A combined soft-decision deinterleaver/decoder for the IS95 reverselink

The reverse link encoding steps of the IS95 cellular code-division multiple-access (CDMA) standard consist of convolutional encoding, block interleaving, and orthogonal Walsh function encoding. Deinterleaving individual symbol metrics obtained from the Walsh function matched filters followed by conventional Viterbi decoding produces suboptimal results, as unwanted intersymbol Walsh function correlation is introduced. We propose a combined deinterleaver/decoder with improved performance over existing decoders with little added overhead and no extra decoding delay. Applied to the IS95 reverse link, the proposed decoder has about 1.0-dB gain over soft-decision decoding with interleaved symbol metrics at a bit error rate (BER) of 10^-3     

Performance evaluation of DS-CDMA system with M-ary orthogonalsignaling

The effects of signature sequence on the performance of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems employing Walsh M-ary orthogonal signaling are considered. The mean-squared value of multiple access interference (MAI) is derived by treating the signature sequence as deterministic. The numerical results show that Walsh orthogonal signaling changes the original properties of signature sequences, and a different choice of signature sequence results in significant performance difference. These results can be used as guides in selecting signature sequences for systems that employ Walsh M-ary orthogonal signaling     

基于多通道体全息相关器的二维离散沃尔什变换

利用体全息相关器(VHC)可以完成多通道内积运算的特性,通过将待变换函数和二维沃尔什(Walsh)函数分别编码成输入图像和存储图像,提出了一种基于多通道体全息相关器的二维离散Walsh变换(DwT)方法.此方法可以快速、并行对输入函数做二维离散Walsh变换,并具有很大的速度提升潜力.利用散斑调制和随机交错方法可以提高运算精度.经验证,实验结果与理论值吻合.     

DS-CDMA系统正交码调制的抗多址干扰性能及其改进

本文推导非同步 Ｃ Ｄ Ｍ Ａ 系统多址干扰表达式,计算正交码调制码组相关性对多址干扰的影响。提出一种改进型 Ｗ ａｌｓｈ＋ Ｇ Ｍ Ｗ 正交码组,分析比较 Ｗ ａｌｓｈ 正交码组和 Ｗ ａｌｓｈ＋ Ｇ Ｍ Ｗ 正交码组应用于非同步 Ｃ Ｄ Ｍ Ａ 系统的性能。计算机模拟结果表明应用改进型正交码组时系统性能获得改善。     

Performance Comparison of Various Multicode Modulation Schemes for High-Rate Wireless Data Transmission

Multicode modulation is amodulation technique which can allowtransmission of high-speed data over wireless links.The basic idea behind this method is that high-rateinformation bits are converted to parallel low-ratebit streams in order to make the transmitted signal less sensitive to time delayspread.Each low-rate bits is then modulated by a code, whichis a combination of orthogonal codes and spreadingsequences, on a single carrier.In this paper, we investigate the use of variouscombination oforthogonal codes and signature sequences in multicodemodulation and propose a low-complexity receiver structure whichusesFast Walsh Transform or Fast Fourier Transform.To further improve system performance,we consider the use of antenna diversity,interleaving,and convolutional coding.Sample numerical results which illustrate thepotentialof multicode modulationover multipath Rayleigh fading links will also bepresented.     

Performance analysis of adaptive interleaving for OFDM systems

We proposed a novel interleaving technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), namely adaptive interleaving, which can break the bursty channel errors more effectively than traditional block interleaving. The technique rearranges the symbols according to instantaneous channel state information of the OFDM subcarriers so as to reduce or minimize the bit error rate (BER) of each OFDM frame. It is well suited to OFDM systems because the channel state information (CSI) values of the whole frame could be estimated at once when transmitted symbols are framed in the frequency dimension. Extensive simulations show that the proposed scheme can greatly improve the performance of the coded modulation systems utilizing block interleaving. Furthermore, we show that the adaptive interleaving out performs any other static interleaving schemes, even in the fast fading channel (with independent fading between symbols). We derived a semi-analytical bound for the BER of the adaptive interleaving scheme under correlated Rayleigh fading channels. Furthermore, we discussed the transmitter-receiver (interleaving pattern) synchronization problem     

Differential M-ary orthogonal signaling for DS/CDMA land mobilesatellite communications

