气流旋转对氨鼓泡吸收特性的影响

提出了使氨气进入溶液时产生旋转来强化氨水鼓泡吸收的方法,并利用高速摄像机对其吸收动力学特性进行了可视化实验.结果显示,气流旋转使得最大气泡体积减小,而对气泡数和最大吸收高度没有显著影响.气泡旋转对氨水鼓泡吸收过程的吸收效果具有强化作用,强化效果随着流量的增大而减小,强化系数在1.1～1.25之间.     

纳米颗粒对氨水鼓泡吸收性能的强化实验

结合Danckwerts的界面更新模型,初步分析了纳米颗粒强化氨水鼓泡吸收过程的机理。改变不同的氨气流量和基液氨水浓度,进行了Al2O3纳米颗粒对氨水鼓泡吸收性能的强化实验。实验表明:Al2O3纳米颗粒对氨水鼓泡吸收性能具有强化效果;在实验条件下,加纳米颗粒的吸收效果最大可以达到没有加纳米颗粒的1.22倍;在保持其它条件一定时,随着氨气流量增加,溶液吸收率增加,但有效吸收率出现有增大也有减小的不规律特征,而随着基液氨水浓度的增加,有效吸收率增加比较明显。为研制小型氨水吸收式制冷机的鼓泡式吸收器提供参考。     

R124-DMAC垂直管内鼓泡吸收传质性能试验研究

通过搭建垂直管内R124-DMAC鼓泡吸收可视化试验平台,对鼓泡吸收过程中的气液体积流率、溶液入口温度与溶液入口浓度对鼓泡吸收传质性能的影响进行研究。试验结果表明:提高溶液体积流率和降低气体体积流率,可以提高鼓泡式吸收器的传质性能,但提高溶液体积流率会增加吸收式制冷系统的溶液泵功率,降低系统性能系数;降低气体体积流率会降低吸收式制冷系统的制冷量。而溶液入口温度和浓度的降低,均可以较大幅度提高R124-DMAC鼓泡式吸收器的传质性能。     

添加剂和纳米粒子强化溴化锂水溶液／氨水吸收特性研究进展

吸收式制冷以其节能、环保等诸多优点得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文总结与分析添加剂和纳米粒子强化溴化锂水溶液及氨水吸收特性的机制和相关实验研究的发展现状。针对吸收式制冷系统中吸收器传质系数和换热系数小而导致的制冷效率低的问题,很多学者进行了添加剂和纳米粒子对吸收过程影响的实验研究,并据此采取措施增大传质传热效率。实验主要包括以下几个方面：表面张力实验、静态池吸收实验、降膜吸收实验和氨水鼓泡吸收实验。实验结果均表明添加剂和纳米粒子可以提高吸收器中溴化锂水溶液及氨水的传热传质性能。该研究对于提高吸收式制冷系统的制冷效率有很大帮助,同时为该技术在实际系统中的应用奠定基础。     

膜吸收法烟气同时脱硫脱硝试验研究

采用自行研制的新型错流式气-液膜接触器,以NaClO2海水溶液为吸收液,分别以NaHCO3/Ca(OH)2/Ca(ClO)2为添加剂,对电厂燃煤烟气开展膜吸收法烟气同时脱硫脱硝现场试验研究.考察了吸收液流量、浓度、活化时间、初始pH以及烟气流量、SO2浓度等因素对脱硫脱硝效果的影响.试验表明:增大吸收液流量和浓度,NOx和SO2脱除率升高;延长吸收液活化时间,增大烟气流量,脱硫脱硝率略有降低;吸收液初始pH升高,脱硫率几乎不变,而脱硝率却略有降低;随着SO2浓度增大,脱硝率出现极值点;另外,添加剂NaHCO3/Ca(OH)2/Ca(ClO)2对NaClO2氧化吸收NOx和SO2均有增强作用.采用膜气体吸收技术,可实现烟气同时脱硫脱硝,具有一定应用潜力.     

