立式加工中心空间误差验证及补偿

为提高某立式加工中心整机加工精度,借助旋量理论建立完备立式加工中心空间误差模型,在此基础上实现机床空间误差有效补偿.以旋量理论为基础推导并建立机床刀具运动链与工件运动链运动学正解,分析机床21项几何误差原理,在考虑21项几何误差的基础上建立该立式加工中心完备空间误差模型;利用九线法完成各项几何误差辨识;基于旋量运动学正解求解机床运动学逆解后得出运动轴实际运动路径,并通过体对角线实验对比补偿前后的效果.结果表明:所提补偿方法补偿效果显著,验证了机床空间误差模型的准确性,实现了提高机床加工精度的目的.     

数控机床平动轴误差辨识及补偿研究

为了大幅提升数控机床平动轴的运动精度,从而满足当代数控系统对其高精度的要求,针对机床平动轴的空间几何误差开展了深入研究,提出了可以有效辨识平动轴空间几何误差的便捷方法,并基于齐次坐标变换原理建立了平动轴空间几何误差的辨识模型;针对机床平动轴定位误差的特性,提出了可以实现有效补偿的增量式误差补偿原理,并建立了相应的误差补偿模型。经验证,所提出的平动轴误差辨识法和增量式误差补偿原理不仅理论正确,而且可以大幅地提高机床平动轴的定位精度。     

基于多体系统理论的精密加工中心综合误差建模

基于多体系统理论,针对一台含有工作台站的精密加工中心,建立其综合误差模型,分析并解决了交换工作台站的运动误差对综合误差的误差传递问题,改进了各轴热漂移误差的综合误差建模方法。运用该误差模型进行实时补偿,能有效提高加工中心的加工精度。     

基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型

针对多轴联动数控机床加工精度误差补偿问题,从分析数控机床误差产生机制和建立精度误差补偿模型的角度,提出基于多体系统理论的数控机床加工精度几何误差预测模型。分析B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的拓扑结构关系、低序体阵列、各典型体坐标变换,推导出B-A摆头五轴龙门数控机床的精度几何误差预测函数模型。采用平动轴十二线法误差参数辨识算法,计算出B-A摆头五轴数控机床21项空间几何误差,为精度几何误差预测函数提供有效的误差参数。该精度误差参数建模方法,对不同结构和运动关系的数控机床具有通用性,为后续数控机床误差动态实时补偿提高切削加工精度提供了理论基础。     

精密加工中心直线轴复合误差建模研究北大核心

为提高精密机床加工精度,针对直线轴几何误差与热误差两类重要误差项进行分析,并提出一种复合定位误差建模方法。首先对两端固定式丝杠进给系统的热误差机制进行分析,建立正弦函数误差表达式,利用有限元法提取丝杠表面温度并作为输入量代入到热误差模型中。利用切比雪夫多项式建立静态几何误差预测模型。将两模型叠加,得到复合定位误差模型。对精密加工中心直线轴进行检测实验,实验值与预测模型对比后发现预测精度达到85%以上,验证了复合误差模型具有较高的预测精度,为直线轴定位误差补偿提供了参考。     

Computer-aided accuracy enhancement for multi-axis CNC machine tool

A computer-aided error compensation scheme has been developed to enhance the accuracy of multi-axis CNC machine tools by compensating for machine geometric and thermal errors in software way. Stationary geometric errors including the coupling effect of linkage errors between machine slides are calibrated off line. Dynamic thermal errors are predicted on line by an artificial neural network model. Because machine errors are variant with the cutting time and slide positions, a PC based compensation controller has been developed to upgrade commercial CNC controllers for real-time error compensation. The real-time compensation capability is achieved by digital I/0 communication between the compensation controller and CNC controller without the need of any hardware modification to the machine servo-drive loops. The compensation scheme implemented on a horizontal machining center has been proven to improve the machine accuracy by one order of magnitude using a laser interferometer and cutting test.     

基于数控指令修正的数控内圆磨床几何误差补偿

为减小各几何误差对机床加工精度的影响、提高机床加工精度,以数控精密内圆磨床为研究对象,基于多体系统理论及齐次坐标变换原理,得到磨床的空间运动误差模型,建立几何误差与运动位置之间的映射关系。对加工补偿点的确定方法及数控指令修改方法进行研究,得到精密加工数控指令;通过软件进行阶梯轴试件的加工仿真验证,分别得到补偿前后的数控指令,并选取5个补偿点;补偿前后到理想位置的空间误差分别从0.616、0.607、0.614、0.295、0.376 cm减小到0.354、0.398、0.376、0.188、0.255 cm,分别减小42.5%、34.4%、38.6%、36.3%、32.1%。结果表明：通过修改数控指令能够提高机床加工精度。     

加工中心几何误差建模分析与误差补偿策略

运用齐次坐标变换原理和刚体假设，建立了加工中心从刀点到工作台的总体误差传递矩阵，推导出了通用的加工中心几何误差计算模型；用此模型对TH6350卧式加工中心进行了几何误差计算，并对误差模型进行了校验和分析，提出了基于PC机的加工中心误差补偿策略。     

基于SAPSO-GA算法的高速曲轴随动数控磨床几何误差辨识方法

以某型数控曲轴磨床作为研究对象,对其结构和运动进行分析,推导出曲轴磨削时理想的砂轮轨迹方程。根据多体系统理论建立含有误差参数的模型,并推导出机床-工件和机床-刀具的运动链位置矩阵,得出机床精密加工的约束方程。对磨床的几何误差进行研究,建立几何误差模型。为快速、准确辨识出各项几何误差,提出一种混合SAPSO-GA算法。通过对比球杆仪测量补偿前后的运动轨迹,分析补偿效果。结果表明:所提方法提高了辨识准确性,通过补偿大大提高了曲轴随动磨床的加工精度。     

具有丝杠热误差补偿功能的在线检测软件的开发

文章结合丝杠热变形的非线性等特点,采用径向基函数神经网络方法建立丝杠热变形误差模型.同时基于Windows平台开发了相应的补偿软件,该软件可以同时对机床几何误差与主轴、丝杠热误差进行补偿,有效地提高了在线检测精度.软件系统在MAKINO立式加工中心上进行了实验验证,补偿效果明显.     

基于虚拟中心距加工原理的新型平面二次包络环面蜗杆数控磨床设计及关键技术研究

针对新型平面二次包络环面蜗杆数控磨床研发中的难题,在蜗杆齿面的成形原理及传统磨削方法的基础上分析了齿面的虚拟中心距磨削原理及关键技术,论证了四轴四联动磨削方法的可行性并提出了新型磨床的结构布局及总体设计方案;针对产形面到摆头回转工作台中心轴线距离过大以及砂轮产形面上的磨削点到联动回转工作台中心轴线距离过大的两类难题,在结构布局上提出了砂轮倾角式磨头设计匹配磨头内藏式的设计方案,对于砂轮的修整及补偿方式提出了主轴平移修砂的设计方案,解决了在磨削过程中,因联动回转工作台回转误差所造成的砂轮磨削区域形位超差的问题并完成了机床虚拟样机的设计。     

Identification of two different geometric error definitions for the rotary axis of the 5-axis machine tools

Geometric errors are clearly among the critical error sources in 5-axis machine tools and directly contribute to the machining inaccuracies. According to the definition of geometric errors of the rotary axis, different understandings have been exist in published studies. It is extremely dangerous as it makes the comprehension of the geometric errors ambiguous and may make the geometric error identification and compensation less effective. This phenomenon has not been noticed so far. In this paper, two different commonly used geometric error definition and modeling methods are firstly identified and analyzed, named as “Rotary axis component shift” and “Rotary axis line shift”. The features and relationships of these two error modeling methods are analyzed. After a detailed comparison, “Rotary axis component shift” is more suitable to definite the geometric errors of rotary axis. An experiment has been conducted on a 5-axis machine tool to show the correctness of our work. The results show that the identified geometric errors of rotary axis based on the two error models are greatly different and need to be concerned.     

基于敏感度分析的机床关键几何误差元素辨识与评定

为了正确识别和判定机床关键几何误差元素对机床精度设计的影响,以PCV-620立式加工中心为研究对象,采用多体系统理论建立机床空间误差模型,从而得到机床几何误差元素与机床精度之间的关联函数。对空间误差模型进行灵敏度分析,获得机床各运动方向的局部灵敏度系数,完成机床关键几何误差元素的初步辨识。以局部灵敏度系数为基础,提出一种与局部灵敏度系数和工作空间中任意位置处的几何误差元素值相关的全局灵敏度系数计算方法,将其作为机床关键几何误差元素的辨识和评定标准,分析得到PCV-620立式加工中心的关键几何误差元素包含3项定位误差、3项垂直度误差和5项直线度误差。     

八轴五联动加工中心几何仿真环境构建方法研究

通过分析几何仿真环境的功能需求,设计了几何仿真环境的结构。以某公司生产的1台八轴五联动镗铣加工中心为原型,分析机床的几何约束关系和运动关系,构建机床模型、控制模型与测量分析模型,建立了具备现实机床系统全部功能、特征和行为的几何仿真加工环境。实际应用表明：构建的仿真环境能真实反映机床的静态特征和动态特征,在该仿真环境中进行仿真测量分析,能有效保证产品加工质量和机床安全性。所提的几何仿真环境构建方法为构建其他类型多轴加工几何仿真环境提供技术支持和参考。     

基于激光跟踪仪的数控机床空间误差测量及补偿

为了改变机床空间误差综合性的测量手段和补偿技术在国内机床制造和生产中应用较少的现状和研究数控机床空间精度提升方法，介绍数控机床平动轴的21项误差和激光跟踪仪的空间误差测试原理，阐述测量与辨识机床空间误差的步骤和方法。在桥式五轴加工中心上进行空间误差测试，给出数控机床空间误差结果，并生成误差补偿文件，通过西门子的VCS功能进行了误差补偿。并对比分析了补偿前后的21项误差，对补偿前后数据的差异进行原因分析，并通过对机床空间体对角线的测量验证了空间误差测量与补偿的实际效果，补偿后误差缩小为原来的11.2%,应用该技术能够大大提高机床的空间精度。     

Accuracy improvement of miniaturized machine tool: Geometric error modeling and compensation

A novel capacitance–sensor based multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) measurement system has been developed for measuring geometric errors of a miniaturized machine tool (mMT) overcoming the size limitations. In the present work five geometric error components of a three-axis mMT are measured simultaneously along each axis and the squareness errors are determined by the slopes of straightness error profiles. Least-squares fitting method is used to represent the analytical models of geometric errors. A kinematic chain consisting of various structural members of mMT is introduced to establish the positional relationships among its coordinate frames. Based on this kinematic chain a general volumetric error model has been developed to synthesize all geometric error components of a miniaturized machine tool. Then, a recursive compensation method is proposed to achieve error compensation efficiently. Test results show that the positioning accuracy of miniaturized machine tool has been improved with compensation.     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.     

机床空间精度预测与NC代码补偿研究

以某立式加工中心为研究载体,提出一种空间精度补偿技术。以旋量理论为基础,在充分考虑机床切削点空间位置的基础上,建立包含全部几何误差的立式加工中心空间精度模型,同时输出空间精度显示预测模型。针对传统空间精度补偿不充分的局限性,将空间精度补偿思路转换为NC代码最优化问题,基于遗传算法求解该最优化问题,通过实验验证优化结果的有效性。结果表明：基于旋量理论的机床空间精度建模包含21项几何误差,空间精度预测结果较为准确;基于NC代码最优化的空间精度补偿技术使得机床空间定位精度最大补偿率为90.94%,验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Integrated machining error compensation method using OMM data and modified PNN algorithm

This paper presents an integrated machining error compensation method based on polynomial neural network (PNN) approach and inspection database of on-machine-measurement (OMM) system. To improve the accuracy of the OMM system, geometric errors of the CNC machining center and probing errors are compensated. Machining error distributions of a specimen workpiece are measured to obtain error compensation parameters. To efficiently analyze the machining errors, two machining error parameters, W_err and D_err, are defined. Subsequently, these parameters can be modeled using the PNN approach, which is used to determine machining errors for the considered cutting conditions. Consequently, by using an iterative algorithm, tool path can be corrected to effectively reduce machining errors in the end-milling process. Required programs are developed using Ch language, and modified termination method are applied to reduce computation times. Experiments are carried out to validate the approaches proposed in this paper. The proposed integrated machining error compensation method can be effectively implemented in a real machining situation, producing much fewer errors.     

基于多体系统理论的车铣中心空间误差模型分析

数控机床的误差建模是进行机床运动设计、精度分析和误差补偿的关键技术,也是保证机床加工精度的重要环节.本文利用多体系统理论来构建超精密数控机床的几何误差模型,该模型简便、明确,不受机床结构和运动复杂程度的限制,为计算机床误差、实现误差补偿和修正控制指令提供了理论依据.在机床实际应用中,可以利用由精密机床误差建模所推导出的几何位置误差来修正理想加工指令,控制机床的实际运动,从而实现几何误差补偿,提高机床加工精度.