玉米醇溶蛋白用作药物输送系统载体的研究进展

玉米醇溶蛋白(Zein)是一种天然可食性植物大分子,具有可再生性、无毒性、两亲性及良好的生物相容性和生物可降解性,可通过自组装形成微球或纳米粒。近年来,Zein用作药物输送系统(drug delivery system,DDS)载体材料成为研究热点,可通过Zein的自组装特性将药物包载在其内部获得Zein-DDS微粒。本文简述了Zein的特性及其作为DDS载体的优势,总结了Zein-DDS的制备方法、性能及Zein的修饰改性研究进展,指出Zein具有较强的疏水性和抗胃酸分解特性,Zein-DDS可有效地提高药物稳定性、延缓药物释放及增强药物靶向性。因此,Zein用作DDS的载体具有广阔的应用前景,今后的研究工作将会在拓宽研究领域、改进制备方法及Zein的修饰改性等方面展开。     

环境响应性两亲嵌段共聚物的自组装及其药物控释研究进展

两亲嵌段共聚物形成的胶束、囊泡等典型的自组装体可作为纳米医药载体,用于药物的控释,其研究已成为当前胶化、医药和生物学科交叉领域的热点。尤其是聚乙二醇型两亲嵌段共聚物,不仅具有良好的生物相容性,而且通过适当的分子设计可形成对环境具有刺激响应的纳米载体。本文着重综述了这类两亲嵌段共聚物的自组装及其在药物控释方面的研究,总结了影响自组装的因素,并介绍了控释药物的机理。     

纳米金属有机框架材料在肿瘤诊疗领域的应用

金属有机框架材料(Metal-OrganicFrameworks,MOFs)是一类由金属离子与有机配体自组装形成的多孔材料,具有高孔隙率、大的比表面积和多样的结构等,被广泛应用于气体存储分离、传感和催化等领域。纳米尺寸的金属有机框架材料(Nanoscale Metal-Organic Frameworks,NMOFs)具有传统MOFs的规整结构和纳米颗粒的独特性质,在生物医药领域是研究价值突出的药物载体。相比于传统纳米载体,NMOFs可与药物通过多种结合方式实现不同形式的药物负载,为装载各类药物提供了可能,也可以不同功能分子修饰引入理想性能。近年来已有大量研究报道多功能化的NMOFs在抗肿瘤药物递送领域的应用,实现了肿瘤微环境下刺激响应的可控释放。本文将着重对NMOFs作为载体负载化疗药物、光敏剂及其诊疗结合、生物大分子的应用进行综述。     

温敏性聚合物胶束应用于药物控制释放体系的研究进展

当环境温度发生变化时,温敏性双亲嵌段聚合物对这一刺激产生响应,自组装为具有疏水性核/亲水性壳结构的胶束,可作为载体负载活性物质或疏水性药物,具有提高药物利用率、靶向作用、降低毒副作用等特点,可应用于药物控制释放等生物医药领域,具有显著的研究价值和应用前景。介绍了不同类型温敏性聚合物胶束在药物控制释放体系的研究进展。     

pH敏感性叶酸修饰羧甲基壳聚糖/CaCO_3混合纳米球作为药物载体的研究

以叶酸为靶向基团,将其连接到羧甲基壳聚糖(CMCS)上,制得偶联叶酸的羧甲基壳聚糖(FCMC),在FCMC溶液中碳酸钙自组装形成一种具有靶向性的FCMC/CaCO_3混合纳米球。同时对纳米球结构进行表征,并对比了修饰叶酸前后混合纳米粒理化性能。在此基础上,将亲水性药物二甲双胍作为模型药物,对2种载体的包封率、载药量及释放行为进行了对比研究。结果表明,FCMC/CaCO_3混合纳米球大小均一,分散性良好,碳酸钙的引入使得纳米球对亲水性药物包封率较高,该纳米球对药物的释放具有较好的pH敏感性和缓控释放能力,是潜在的智能药物给药系统基质材料。     

