通道内最大温度和平均Nu数的影响。通过网格无关性验证,证实了计算程序的有效性,并修正了无量纲最大温度的公式为幂函数形式。计算结果验证了,在Gr〉7．5×10。时,变物性对非对称通道换热的必要性。     

三角形阻流件几何参数对传热系数影响的数值研究

对设置三角形阻流件的水平矩形通道内的换热问题进行了二维数值模拟,在Re=1500～35000范围内,研究了阻流件顶角大小和高度对恒热流加热壁面的水平通道内的对流传热系数的影响状况.结果表明:当Re≤8000时,阻流件顶角的变化对Nu数影响不明显;当Re＞8000后,随着顶角α的增加,Nu数先上升后下降;当顶角在30°时,换热效果最好.阻流件高度对Nu数的影响很大,在相同的顶角下,高度越高,Nu数越大.     

超临界碳氢燃料对流换热特性解析

选用10组分模型替代碳氢燃料,对其在临界点附近的物理特性进行详细分析描述。根据超临界碳氢燃料热物性变化及其在管道内的对流换热特征,基于边界层理论,建立其在换热管中对流换热边界层分析模型和微分方程式,采用理论分析方法给出多项式和正弦速度分布式下常物性和变物性时的温度分布函数表达式。给出的计算公式为超燃冲压发动机的冷却计算提供指导。     

热流对考虑自然对流吸热管内熔盐对流传热影响

以熔盐为传热工质,对考虑自然对流条件下吸热管内熔盐的流动与传热进行了数值研究。结果表明:均匀热流下自然对流促进管内下侧和熔盐向管中心流动,弱化管内上侧熔盐向管中心流动;吸热管内下侧Nu数大于上侧Nu数,管内最大Nu数出现在底部,最小Nu数出现在顶部,吸热管内下侧Nu数与上侧Nu数的差值随着Re数增大而减小,但其平均Nu数变化较小,且其平均Nu数与不考虑自然对流影响的管内平均Nu数基本相等。非均匀热流下吸热管加热的上下位置对吸热管内单侧Nu数影响较大,但对平均Nu数无影响。同一Re数,吸热管上侧Nu数随着热流增高而最小。     

环形通道内空气湍流正在发展流与壁面辐射的耦合换热研究

对内环壁面加热、外环壁面绝热的圆环型通道,数值研究了空气湍流正在发展流与壁面辐射的稳态耦合换热。采用低雷诺数k-ε模型与SIMPLEC算法求解气流的湍流流动与对流换热,采用蒙特卡罗法求解壁面间的辐射换热,对流换热与表面间辐射换热通过绝热壁面边界条件进行耦合。通过模拟计算,分析了相关参数及物性变化的影响。研究结果表明,入口Re数与壁面发射率均对通道内的换热有重要影响;考虑空气物性变化与否所预测到的对流热流分布形态相差非常大,常物性下的模拟结果会导致对通道内热输运特性的不正确认识。     

蒸汽和空气预旋进气共转盘腔壁面换热研究

为了研究不同冷却介质对燃气轮机预旋共转盘腔换热特性的影响,采用数值计算方法分析了空气和蒸汽2种介质下预旋系统共转盘腔表面的换热过程,对比了2种冷却介质在不同旋转雷诺数、无量纲质量流量和进口总温条件下的换热效果。结果表明:相同无量纲质量流量下预旋进气的转盘冷却效果优于无预旋;不同无量纲质量流量下,蒸汽对共转盘腔表面的换热效果均优于空气;旋转雷诺数在5.5×106~7.2×106内,相同旋转雷诺数下的蒸汽冷却下的转盘平均Nu比空气冷却提高约22%,低旋转雷诺数时2种冷却介质的冷却效果略优于高旋转雷诺数时;不同进口总温下,蒸汽冷却效果仍然优于空气,但随着进口总温的升高其优势逐渐减弱,转盘表面传热平均Nu随预旋进口总温的升高而减小。     

超临界二氧化碳水平管内传热的数值模拟及与实验对比

以二氧化碳为研究对象,应用k-ε方法对其在水平管内与管外水成垂直交叉冷却的换热进行了分析.用FLUENT软件模拟了超临界二氧化碳在8、10 Mpa,流量为3.4、6.8 g/s,管径6 mm,壁厚1.1 mm,长400 mm的管中流动的状况;计算了平均换热系数h、Nu和Re的变化;并将10 Mpa、3.4 g/s时数值模拟得出的换热系数与实验进行了比较和分析.得出等热流密度下壁面温度的变化情况,数值模拟的换热曲线和实验测量的结果具有相同的趋势,在准临界点处都达到最大值.     

套管内海水流动的对流换热特性研究

为分析套管内海水流动的对流换热特性,搭建了套管内海水流动的实验台,通过实验数据确定了套管内海水温度分布,并得出实验范围内的换热准则关联式,并对拟合换热关联式的误差进行了分析。结果表明:套管内海水对流换热的强弱主要由换热装置尺寸、海水物性以及紊流热扩散系数决定;实验数据拟合得出,在热流密度为1.66×10~4～6.6×10~4 W/m~2、雷诺数为4 837～16 068时,恒热流条件下套管内海水换热准则关联式为Nu=0.015Re~(0.645)Pr~(0.39);拟合换热关联式的误差分析发现,主要工况的Nu实验值与拟合关联式的Nu数值误差范围在±20%以内。     

水基纳米流体流动与换热数值模拟

采用两步法制备体积分数φ为0.001%、0.01%、0.1%的Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体,运用热力学相关式进行计算,并采用Lattice Boltzmann方法模拟圆管内Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体的流动与换热,研究分析不同纳米粒子体积分数和粒径对纳米流体平均Nu数的影响。结果表明,不同体积分数的Al_2O_3-H_2O纳米流体,随着纳米颗粒的运动,边界层发生变化,其流动特性和换热特性也受到影响,对于相同位置的纳米流体,当体积浓度为0.9%、0.5%、0.1%时,平均Nu数分别为21、17.8、16,随着纳米颗粒体积分数越大,其平均Nu数越大,即换热强度越大。当纳米颗粒为20 nm,Re数为1000、3000、5000、7000、9000时,平均Nu数分别为11.5、14.5、18、20、21.5,随着Re数的增加,纳米流体的强化换热效果越好。     

水平螺旋管外冷凝换热的理论分析与实验研究

用改进的Nusselt—Rohsenow方法分析了水平螺旋管外的层流膜状冷凝换热。考虑了粘性和重力的影响以及离心力对液膜流动和换热的影响。通过分析,得到了较通用的无量纲冷凝方程,并导出适合于其它几何形状换热元件的冷凝换热方程。经数值计算得到了在不同条件下的局部Nusselt数(Nu)和平均Nusselt数(?)。理论结果得到了实验数据的验证,并推荐了实用的传热计算公式。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.