添加纳米粒子的溴化锂溶液传质特性

建立了纳米溴化锂溶液二维降膜传热传质数学模型,以实验数据对模型进行验证。研究结果表明,在溴化锂溶液中加入纳米粒子可以显著增强溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收速率,并且随着纳米粒子添加量的增大,纳米溴化锂溶液对水蒸气的吸收速率越大;在纳米粒子添加量相同时,纳米溴化锂溶液的水蒸气吸收速率随着溶液流量的增大而增大,且水蒸气吸收速率随溶液流量的变化趋势为对数曲线趋势;溶液的传质强化比随着纳米粒子添加量的增加而增大;在溴化锂溶液中加入纳米粒子后,吸收器的传质系数随着纳米粒子添加量的增大而增大,在溶液流量为1.2 L/min时,添加0.05%纳米粒子后,吸收器传质系数增加1.32倍,添加0.1%纳米粒子后,吸收器传质系数增加1.41倍,但是,传质系数增幅随着纳米粒子含量的增加而逐渐减弱。     

氨精馏纯度对氨水吸收式制冷系统性能的影响分析

本文以单级氨水吸收式制冷系统为研究对象,利用Aspen Plus软件对系统进行模拟,定量研究了精馏塔顶出口氨纯度对系统性能的影响。结果表明:在蒸发温度和制冷量不变的情况下,随着氨精馏纯度的提高,蒸发压力逐渐增大,吸收器吸收终了的溶液浓度增大,溶液的循环质量流量减小,发生器热负荷减小,制冷系统性能系数(COP)逐渐增大直至达到平稳。     

R134a-DMF垂直管内鼓泡吸收特性研究

为研究垂直管内R134a-DMF(二甲基甲酰胺)鼓泡吸收过程的热、质传递特性,本文搭建了垂直管内鼓泡吸收实验测试装置,构建了管内R134a被R134a-DMF混合溶液鼓泡吸收过程的热、质传递数学模型.进一步通过模型分析了当吸收压力为0.35 MPa,蒸气入口温度为5℃,稀溶液入口质量流量为12.0 kg/h时,吸收过程...     

阳离子丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂的结构及溶液性能

通过自由基溶液共聚合法合成了无规型阳离子丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂,利用红外光谱(FT-IR)和核磁共振谱(1H-NMR和13C-NMR)对聚合产物的结构和组成进行了表征,考察了浓度、温度等对聚合物丙酮溶液的增比黏度和聚合物水溶液表面张力的影响。结果表明,聚合物丙酮溶液的增比黏度随溶液浓度增加总体呈现上升趋势,在相同溶液浓度下,其增比黏度随温度升高呈先降低后升高再降低的趋势;聚合产物可将水溶液的表面张力降低到43mN/m,其临界胶束浓度为0.8 g/L;聚合物水溶液的表面张力随温升高而降低,且随溶液pH值增大而增大。     

磁场强化氨水吸收的理论分析

磁场强化氨水吸收是强化传热传质的一项新课题。通过对三膜传质模型初步的分析,得到磁场条件下吸收过程得到强化的原因,认为磁场作用能减少溶液的表面张力,从而增大液膜侧浓度推动力,强化传质。同时结合场协同原理对磁场强化氨水吸收过程进行了分析,对热力学流和热力学力线性唯象关系式明确引入磁场条件下的广义化学势表达式,具体推导出在磁场作用时,影响溶液溶质扩散的因素。并指出当外加磁场感应强度梯度的方向和化学势梯度的方向一致时,传质效果最好。     

Visualization of bubble behavior and bubble diameter correlation for NH3–H2O bubble absorption

The objectives of this paper are to visualize the bubble behavior for an ammonia–water absorption process, and to study the effect of key parameters on ammonia–water bubble absorption performance. The orifice diameter, orifice number, liquid concentration and vapor velocity are considered as the key parameters. The departing bubbles tend to be spherical for surface tension dominant flow, and the bubbles tend to be hemispherical for inertial force dominant flow. A transition vapor Reynolds number is observed at a balance condition of internal absorption potential (by the concentration difference) and external absorption potential (by the vapor inlet mass flow rate). As the liquid concentration increases, the transition Reynolds number and the initial bubble diameter increase. The initial bubble diameter increases with an increase of the orifice diameter while it is not significantly affected by the number of orifices. Residence time of bubbles increases with an increase in the initial bubble diameter and the liquid concentration. This study presents a correlation of initial bubble diameter with ±20% error band. The correlation can be used to calculate the interfacial area in the design of ammonia-water bubble absorber.     

Surface tension of aqueous lithium bromide with heat/mass transfer enhancement additives: the effect of additive vapor transport

Heat/mass transfer enhancement additives used in aqueous lithium bromide absorption chillers are surfactants that lower the surface tension of the working fluid. It has long been speculated that the surface tension characteristics are a key to the enhancement but the point is controversial because some surfactants do not provide enhancement. In the present study, the surface tension of aqueous lithium bromide was measured, with and without various surfactant additives, using a drop weight method. Measurements were also made on water, with and without an additive. The results provide new information that clarifies several confusing aspects of the literature data. The major result is the realization that the surface tension of aqueous lithium bromide is strongly affected by the presence of surfactant vapor around the liquid interface. This apparently explains the large differences in surface tension data found in the literature since no previous studies mentioned the importance of the vapor conditions.     