纳米羟基磷灰石在药物载体中的应用

综述了纳米羟基磷灰石(HAP)作为药物或基因载体的研究现状及其生物相容性评价,指出了HAP纳米粒子作为药物或基因载体的主要发展趋势及存在的问题。药物或基因载体的研究较多,但是尚未找到一种理想的载体材料。作为一种新的药物基因载体,HAP纳米粒子有高的药物吸附量及良好的生物相容性,有望作为一种新的基因药物载体。     

纳米纤维实用研究介绍

<正>未来,纳米纤维可以在生物医学的细胞组织材料、药物的释放、过滤材料领域的水处理、离子吸附等方面得到应用。1生物医药(再生医疗)组织再生工程是将细胞/分子生态学和材料化学工程相结合,研究损伤组织的修复或置换。其研究的焦点之一是模仿天然细胞外基质的结构及生物学功能的三维纳米纤维细胞支架材料。有关的静电     

聚合物胶束作为药物载体的应用

作为药物载体聚合物胶束具有其他纳米载体所不具有的优势,如良好的稳定性和靶向性等.本文综述了聚合物胶束的种类、自组装原理、制备方法、载药方法和释药机理.     

纳米羟基磷灰石在药物载体中的应用

综述了纳米羟基磷灰石（HAP）作为药物或基因载体的研究现状与其生物相容性评价，指出了HAP纳米粒子作为药物或基因载体的主要发展趋势及存在的问题。药物或基因载体的研究较多，但是尚未找到一种理想的载体材料。作为一种新的药物基因载体，HAP纳米粒子有高的药物吸附量及良好的生物相容性，有望作为一种新的基因药物载体。     

聚酰胺胺树形大分子的应用研究进展

介绍了聚酰胺胺树形大分子作为表面活性剂在生物医药、石油开采等领域中的应用,聚酰胺胺树形大分子在制备LB单层膜、自组装单层膜中的应用,以及在制备纳米材料模板、催化剂载体、污水处理絮凝剂、药物载体等方面的应用研究进展。     

Recent Progress on Cyclic Peptides’ Assembly and Biomedical Applications

Cyclic peptides are important building blocks for forming functional structures and have been applied in various fields. Considering the significant structural and functional roles of cyclic peptides in materials science and the attributed biophysical advantages, we provide an overview of cyclic peptide types that can self-assemble to form nanotubes, recent progress in stimuli-triggered cyclic peptide assembly, and methods to construct peptide and polymer conjugates based on cyclic peptides with alternative chirality. Specifically, we highlight the roles that stimuli-triggered cyclic peptides and their conjugates play in biomedical applications. Recent progress in other cyclic peptides acting as gelators in drug delivery and biomedicine are also summarized. These cyclic peptides with self-assembly properties are expected to act as adaptive systems for drug delivery and selective disease targeting.     

Self-Assembling Peptides: From Design to Biomedical Applications

Self-assembling peptides could be considered a novel class of agents able to harvest an array of micro/nanostructures that are highly attractive in the biomedical field. By modifying their amino acid composition, it is possible to mime several biological functions; when assembled in micro/nanostructures, they can be used for a variety of purposes such as tissue regeneration and engineering or drug delivery to improve drug release and/or stability and to reduce side effects. Other significant advantages of self-assembled peptides involve their biocompatibility and their ability to efficiently target molecular recognition sites. Due to their intrinsic characteristics, self-assembled peptide micro/nanostructures are capable to load both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, and they are suitable to achieve a triggered drug delivery at disease sites by inserting in their structure’s stimuli-responsive moieties. The focus of this review was to summarize the most recent and significant studies on self-assembled peptides with an emphasis on their application in the biomedical field.     