In this paper, we derive an analytical framework for the performance evaluation of an M-ary orthogonal scheme based on differential encoding/decoding of the Walsh/Hadamard chips prior/after spreading. This technique makes feasible nonpilot-assisted detection over fast fading environments such as the land mobile satellite (LMS) channel. Our results show that differential M-ary orthogonal signaling presents very good performance at Doppler frequency shifts much higher than the symbol rate. Amplitude statistics are considered to be Rayleigh, but may be easily extended to more general models based on the analytical derivation presented     

零相关区阵列偶集的递归构造研究

该文给出了零相关区(ZCZ)阵列偶集的一种递归构造方法。利用正交矩阵,对具有相同主峰值的阵列偶集进行交织和直积构造。由该方法得到的阵列偶集不仅具有更大的体积,而且保持了良好的相关特性。此方法可以推广为ZCZ屏蔽阵列偶集的递归构造。     

Applications of Walsh functions in communications

Communication theory was founded on the system of sine-cosine functions. A more general theory has become known more recently; it replaces the sine-cosine functions by other systems of orthogonal functions, and the concept of frequency by that of sequency. Of these systems, the Walsh functions are of great practical interest since they lead to equipment that is easily implemented by semiconductor technology. Filters, multiplexing equipment, and a voice analyzer/synthesizer have been built successfully for Walsh functions. Some interesting applications of electromagnetic Walsh waves have been found theoretically.     

Multi-user performance of direct-sequence CDMA using combinedbinary PPM/orthogonal modulation

A new modulation format is proposed for cellular code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communications where binary pulse position modulation (PPM) is embedded in the chip waveform and combined with orthogonal modulation using Walsh/Hadamard codes. Compared to the conventional CDMA using orthogonal codes, this scheme allows reduction in receiver complexity by lowering the modulation level for the second-stage orthogonal modulation. The staggered (half-chip) quadrature direct-sequence signaling is adopted to uniformly distribute the transmit power and allow noncoherent detection at the receiver because carrier phase tracking is not feasible because of the binary PPM, suitable for the reverse link in cellular networks. Statistics of inter-user interferences are characterized, and then derive the symbol error probability for the proposed M-ary modulation format. It is shown that the advantage in view of receiver complexity can be achieved without deteriorating the multi-user performance in terms of the number of users affordable at a specified error rate     

M-ary orthogonal signaling in the presence of Doppler

The performance degradation of an M-ary orthogonal keying (MOK) system due to relative motion between its transmitter and receiver can be minimized by selecting good signaling sets. A formulation for evaluating good signaling sets, or code sets, is developed for Walsh function data modulations. A union bound performance measure which closely approximates the exact probability of a demodulation error, is devised to allow for convenient evaluation of Walsh function codesets. The best Walsh function codesets for codevectors up to length 10 and for M=2, 4, 8 and 16, found by exhaustive search, are presented, along with their performance. In addition, codesets based on error-correcting codes are presented, along with a performance bound expressed in terms of the code's minimum distance     

A new block interleaver and noniterative decision feedback decodingenhance performance of IS-95 CDMA uplink or similar M-ary system

This paper investigates the combination of a new block interleaver design and a noniterative decision feedback receiver/decoder for IS-95 code-division multiple-access (CDMA) uplink in additive white Gaussian noise and a Rayleigh fading multipath environment. The new interleaver design yields better performance than the currently used IS-95 interleaver, with E_b/N₀ improvements of 0.27 to 0.76 dB. At the same time, the new interleaver design improves the effectiveness of a noniterative decision feedback receiver/decoder herein presented. The performance of the proposed design is measured via computer simulation for both coherent and noncoherent detection. A mathematical justification is also given to show the reason why the performance is improved using the proposed design. Based on these results, it is concluded that the use of the new interleaver design with noniterative decision feedback decoding can improve the quality of service and/or capacity of a modified cellular IS-95 system or a system using a similar concatenation of convolutional coding, interleaving, and orthogonal Walsh modulation. Although the approach presented is applied to the uplink of IS-95, it can also be applied to similar M-ary systems     

结合RS纠错编码和Walsh变换的软扩频技术

为了解决实际工程中信号被干扰的问题,增强纠检错能力,并提高保密性,提出了一种结合了RS纠错编码和Walsh变换的软扩频技术.通过对RS纠错编码产生和利用Walsh函数与复合码技术的Walsh变换方法的研究,以及和一般直扩频的比较,利用Matlab仿真阐述了软扩频技术的优势,并介绍了这种软扩频技术在实际工程中的应用.     