Effect of vapor flow on the falling-film heat and mass transfer of the ammonia/water absorber

Falling-film heat and mass transfer in an absorber can be influenced by the motion of the surrounding refrigerant vapor. In this study, the effect of the vapor flow direction on the absorption heat and mass transfer has been investigated for a falling-film helical coil absorber which is frequently used in the ammonia/water absorption refrigerators. The heat and mass transfer performance was measured for both parallel and countercurrent flow. The experiments were carried out for three different solution concentrations (3, 14, and 30%). The vapor in equilibrium with the solution is supplied to the test section. It is found that the falling-film heat and mass transfer is deteriorated in the countercurrent flow if the specific volume of the vapor solution is large. For the countercurrent flow, the high velocity of the vapor due to large specific volume seems to cause the unfavorable distribution of falling-film and reduce the heat and mass transfer performance of the ammonia absorber. The effect of vapor flow direction decreased with increasing concentration of ammonia solution since the specific volume of the ammonia vapor which is in equilibrium with the solution becomes smaller and the vapor velocity becomes lower.     

Visual experimental research on the effect of nozzle orifice structure on R124–DMAC absorption process in a vertical bubble tube

A visual experimental platform for R124–DMAC bubble absorption in a vertical tube absorber was designed and built for this research. The bubble behaviors, flow pattern characteristics and distributions are observed and the bubble absorption heights (BAHs) were measured when the two kinds of different structure nozzles (single-orifice or multi-orifice nozzle) were applied in the absorber. The results showed that the BAH will heighten with increases of vapor flow rate and nozzle flow area. Based on visual experimental observations, the BAH or bubble absorption performance was significantly affected by the velocity of vapor from the nozzle rather than by the nozzle structure. The proportion of slug flow in BAH or the BAH can be decreased by using a multi-orifice nozzle in the absorber under the same flow area condition. However, the flow resistance of the vapor through the nozzle will increase, which has a negative action on the performance of absorption refrigeration systems. So, using multi-orifice nozzle does not improve the absorption performance of the bubble absorber under the same nozzle flow resistance condition.     

含有促进传热传质添加剂的溴化锂水溶液的表面张力

采用Wilhelmy平板法,对未加入添加剂和加入添加剂(4-methyl-2-pentanol, 2-ethyl-1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanol, 4-heptanol, 2-heptanol, 1-heptanol, 2EH)的溴化锂水溶液的表面张力进行了测量.通过与相关添加剂对溴化锂溶液吸收水蒸气速度影响的测试实验结果进行关联分析,结果表明,对于酒精类添加剂,在含碳原子数相同的情况下,使溶液表面张力降低越大的添加剂使溶液吸收水蒸气的速度越快.     

Surface tension of aqueous binary solutions

Measurements of surface tension have been performed to determine the effects of both temperature and concentration on the surface tension of aqueous solutions of D-Sorbitol, potassium chloride, and ammonium chloride. A differential capillary-rise method was employed for the measurements. The results showed that the surface tension of test solutions increased as the temperature decreased and that the surface tension of chloride solutions increased with an increase in its concentration, while for D-Sorbitol solution the surface tension decreased with increasing concentration. Correlation equations for the surface tension of three aqueous binary solutions as a function of temperature and concentration were determined.     

Surfactants with NH3H2O

To avoid rivulet flow in compact absorbers, which consist of compact heat exchanger plates, the surface tension of the ammonia-water solution has to be reduced by surfactants. The influence of these additives on the absorption of ammonia into water is investigated for two anionic tensides, two non-ionic tensides and the alcohol 1-octanol in a stagnant pool measuring cell. All four tensides had no influence on the absorption in the concentration range investigated (0.25–0.91 wt%), although they were able to reduce the surface tension of water down to 30mN m⁻¹. In order to increase the mass transfer, 1-octanol was used in three concentrations, which probably lead to a convection in the liquid layer, called Marangoni convection. The experiments have shown that the presence of surfactant islands is not necessary to induce Marangoni turbulence. The best result was achieved with 50 ppm 1-octanol dissolved in water.