Polymeric supramolecular assemblies based on multivalent ionic interactions for biomedical applications

Oppositely charged polyelectrolytes can be used to form various types of self-assembled structures directed by multivalent ionic interactions. The supramolecular architectures that result are often referred to as polyion complexes (PICs). Synthetic polyion complexes are exciting candidates for biomedical applications. Their self-assembly capabilities give rise to hierarchical mesoscopic platforms such as micelles, membranes, and capsules through simple mixing processes. These complexes are also ideal candidates for the transport and delivery of biological agents since biomolecules, such as DNA and proteins can be easily incorporated through ionic interactions. PICs have therefore found use in drug delivery, diagnostics, gene therapy, biosensors and microreactors. In this paper, we briefly review examples of polymeric supramolecular assemblies based on multivalent ionic interactions for biomedical applications.     

Peptide-Based Nanoarchitectonics for the Treatment of Liver Fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is a process of excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix caused by liver injury. Liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis or even liver cancer without proper intervention. Until now, no effective therapeutic drugs have been clinically approved for treating liver fibrosis. Hence, the development of safe and effective antifibrotic drugs is particularly important. As a representative biomaterial, peptides have been investigated as key components for constructing antifibrotic nanomaterials given their advantages of biological origination, synthetic availability, and good biocompatibility. Peptides serve as multifunctional motifs in antifibrotic nanomaterials, such as liver-targeting molecules, antifibrotic molecules, and self-assembling building blocks for the formation of the nanomaterials. In this review, we focus on peptide-based nanoarchitectonics for treating liver fibrosis, including nanomaterials modified with liver-targeting peptides, nanomaterials for the efficient delivery of antifibrotic peptides, and self-assembled peptide nanomaterials for the delivery of antifibrotic drugs. The design rules of these peptide-based nanomaterials are described. The antifibrotic mechanisms and effects of these peptide-based nanomaterials in treating liver fibrosis and related diseases are highlighted. The challenges and future perspectives of using peptide-based nanoarchitectonics for the treatment of liver fibrosis are discussed. These results are expected to accelerate the rational design and clinical translation of antifibrotic nanomaterials.     

Fabrication and biomedical potential of nanogels: An overview

Nanogels are one of the innovative hydrogel systems that comprise cross-linked polymers of natural or synthetic origin having good water holding capacity. The hydrophilic nature of nanogels possess good water uptake and exhibit controlled, targeted and sustained release. Nanogels show promising features like high biodegradability, biocompatibility, drug loading capacity and good penetration power. This overview mainly focuses on the biomedical applications of nanogels as the drug delivery system, imaging agent, therapeutic carrier, theranostic agent, also its fabrication techniques. In current scenario, nanogels play promising roles to deliver drugs such as anticancer, autoimmune, ophthalmics, anti-microbials, anti-inflammatory, proteins and peptides.     

Carbohydrate-based Biomedical Copolymers for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Drugs

A variety of strategies and carrier molecules have been used to direct therapeutic agents to tumor sites. The incorporation of a specific targeting moiety to drug carrier may result in active drug uptake by malignant cells. Carbohydrates are important mediators of cell–cell recognition events and have been implicated in related processes such as cell signaling regulation, cellular differentiation, and immune response. The biocompatibility of carbohydrates and their ability to be specifically recognized by cell-surface receptors indicate their potential utility as ligands in targeted drug delivery for therapeutic applications. Yet, carbohydrates are not ideal targeting ligands because they are difficult to synthesize, bind weakly to carbohydrate receptors, and are prone to suffer from enzyme degradation due to labile glycosidic linkages. This review describes the design and development of HPMA-based biomedical copolymers to facilitate the selective delivery of drugs to tumor tissues via carbohydrate–endogenous lectin interactions. Various carbohydrate-decorated HPMA copolymer–drug conjugates are presented and the application of the copolymers for drug delivery is discussed. Current efforts to increase the affinity of carbohydrate ligands for their target receptors through multivalent display are also discussed. These novel HPMA copolymer carbohydrate conjugates hold promise as clinically relevant drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.     

