Mechanical properties of 2024-T4 aluminium alloy joints in ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding

Ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding （UVeFSW） is a recent modification of conventional friction stir welding （FSW）, which transmits ultrasonic vibration directly into the localized area of the workpiece near and ahead of the rotating tool. In this study, a high strength aluminium alloy （2024-T4） was welded by this process and conventional FSW, respectively. Then tensile tests, microhardness tests and fracture surface analysis were performed successively on the welding samples. The tests results reveal that ultrasonic vibration can improve the tensile strength and the elongation of welded joints. The microhardness of the stir zone also increases.     

Exploring material flow in friction stir welding using stacked structure of 2024 and 6061 aluminum alloys

An experimental technique based on stacked structures was developed to observe the material flow behavior of the friction stir welding （FSW） process. Analysis of section views along different directions revealed important new details of the material flow in FSW process. In this work, a general flow model of FSW was constructed based on the analysis of different static section views of stacked structure weld. The formation of onion rings was found to be a geometric effect due to layered deposition attd the extrusion occurred at the interface between flow arm （FA） and stirring zone （SZ）.     

LF21超声搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能分析

利用超声波对金属塑性成形作用对LF21铝合金进行了超声搅拌摩擦焊接试验,并对常规搅拌摩擦焊与超声搅拌摩擦焊接头的微观组织、断口形貌进行了对比分析.结果表明,超声能量通过搅拌头有效地导入焊缝底部,在增加焊缝底部搅拌强度的同时,提高了搅拌针周围金属原子的运动和扩散能力,焊核区的金属组织有明显的晶粒细化和组织均匀化.超声搅拌摩擦焊断口韧窝数量与深度均不及常规搅拌摩擦焊,撕裂棱不明显;超声搅拌摩擦焊可以提高接头力学性能,但平均断后伸长率相比常规搅拌摩擦焊有所下降.     

Effect of rotary direction and speed on mechanical properties in friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets e

Friction stir spot welding of A6061 sheets was conducted using a tool with thread pin. The hook geometries, hook formation and mechanical properties of the joints welded with different rotary directions and speeds were investigated. The results show that the hook in the joint welded in clockwise was curved upwards and that in anticlockwise was curved downwards. The hook formation was related to the plastic material flow in the joint. With increasing the rotary speed in clockwise direction, the hook moved upwards and far way from the center of the keyhole, resulting in an increase in the effective weld width and a decrease in the effective sheet thickness. Three types of fractuces were observed and they were affected by the hook geometries. The tensile shear load increased firstly and then decreased when the rotary speed increased in clockwise direction, which was related to the hook geometries.     

30 mm 7A05铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法利用新型搅拌头对30 mm厚的7A05-T6铝合金进行了单道对接,焊后分析讨论了焊缝接头微观组织和力学性能.结果表明,接头焊核区发生动态再结晶,生成细小的等轴晶粒;焊缝两侧热力影响区受机械和热的双重作用,组织存在较大差异,前进侧为窄条状组织,后退侧为扁平状组织;热影响区晶粒粗化;在焊接30 mm板时,工艺参数范围较窄,旋转频率为360 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm/min时,可获得无缺陷、成形好的焊缝;接头抗拉强度为367.7 MPa、屈服强度为280.8 MPa、断后伸长率为14.4%高于母材,接头抗拉强度可达母材的95%.接头显微硬度的分布呈类似W形分布,热影响区软化趋势比较明显.     

Repair welding process of friction stir welding groove defect

The groove defect formed in the friction stir welding dramatically deteriorates weld appearances and mechanical properties of the joints owing to its larger size and penetration. Therefore, the friction stir repair welding was utilized to remove such a groove defect, and the focus was placed on the mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of the repair joints so as to obtain an optimum repair welding process. The experimental results indicate that the groove defect can be removed by friction stir repair welding, and the offset repair welding process is superior to the symmetrical repair welding process. In the symmetrical repair welding process, a large number of fine cavity defects and an obvious aggregation of hard-brittle phase Al2Cu occur, accordingly the mechanical properties of the repair joint are weakened, and the fracture feature of repair joint is partially brittle and partially plastic. A good-quality repair joint can be obtained by the offset repair welding process, and the repair joint is fractured near the interface between the weld nugget zone and thermal-mechanically affected zone.     

超声对不同铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响

利用自行研制的超声搅拌摩擦焊机分别对2219,7A52,LF21铝合金进行了常规搅拌摩擦焊和超声搅拌摩擦焊两种不同焊接的试验,并对常规搅拌摩擦焊与超声搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的微观组织、拉伸断口形貌进行了对比分析.结果表明,超声搅拌摩擦焊与常规搅拌摩擦焊相比热影响区几乎消失;超声搅拌摩擦焊焊缝焊核区组织比常规搅拌摩擦焊焊核区组织晶粒更加细小;断口扫描电镜图显示母材断口韧窝具有非等轴状待征,韧窝边上撕裂棱明显表明为韧性断裂;超声搅拌摩擦焊断口韧窝撕裂棱不明显;超声搅拌摩擦焊比常规搅拌摩擦焊的平均抗拉强度有所提高,但断后伸长率有所降低.     

Effect of ultrasonic vibration on the friction stir weld quality of aluminium alloy

A novel variant of friction stir welding process, referred as ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding, is developed to transmit ultrasonic vibration energy directly into the localized area of the workpiece near and ahead of the rotating tool. Experiments are conducted on 6061-T4 aluminium alloy plates by this new process and the conventional friction stir welding process, respectively. The morphology and macrograph of the welds under both conditions are observed and contrasted. The experimental results show that ultrasonic vibration enhanced friction stir welding can improve the weld formation quality and increase the welding efficiency. And it just needs a smaller axial downward force. Because that the added action of ultrasonic vibration energy may enhance the localized softening extent and the plastic flow around the tool. In addition, it also improves the mechanical properties of the welded joints.     

Macrostructures and mechanical properties of ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding joint of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy

In friction stir welding of aluminum alloys, tunnel defect may occur due to insufficient plastic material flow caused by lower heat input in the weld region. The inadequacy in heat input is due to improper selection of friction stir welding tool and process parameters. Ultimately, such defects degrade the properties of weld and may pose serious concerns towards the integrity and safety of the weld component. In order to improve the properties of weld joints, an ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding device has been configured where ultrasonic energy is transferred from an ultrasonic unit directly into one of the workpieces near the tool. Using this configuration, ultrasonic-assisted friction stir welding was conducted on 6 mm thick 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets. The macrostructure and mechanical properties of these welds were compared with the welds of this alloy prepared by conventional friction stir welding using identical process parameters. The results show that the welding speed can be increased while satisfactory weld quality is still ensured. The ultrasonic energy transferred in this configuration could enlarge the volume of weld nugget zone. Also, the influence of ultrasonic energy on the suppression or elimination of the tunnel defect is quite apparent. However, any beneficial effects of ultrasonic vibration on the tensile strength and the elongation of the joint were less obvious in this configuration.     

超声振动对6061-T4铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和性能的影响

利用自主研制的试验装置,通过工具头将超声振动能量施加在搅拌头前方的待焊工件上,研究了超声振动能量对减少焊接缺陷、改善搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能的影响.对6 mm厚度6061-T4铝合金板进行了超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊工艺试验,并与相同工艺条件下的常规搅拌摩擦焊进行了对比.结果表明,超声振动能够减小焊速/转速比较大时的焊缝内部隧道型缺陷,增大材料对接混合区宽度和焊核区体积,细化焊核区和热力影响区微观组织,提高接头抗拉强度和焊核区显微硬度.     

7A52铝合金搅拌摩擦焊焊缝的组织分析

通过对7A52铝合金进行大量的搅拌摩擦焊接试验,对焊缝的宏观组织、微观组织及显微硬度进行分析.焊缝可分为热影响区、热机影响区和焊核等三个区域.其中,焊核为明显的再结晶等轴晶粒,晶粒明显细化;热机影响区出现了晶粒粗化现象,由母材的细纤维组织变形为具有一定弧度的弯曲粗纤维组织;热影响区的晶粒与母材相似,但出现了晶粒粗化现象.沿焊缝横截面的显微硬度的分布呈高-低-高-低-高的趋势,其中焊缝顶部的硬度达到了母材的硬度,硬度最低处位于前进侧的热影响区区域.     

7075铝合金与H68黄铜的搅拌摩擦焊组织分析

采用金相显微镜对7075铝合金与H68黄铜异种材料搅拌摩擦焊接头组织进行观察、采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）对焊接接头中相结构进行分析,并采用显微硬度计对焊接接头硬度分布进行测试.结果表明,搅拌针的旋转频率为1 100 r/min,焊接速度为80 mm/min时,焊接接头未形成金属间化合物,焊核区晶粒细化,且显微硬度值增加...     

焊接速度对高强铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能的影响

焊接速度对搅拌摩擦焊接头内焊核区、热机影响区和热影响区组织和晶界沉淀相均有较大的影响。随着焊接速度的提高,焊核区和热影响区内的晶粒尺寸和沉淀颗粒大小、分布密度变化均较大;热机影响区内组织的变形程度变化明显。组织和力学性能综合分析表明,控制焊接速度。获得优良的焊核区组织有利于提高接头的力学性能。性能测试结果表明,焊接速度v=37．5mm／min时,2Al2CZ铝合金接头强度达到最大值(331MPa)。     

铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊技术研究进展

铝/钢异质金属复合结构具有轻质节能、降低成本、可以满足不同的工作条件等特点,在航空航天、船舶制造等领域的应用日益受到重视。由于铝和钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝和钢的连接成为焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊作为一种固相连接方法,具有热输入低、高温停留时间短、焊接变形小等特点,对克服铝/钢异质金属性能差异带来的焊接困难具有优势,已成为铝/钢异质金属焊接的研究热点。综述了铝/钢异质金属搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,主要涉及搅拌头材料选择与结构设计、焊缝成形、焊接工艺窗口、力学性能、接头冶金结合、连接机制以及外源辅助搅拌摩擦焊新技术,可以为铝/钢异质金属结构的轻量化设计提供新思路,最后对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

2A97铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊

文中采用不同搅拌摩擦焊接工艺参数对2A97铝锂合金的可焊性进行了研究.结果显示,接头抗拉强度和断后伸长率随搅拌头转速的提高而降低,随焊接速度的提高先增后减.在旋转频率为600 r/min,焊接速度200 mm/min时接头抗拉强度最高达到373 MPa,为母材的69%.FSW接头拉伸试验断口位置基本都发生在焊核(NZ)区.焊核区和热力影响区中沉淀相大部分溶解,只有少数存留,热力影响区沉淀相密度高于焊核区.     

Q235钢板与6082铝合金搅拌摩擦焊工艺

通过对Q235钢板和6082铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接,并用正交试验对搅拌摩擦焊工艺参数进行优化. 结果表明,焊接过程中,将钢板放在返回侧,铝板放在前进侧[1],离搅拌针较近的钢侧金属发生软化,并且在轴肩横向切应力作用下形成短"钉子",最终在搅拌针的旋转作用下填充到搅拌针后方形成的空腔内,当下压量为0.2 mm时,比较容易得到优质的焊缝;搅拌针旋转速度为260 r/min,焊接速度为16 mm/min,针头偏向铝侧0.2 mm时,所得焊缝的抗拉强度为141.204 MPa,断裂发生在铝侧焊核区与热力影响区的交界处;钢侧热机影响区的硬度比母材高,而铝侧热机影响区比母材低.     

2A14-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊特征及接头组织性能分析

成功实现了2A14-T6高强铝合金的双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊,获得了表面成形良好,无内部缺陷的优质接头. 试验发现,在焊缝的焊核内存在一个由上、下轴肩和搅拌针所驱动的材料塑性流动交汇区,该交汇区靠近焊缝下表面. 微观分析表明,焊核上部的晶粒尺寸要小于其中部和下部的晶粒尺寸. 焊缝各区的块状第二相在焊接中发生了溶解和粗化,导致接头内出现了宽度近乎轴肩直径二倍的软化区;焊缝各层硬度分布接近,没有出现常规搅拌摩擦焊中常见的接头各层异性现象. 经拉伸测试证实,双轴肩焊接接头的强度系数达到了71%,拉伸时断在了焊核内的材料流动交汇区处.     

Effect of welding speed on the material flow patterns in friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloy

The clear zigzag-line pattern on transverse cross sections can be used to explain the formation mechanism of the weld nugget when friction stir welded AZ31 magnesium alloy without any other insert material is used as mark. It provides a simple and useful method to research the joining mechanism of friction stir welding. The rotation speed is kept at 1000 r/min and the welding speed changes from 120 mm/min to 600 mm/min. The macrostructure on the transverse cross section was divided into several parts by faying surface. The results show that the shape and formation procedure of the weld nugget change with the welding speed. There are two main material flows in the weld nugget： one is from the advancing side and the other is from the retreating side. A simple model on the weld nugget formation of FSW is presented in this article.     

Friction stir welding characteristics of two aluminum alloys

1　INTRODUCTIONFrictionstirwelding(FSW )isapromisingweld ingprocessthatcanproducehigh qualityandlow costjoints[1,2 ] .Especially ,itcaneliminatesomeweldingdefectssuchascrackingandporosityoftenassociatedwithfusionweldingprocesses[2 ,3] ,andthusissuitedtoweldheat treatablealuminumalloysthatarediffi culttofusionweld[4 ,5] .Recentstudiesonthemi crostructuralcharacteristicsandmechanicalpropertiesofthefrictionstirweldedjointshaveindicatedthatdifferentaluminumalloyshavedifferentFSWcharac teris…     

搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷的补焊方法

搅拌摩擦焊接方法在某些条件下也会造成焊接缺陷的产生,其中对接头性能有显著影响的缺陷包括沟槽、孔洞和未焊合.针对这三种类型的缺陷,用搅拌摩擦焊接方法进行补焊,以此研究补焊接头的焊缝成形和力学性能.结果表明,采用搅拌摩擦补焊方法能够消除沟槽、孔洞和未焊合等搅拌摩擦焊接缺陷;在优化的补焊工艺参数下,能够获得焊缝成形良好的补焊接头,其性能与优质原始接头的性能相当;补焊接头在拉伸测试中均在焊缝的后退侧发生断裂,拉伸断口具有明显的韧窝特征.