Walsh-function generator

In recent years several papers dealing with the mathematical theory as well as the technical applications of Walsh functions have been published. One method of defining Walsh functions is by using the Rademacher functions and the multiplication law of Walsh functions which is in fact a binary addition modulo 2 (no carry). This letter, however, describes in detail a method of defining Walsh functions by using orthogonal code blocks or the so-called Hadamard matrices. Some advantages of this method are its simplicity and its straightforward hardware implementation.     

A New Walsh-Like Near Orthogonal (WNO) Sequence for Asynchronous CDMA System

Present generation mobile communication system employs one of the most popular wireless access technologies called code division multiple access (CDMA). Design of CDMA spreading codes has drawn significant attention amongst the researchers over the last few decades. CDMA code family is generally categorized into purely orthogonal and non-orthogonal (near-orthogonal) members which have established their application in synchronous (downlink) and asynchronous (uplink) CDMA system respectively. Walsh code has been regarded as the most useful spreading code to be used in synchronous link because of its orthogonality property. However, the performance of Walsh code is significantly inferior in asynchronous surroundings. A number of codes have consequently been proposed with an aim to mitigate the shortcomings of Walsh code. This paper makes an innovative attempt to enhance the correlation properties of existing Walsh code through one simple yet powerful algorithm. Proposed code of length ‘N’ has been generated from code sets of length ‘N/4’ and thus makes the code generation algorithm recursive in nature. Performance of the proposed code has subsequently been compared with some existing orthogonal and semi orthogonal codes in terms of various performance metrics and finally the supremacy of our proposition has been established.     

Transmission techniques for digital terrestrial TV broadcasting

The authors discuss the potential of OFDM signaling, with its limitations and inherent problems, as well as another potential technique that has so far been overlooked: single-carrier transmission with frequency-domain equalization. The carrier synchronisation issue is dealt with before the authors introduce coded-OFDM (COFDM), which makes use of channel coding and frequency-domain interleaving     

基于CDMA的彩色图像数字水印算法的研究

CDMA是通信系统中一种有效的通信方式.水印信道与通信信道之间具有相似性,可以将CDMA引入数字水印技术中,利用CDMA技术在数字媒体中嵌入信息是一种实用、有效的方法.文章提出了基于CDMA原理的扩频数字水印的实现,采用Walsh码作为正交扩频序列.然后将水印信息嵌入到载体图像的DCT(离散小波变换)的中频系数中.实验表明该方法具有良好的不可见性和鲁棒性.     

一种结合自适应信道估计的差分TC-OFDM系统

本文结合正交频分复用(OFDM)、格形编码调制(TCM)与差分编码,提出一种使用子信道交织技术的差分TC—OFDM系统,并在此基础上将信道估计引入系统接收机,提出了与解码相联合的SEWRLS自适应信道估计方法。计算机仿真结果表明,本文提出的联合系统能有效地克服宽带无线通信中的多径衰落,并在快衰落环境中具有很强的抗信道干扰能力。     

Orthogonal variable spreading codes for wideband CDMA

Orthogonal codes of variable lengths are essential for multirate services in the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). We propose an alternative to Walsh functions for variable spreading codes. There are three important points. First, we design an orthogonal code of constant length by mapping the points of a set of finite projective planes to chips of high/low amplitudes. Second, we develop variable spreading codes using multiple layers of recursion. Last, we compare and contrast the proposed variable spreading technique with Walsh functions in terms of ease of synchronization, blind-rate detection and wideband characteristics     

Antiphase Tones Across Transmitting Antennas: A Spectrum Sharing Technique for Cognitive CO-STFC MB-OFDM UWB System

This paper proposes a spectrum sharing technique for coexistence of multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra wideband (UWB) system with other primary wireless services. Existing technique like tone nulling do not utilize subcarriers within victim band, hence affects the throughput of the system. The same nulling effect can be produced by applying antiphase tones across transmitting antennas and simultaneously utilizing the victim band to transmit the data. This scheme can be applied without any impact on the current specifications of the system. In this paper complex orthogonal space time frequency code is implemented to achieve diversity in multiple antenna system. UWB receiver processing is described for both victim and unprotected band. A less computationally complex active interference cancellation scheme is also applied to improve notch depth. The proposed scheme is implemented for fixed frequency interleaving operation and discussed for time frequency interleaving with special cases. The proposed scheme is very simple to implement and provide flexibility in terms of notch width and depth.