Targeted Delivery of Rab26 siRNA with Precisely Tailored DNA Prism for Lung Cancer Therapy

Programmable DNA nanostructures are a new class of biocompatible, nontoxic nanomaterials. Nevertheless, their application in the field of biomedical research is still in its infancy, especially as drug delivery vehicles for gene therapy. In this study, a GTPase Rab26 was investigated as a new potential therapeutic target using a precisely tailored DNA nanoprism for targeted lung cancer therapy. Specifically, a DNA nanoprism platform with tunable targeting and siRNA loading capability is designed and synthesized. The as-prepared DNA prisms were decorated with two functional units: a Rab26 siRNA as the drug and MUC-1 aptamers as a targeting moiety for non-small cell lung cancer. The number and position of both siRNA and MUC-1 aptamers can be readily tuned by switching two short, single-stranded DNA. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) demonstrate that all nanoprisms with different functionalities are self-assembled with high yield. It is also found that the cellular uptake of DNA prisms is proportional to the aptamer number on each nanoprism, and the as-prepared DNA nanoprism show excellent anti-cancer activities and targeting capability. This study suggests that by careful design, self-assembled DNA nanostructures are highly promising, customizable, multifunctional nanoplatforms for potential biomedical applications, such as personalized precision therapy.     

Multifaceted polymersome platforms: Spanning from self-assembly to drug delivery and protocells

Biologically inspired self-assembly processes of amphiphilic copolymers have received an increasing attention for creating innovative and highly advanced functional materials for various biomedical applications. Polymersomes are versatile nanosystems with tremendous potential due to their increased colloidal stability, tunable membrane properties, chemical versatility, and the ability to accommodate a broad range of drugs and biomolecules. In this review, we present the principles of copolymers self-assembly and associated parameters that control the resulting self-assembled morphologies, and various methodologies developed for fabrication of polymersomes. We attempt to discuss how polymersome platforms can be applied for versatile biomedical research, from simple passive nanocarriers for drug delivery to functionalized polymersomes for active targeting approaches and advanced nanoreactors, and protocells to mimic structure and functions of biological systems.     

Chemical Reactions Directed Peptide Self-Assembly

Fabrication of self-assembled nanostructures is one of the important aspects in nanoscience and nanotechnology. The study of self-assembled soft materials remains an area of interest due to their potential applications in biomedicine. The versatile properties of soft materials can be tuned using a bottom up approach of small molecules. Peptide based self-assembly has significant impact in biology because of its unique features such as biocompatibility, straight peptide chain and the presence of different side chain functionality. These unique features explore peptides in various self-assembly process. In this review, we briefly introduce chemical reaction-mediated peptide self-assembly. Herein, we have emphasised enzymes, native chemical ligation and photochemical reactions in the exploration of peptide self-assembly.     

Recent advances in nanofibrous assemblies based on β‐sheet‐forming peptides for biomedical applications

Amyloid fibrils are supramolecular polymers with β‐sheet‐rich structures formed by polymerization of protein/peptide with intermolecular interaction. Amyloid fibrils have been miscast as toxic villains since they have historically been studied as pathogens associated with serious diseases, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. However, recent studies on their toxicity and formation mechanism and discovery of their functionality in nature correct the misconception and strongly facilitate the possible use of β‐sheet‐forming peptides in designing novel nanomaterials. Self‐assembly based on β‐sheet‐forming peptides can provide highly ordered nanostructures under certain conditions. Therefore, ingenious design of the building block peptides allows the construction of nano‐assemblies, which contain large quantities of bio‐functional molecules, including drugs and bioactive peptides, and exhibit unique properties, such as assembly or disassembly in response to external stimulus or specific molecules. These properties provide a novel strategy for the creation of innovative nanomaterials, especially for biomedical applications. Here, we describe recent progress in the biomedical application of fibrous assemblies based on β‐sheet‐forming peptides, such as the suppression of aberrant protein aggregation, controlled release, tissue engineering and other applications. This review focuses not only on the function of the nanofibrous assemblies but also on the functions of component molecules, namely amyloidogenic peptides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry