双层管内压弯曲过程轴向应力分析

双层管内压弯曲方法为获得大直径超薄弯管提供了可行的途径,文章对该方法避免内层管起皱的机理进行研究。内压在双层管轴向产生的附加拉应力,可降低弯曲内侧轴向压应力,有助于预防起皱。采用弹性理论,得到双层直管状态下附加轴向拉应力表达式,并对理论模型进行验证。通过数值模拟,分析了弯曲过程中支撑内压、外层管厚度,对内层超薄管起皱和轴向应力的影响规律。理论分析结果表明,双层管极限支撑内压,会随外层壁厚的增加而显著提高,因此对于厚度比较大的双层管,可以通过采用较大的支撑内压,提高附加轴向拉应力的方法避免起皱。模拟结果表明,随着外层管厚度增加,外层管弯曲时不易发生失稳起皱,同时弯管内侧轴向压应力绝对值降低。支撑内压越高,内外层界面贴合越紧密,内层管在承受轴向压应力时,其稳定性越高。     

Discrete layer hydroforming of three-layered tubes

Discrete layer forming proposed in this study is a hydroforming process which can selectively deform the outer tube to a desired shape without any deformation of the inner tube by piercing small holes in the inner tube. A three-layered tube is assembled from inner, middle, and outer tubes, from either similar or dissimilar materials, and deforms simultaneously when internal pressure and axial feed are applied to the tube. In special working environments, multi-layered tubes with combined material properties, high strength, and corrosion resistance are required to satisfy conflicting performance requirements. The feasibility of proposed discrete layer forming process of three-layered tube was evaluated by a tube hydroforming experiment and process analysis was performed. An optimal loading path to prevent wrinkling around holes was developed by an analytical model and was experimentally verified. The results show that the proposed discrete layer forming process can be successfully applicable to hollow forming of non-axisymmetric multilayered tubes for structural purposes.     

内高压成形起皱行为的研究

对内高压成形起皱过程进行了理论分析、数值模拟和实验研究．分析了加载路径、成形区长径比等因素对皱纹数量和工件成形效果的影响．结果表明：不是所有的皱纹都是失效形式，在某些情况下，管料起皱后仍然可以成形，关键是获得有益皱而不是死皱，通过起皱在成形区聚料是一种有效的预成形方法，该方法拓宽了内高压成形区间．     

Wrinkling behavior of magnesium alloy tube in warm hydroforming

In tube hydroforming with axial feeding, under the effect of coupled internal pressure and axial stress, wrinkles often occur and affect the forming results. Wrinkling behavior of an AZ31B magnesium alloy tube was experimentally investigated with different loading paths at different temperatures. Features of wrinkles, including shape, radius and width, were acquired from the experiments, as well as the thickness distribution. Numerical simulations were carried out to reveal the stress state during warm hydroforming, and then the strain history of material at the top and bottom of the wrinkles were analyzed according to the stress tracks and yielding ellipse. Finally, effects of loading paths on expansion ratio limit of warm hydroforming were analyzed. It is verified that at a certain temperature, expansion ratio limit can be increased obviously by applying a proper loading path and realizing enough axial feeding.     

内压对薄壁铝合金管材充液压弯过程的影响

采用实验和数值模拟研究5A02铝合金薄壁管材充液压弯成形过程中内压对缺陷的影响规律,分析内压对弯曲内侧起皱、截面畸变及壁厚分布的影响,获得壁厚变化规律;通过数值模拟给出的应力状态,揭示缺陷形成机制。结果表明:提高内压能降低轴向压应力的绝对值,减小失稳起皱趋势,当内压超过一个临界值时,皱纹完全消除。对于直径为63 mm、壁厚为1 mm的5A02-O铝合金管材,其内压临界值为2.8 MPa。充液有效地减小截面畸变程度,随内压的增大,截面畸变程度逐渐减小。弯曲后,壁厚最大减薄点位于弯曲外侧点,且随内压的增大,轴向和环向拉应力均呈增大趋势,弯曲外侧壁厚度减薄的趋势也增大。     

镁合金管材的热态内压成形起皱行为分析

利用数值模拟和塑性理论分析AZ31B镁合金管材的热态内压成形过程的变形机理,找出临界起皱应力、应力状态及皱纹形状的变化规律。结果表明:随着温度升高,管材轴向抗起皱能力下降,其机理是材料的屈服强度和弹性模量随温度升高而下降;皱峰和皱谷处应力轨迹均在环向应变伸长和轴向应变压缩的区域;随着补料量的增大,皱峰处应力向壁厚减薄的方向发展,皱谷处应力向壁厚增加的方向发展;内压与材料屈服强度之比(相对压力)决定初始屈服时皱峰和皱谷处壁厚的变化情况,即温度较高时,相对压力较大,初始屈服时皱峰和皱谷处应力状态越易处于管壁呈减薄趋势的区域;当温度较低时,相对压力较小,初始屈服的皱峰和皱谷处的应力状态越易处于管壁有增厚趋势的区域;随着温度升高,相同加载路径下皱纹的高度和波长增大,皱纹趋向于向中间移动,且波数减少。     

Prediction of forming limits and parameters in the tube hydroforming process

Determination of process limits and parameters for hydroforming was conducted applying widely known plasticity, membrane and thin-thick walled tube theories. Analytical predictions were compared with experimental findings. Simple but useful analytical models to predict buckling, wrinkling and bursting as well as axial force, internal pressure, counter force and thinning in tube hydroforming were verified with experimental results.     

不锈钢方形截面空心构件内高压成形研究

对不锈钢方形截面空心构件内高压成形进行了实验研究,比较了有无轴向进给和加载路径即内压和轴向进给关系对方形截面构件影响。分析产生折叠、起皱和开裂尤其在圆角过渡区产生开裂的原因,给出了成形的合格零件壁厚分布规律。     

Loading path optimization of tube hydroforming process

Optimization methods along with finite element simulations were utilized to determine the optimum loading paths for closed-die and T-joint tube hydroforming processes. The objective was to produce a part with minimum thickness variation while keeping the maximum effective stress below the material ultimate stress during the forming process. In the closed-die hydroforming, the intent was also to conform the tube to the die shape whereas in the T-joint design, maximum T-branch height was sought. It is shown that utilization of optimized loading paths yields a better conformance of the part to the die shape or leads to a higher bulge height. Finite element simulations also revealed that, in an optimized loading path, the majority of the axial feed needs to be provided after the tube material yields under the applied internal pressure. These results were validated by conducting experiments on aluminum tubes where a good correlation between the experimental results and simulations were obtained.     

内压分布对内高压成形Y型三通管壁厚均匀性的影响(英文)

对薄壁Y型三通管的内管压成形进行研究。通过轴向补料,管材可以被推入模腔从而获得更高并且相对减薄率小的支管。但是Y型三通管的导向区较长,在内压作用下管材和模具之间会产生较大的摩擦力,使得材料难以流入支管。提出了采用多段式冲头用来改变导向区的内压分布并且减小导向区的摩擦力的方法。对铝合金Y型三通管进行内高压成形实验,采取两种方案,分别使用传统冲头和多段式冲头进行对比。对壁厚分布和减薄率分布进行研究,并对使用不同冲头的结果进行对比。     

轴向补料对双金属薄壁管冲击液压成形影响的研究

双金属薄壁管冲击液压胀形技术是在液压胀形与冲压成形基础上发展起来的一种复合成形技术。为了获取更好的成形质量，在液压预成形与冲击液压成形相结合的基础上，通过改变液压预成形的加载路径实现双金属薄壁管成形。介绍双金属薄壁管冲击液压成形原理及内管轴向补料方案；利用Dynaform有限元分析内管轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管壁厚分布的影响，获得轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管成形规律；同时，分析内管轴向补料距离对管材中截面的对角线长度变化影响规律，从而获得内管轴向补料距离对双金属薄壁管填充性的影响。通过液压预成形阶段加载路径的研究，探明了轴向补料对双金属薄壁管成形规律的影响，为冲击液压载荷作用下的双金属薄壁管成形提供理论与应用支撑。     

异型变径管内高压成形有限元模拟

通过建立相应的内高压成形有限元模拟模型,用Dynaform有限元分析软件进行模拟分析,研究了异型变径管成形的工艺特点、变形特征及成形参数对成形质量的影响。模拟结果表明,当变径管直径变化率较大时,自由胀形很难成形出理想成品,需采用轴向补料。采用合适的内压加载路径与轴向补料的配合方式能够显著控制起皱、破裂缺陷的产生,使较复杂的异型变径管顺利成形,成形质量较好。     

Hydroforming of automotive structural components with rectangular-sections

An experimental and numerical simulation was conducted to investigate hydroforming of automotive rectangular-section structural components and the results were used as guidelines for some prototypes. The effect of loading path on the failures and thickness distribution was discussed and the reasons were analyzed for the failures, such as bursting and folding. Hydroforming with axial feeding is strongly sensitive to the loading path. Bursting occurs in transition zone in the calibration when the internal pressure increases faster than the axial feeding. Otherwise, folding will take place due to too much axial feeding. There is the maximum thickness at central point of the side of cross-section and the minimum thickness at the transition area. If the n value of the tube material is bigger, the thickness of the final part will be more uniform. By using a petal-like perform section shape, the pressure for forming the transition radii was greatly reduced and components with small radii can be formed with relatively low pressure.     

Optimization of loading conditions for tube hydroforming

Tube hydroforming is a developing technology with advanced features of lightness and unified part. This study investigates the best possible regulation for loading conditions between the internal pressure and the axial feeding by hydroforming of a T-shape metal tube. Using conjugate gradient method with finite element method, a program module is generated to check the hydroformed tube quality about its thickness uniformity and the geometry accuracy. Thereby, a batch mode and a sequential mode to optimize the loading conditions of the tube hydroforming process are created and investigated. Regarding the tube quality from the simulation results, the hydroforming process, which follows the loading curve generated by the sequential mode, is better than by the batch mode. The optimal loading procedure generated by this article can offer another possibility for engineer by determining the internal pressure and the axial feeding in tube hydroforming.     

管材内高压胀形的实验研究与数值模拟

介绍了管材无模轴压胀形的实验,研究表明,适度的褶皱有助于提高成形极限。有限元数值模拟显示,随着内压—轴压匹配模式的改变,内压增长率对褶皱的演化表现出不同的影响效果。针对管坯—模具间摩擦对T型管复合胀形成形性的影响,分别从实验和有限元数值模拟两方面进行了研究。     

江淮SRV前梁液压胀形过程有限元分析

对江淮SRV前梁液压胀形过程进行了数值模拟研究,应用弹塑性有限元动力显式分析程序LS-DY-NA进行求解分析.重点针对管坯初始尺寸的确定和内压加载路径的选择,给出了模拟结果.分析表明选择合适的管径和内压加载路径能改善成形过程中材料的流动、提高材料的成形极限、有利于产品质量的提高,模拟结果为工程应用提供了依据.     

Deformation characteristics during Y-shaped tube hydroforming of 6061 aluminum alloy

To manufacture lightweight tube components for aerospace oil circuit systems, an experiment was run to investigate the deformation characteristics on Y-shaped tube hydroforming of 6061 aluminum alloy. Both strain state and metallurgical structure indicate that there are four kinds of prevailing defects during Y-shaped tube hydroforming: bursting, lack of cylindricity, wrinkling, and thinning due to the poor plastic property of 6061 aluminum alloy. The danger of bursting prevails at the early stage of the operation as a result of excessively high internal pressure. In contrast, wrinkling prevails after the middle stage of the operation as a result of excessively axial feeding and cannot be eliminated during subsequent deformation. Lack of cylindricity is mainly because of insufficient axial feeding and internal pressure but can be eliminated by increasing internal pressure. Elongation and compression deformations are originated on protrusion and main pipe of Y-shape tube respectively all the way through the bulging process. Consequently, minimum and maximum thicknesses are at the top of protrusion and the bottom of Y-shape tube respectively, which induces a V-shape borderline of thickness distribution. According to the excessive plastic deformation, microstructure evolution is originated. Crystal grain of protrusion is elongated and its grain size is about 150 μm. In contrast, crystal grain of the middle zone of main tube is refined greatly, which grain size is 50 μm, decreased by 75%. These are useful to improve the component.     

无压边多点成形中起皱的分析与控制

起皱是板材无压边多点成形中容易产生的成形缺陷。本文根据对多点成形过程中起皱的数值模拟与力学分析,基于Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov的浅壳理论,给出了球面多点成形局部起皱的判断准则,计算了起皱的临界应力。利用多点成形的柔性可变的特点,可以抑制甚至完全消除起皱缺陷,有关的成形实验结果说明了变路径多点成形及分段成形技术抑制起皱的有效性。     

空心双拐曲轴内高压成形数值模拟

应用动态显式有限元法对空心双拐曲轴的内高压成形过程进行了模拟分析,研究了加载路径对内高压成形的影响,指出了在加载曲线中存在着最佳成形区间,成形压力小于20MPa时,管坯产生起皱,成形压力大于32MPa时,管坯发生开裂,只有合理的应用加载路径,成形压力介于20MPa与30MPa之间,使轴向进给量可以正好补偿径向的变形量才能获得壁厚较为均匀的合格零件。     

管材内液塑性成形中的拉伸失稳分析

针对目前管材内液塑性成形中缺陷对工艺的影响,借助塑性力学分析手段,对轴向和环向的应力比对拉伸失稳极限应变的影响进行了分析。研究表明,胀形过程中,管坯的全部外载荷都是通过内部液压生成;内高压成形过程中,随应变比绝对值的增加,等效应变、环向应变及轴向应变呈指数增长趋势,而厚向应变对应力比的变化不敏感,其中集中性失稳应变量大约是分散性失稳的两倍,且随应变比绝对值的增加,集中性失稳的应变极限增加速度大于分散性失稳,破裂倾向降低明显。