UV-curable hyperbranched urethane acrylate oligomers modified with different fatty acids

The UV-curable hyperbranched urethane acrylate oligomers modified with different fatty acids including undecylenic acid (UCA), myristic acid (MA), and oleic oil (OA) are successfully synthesized in this paper. The prepared oligomers are characterized using FTIR, ¹HNMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. The properties of the UV-curable films formed by these oligomers are also determined. The effects of the oligomer structures including double bond content, chain length of the modified fatty acids, and content of fatty acid and polyurethane acrylate segment, on the properties of the cured films, which are tack-free time, pencil hardness, impact resistance, adhesion, and boiling water resistance, are discussed in detail. It is observed that the curing film formed by HBPE₂-60%UCA-20%PUA shows the best comprehensive performance among the films prepared in this study.     

Steady rheological behaviors of UV-curable waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate dispersions

A rotational rheometer was used to investigate the steady rheological behaviors of UV-curable waterborne hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate dispersions (WHBPUADs). The flow curves of WHBPUADs were fitted mathematically using the Cross model. The effects of many factors including solid content, concentration of hydrophilic groups, and degree of neutralization on the rheological behaviors were studied and discussed. It was found that the viscosity of WHBPUAD decreased with increasing shear rate, indicating that WHBPUAD was pseudoplastic. On the other hand, at the same shear rate, the viscosity of WHBPUAD increased with increasing solid content and degree of neutralization but decreased with increasing concentration of hydrophilic groups. The Cross model could describe the flow curve of WHBPUAD accurately, with square of correlation coefficient (R ²) above 0.9. Moreover, most of the zero-shear viscosity values (η ₀) obtained by the Cross model were located in the range of 0.2–10 Pa·s, which could fully meet the practical application requirement.     

Preparation and characterization of UV-curable hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate

A series of UV-curable hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate (HBPUA) oligomers were synthesized with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hyperbranched polyester Boltorn H20 (HBP) and hydroxy-ethyl acrylate (HEA). The structure of HBPUA oligomers was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The UV-curing kinetics of HBPUA films with Darocur 1173 were investigated, and their heat resistance and mechanical properties (including hardness, adhesion force, flexibility, and impact strength) were measured. The results show that the HBPUA oligomers have superior photosensitivity and the percent conversion of C=C reaches 81% when radiation time is 43 s. The heat resistance of the cured films decreased slightly with the increase in the content of the urethane-acrylate terminal group. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the cured films were influenced by the content of the OH group in HBP that reacted with the first NCO group of IPDI. When the content was 60%, the cured film had excellent overall properties. The hardness, flexibility, adhesion force, and impact strength were 4 H, 2 mm, 0 grade, and 47 kg cm, respectively.     

Self-initiated photopolymerization of hyperbranched acrylates

Self-initiated photopolymerization of hyperbranched acrylates (HBAs) has been investigated. The photopolymerization progress was monitored by differential photo-calorimetry (DPC). It was shown that HBAs were able to self-initiate photopolymerization rapidly under the irradiation of medium-pressure mercury lamp. This behavior was explained by the longer wavelength absorption (286 nm) of HBAs, which results from the overlapping of π-conjugated orbitals of acrylate groups. Autoacceleration effect was observed. The autocatalytic model was used to analyze the photopolymerization kinetics and found to well match the experimental data. It was found that acceleration stage ended at low conversion (α_Rm < 0.11), and the final conversion α_f was lower than 40% in most cases. This was attributed to the poorer ability of HBAs to generate primary radicals and thus the insufficiency of free radicals in polymerization. Factors in favor of generating primary radicals extended the autoacceleration stage to higher conversion and gave higher final conversion. The values of activation energy were calculated to be in the range of 5.7–7.5 kJ mol⁻¹, analogous to those for the free radical photopolymerization of acrylate monomers in the presence of photoinitiator.     

Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched photosensitive polysiloxane urethane acrylate

A novel hyperbranched photosensitive polysiloxane urethane acrylate (HBPSUA) based on hyperbranched polyesters (HBP-OH) has been synthesized. HBP-OH was synthesized from N,N-diethylol-3-amine methylpropionate as AB₂ monomer and trimethylolpropane (TMP) as a core molecule. The structure of the oligomer was characterized by FTIR, GPC and ¹H NMR. The molecular weight of the oligomer is about 10,000 and the viscosity is 4446 cps at room temperature. The HBPSUA possesses good compatibility with most of acrylate monomers. The effect of photoinitiators, monomers and light intensity on the photopolymerization kinetics of the oligomer HBPSUA was investigated by real-time infrared spectroscopy (RT-IR). The results show that HBPSUA can well photopolymerize under UV-irradiation in the presence of photoinitiators. Irgacure 1700 showed the highest initiating efficiency among those tested photoinitiators. The optimal concentration of photoinitiator (Darocur 1173) is determined as 0.05 wt.%. The system of HBPSUA/TPGDA has the high conversion of double bond and polymerization rate, and they are 92.38% and 22.25 s⁻¹, respectively. Compared with linear systems (PSUA), HBPSUA has the higher photopolymerization rate and lower viscosity. The cured film of HBPSUA possesses good flexibility.     

Living tandem free radical polymerization of a liquid crystalline monomer

Treatment of 1-β-(4′-acetylphenyl)vinyl-3-vinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (I) (an AB₂ monomer) with dihydridocarbonyltris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium (Ru) leads to a hyperbranched material, poly[1-β-(4′-acetylphenyl)vinyl-3-vinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane] (II). I has been prepared by a Pd catalyzed Heck reaction between 4-bromo-acetophenone and 1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane. The structure of the soluble hyperbranched material (II) has been determined by ¹H, ¹³C and ²⁹Si NMR, as well as by IR and UV spectroscopy. It has also been characterized by GPC, TGA, DSC and elemental analysis. Polymerization occurs by Ru catalyzed addition of the aromatic C−H bonds which are ortho to the activating acetyl group of I across the C−C double bond of the terminal Si-vinyl group in an anti-Markovnikov manner. Received: 8 September 1997/Revised version: 19 October 1997/Accepted: 20 November 1997     

Facile synthesis of a castor oil-based hyperbranched acrylate oligomer and its application in UV-curable coatings

Fabrication and performance of the castor oil (CO)-based hyperbranched acrylate (C20AA) UV-curable coatings are highlighted in this work. Herein, C20AA was obtained through a facile reaction of a castor oil-based hyperbranched polyol (C20) with acrylic acid. FT-IR and ¹H NMR spectra confirmed the synthesis of the target C20AA. Subsequently, the as-prepared C20AA was employed for crosslinking a commercialized linear polyurethane acrylate (PUA) UV-curable oligomer. Specifically, by varying the content of C20AA over the range of 0, 20, 40, and 60 wt%, a series of UV-curable coatings were prepared and coded as C20AA-0, C20AA-20, C20AA-40, and C20AA-60, respectively, which were further cured under UV irradiation. The effect of C20AA loadings on the UV-curing efficiency and final polymer performance were investigated. Consequently, the tensile strength, Shore D hardness, pencil hardness, gel content, water resistance, and glass-transition temperature of the UV-cured coatings were greatly improved upon the addition of C20AA. Impressively, with the incorporation of 40 wt% C20AA, the resultant UV-cured coating exhibited highest double bond conversion, superior chemical resistance, and good flexibility. Additionally, all of the coatings showed outstanding transparency and good surface microstructures.     

Kinetic Study of the Prooxidant Effect of α-Tocopherol. Hydrogen Abstraction from Lipids by α-Tocopheroxyl Radical

A kinetic study of the prooxidant effect of α-tocopherol was performed. The rates of allylic hydrogen abstraction from various unsaturated fatty acid esters (ethyl stearate 1, ethyl oleate 2, ethyl linoleate 3, ethyl linolenate 4, and ethyl arachidonate 5) by α-tocopheroxyl radical in toluene were determined, using a double-mixing stopped-flow spectrophotometer. The second-order rate constants (k _p) obtained are <1 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 1, 1.90 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 2, 8.33 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 3, 1.92 × 10⁻¹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 4, and 2.43 × 10⁻¹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 5 at 25.0 °C. Fatty acid esters 3, 4, and 5 contain two, four, and six –CH₂– hydrogen atoms activated by two π-electron systems (–C=C–CH₂–C=C–). On the other hand, fatty acid ester 2 has four –CH₂– hydrogen atoms activated by a single π-electron system (–CH₂–C=C–CH₂–). Thus, the rate constants, k _abstr/H, given on an available hydrogen basis are k _p/4 = 4.75 × 10⁻³ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 2, k _p/2 = 4.16 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 3, k _p/4 = 4.79 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 4, and k _p/6 = 4.05 × 10⁻² M⁻¹ s⁻¹ for 5. The k _abstr/H values obtained for 3, 4, and 5 are similar to each other, and are by about one order of magnitude higher than that for 2. From these results, it is suggested that the prooxidant effect of α-tocopherol in edible oils, fats, and low-density lipoproteins may be induced by the above hydrogen abstraction reaction.     

Relationship between residue quality,decomposition patterns,and soil organic matter accumulation in a tropical sandy soil after 13 years

The objectives of this study were to investigate decomposition patterns and soil organic matter (SOM) accumulation of incorporated residues (10 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) of different quality, and identify microbiological parameters sensitive to changes in SOM dynamics, in a 13-year-old field experiment on a sandy soil in Northeast Thailand. Mass loss was fastest in groundnut stover (high N), followed by rice straw (high cellulose) and tamarind (intermediate quality), and slowest in dipterocarp (high lignin and polyphenol) following a double exponential pattern. The decomposition rate k ₁ (fast pool) was positively correlated with cellulose (r = 0.70*) while k ₂ (slow pool) was negatively related to lignin (r = −0.85***) and polyphenol (r = −0.81**) contents of residues. Residue decomposition was sensitive to indigenous soil organic nitrogen (SON), particularly during later stages (R ² = 0.782**). Thirteen years’ addition of tamarind residues led to largest soil organic carbon (SOC) (8.41 Mg ha⁻¹) accumulation in topsoil (0–20 cm), while rice straw yielded only 5.54 Mg ha⁻¹ followed by the control (2.72 Mg ha⁻¹). The highest SON (0.78 Mg N ha⁻¹) was observed in the groundnut treatment. Increases in SOC were negatively correlated with cellulose content of residues (r = −0.92***) and microbial respiration (CO₂-C) losses, while SON was governed by organic N added. During later decomposition stages, there was a high efficiency of C utilization (low qCO₂) of decomposer communities especially under tamarind with the lowest qCO₂ and CO₂-C evolution loss. This study suggests that N-rich residues with low cellulose and moderate lignin and polyphenol contents are best suited to improve SOM content in tropical sandy soils.     

Detection of lard mixed with body fats of chicken, lamb, and cow by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy provides a simple and rapid means of detecting lard blended with chicken, lamb, and cow body fats. The spectral bands associated with chicken, lamb, and cow body fats and their lard blends were recorded, interpreted, and identified. Qualitative differences between the spectra are proposed as a basis for differentiating between the pure animal fats and their blends. A semiquantitative approach is proposed to measure the percent of lard in blends with lamb body fat (LBF) on the basis of the frequency shift of the band in the region 3009–3000 cm⁻¹, using the equation y=0.1616x+3002.10. The coefficient of determination (R ²) was 0.9457 with a standard error (SE) of 1.23. The percentage of lard in lard/LBF blends was also correlated to the absorbance at 1417.89 and 966.39 cm⁻¹ by the equations y=0.0061x+0.1404 (R ²=0.9388, SE=0.018) and y=0.004x+0.1117 (R ²=0.9715, SE=0.009), respectively. For the qualitative determination of lard blended with chicken body fat (CF), the FTIR spectral bands in the frequency ranges of 3008–3000, 1418–1417, 1385–1370, and 1126–1085 cm⁻¹ were employed. Semiquantitative determination by measurement of the absorbance at 3005.6 cm⁻¹ is proposed, using the equation y=0.0071x+0.1301 (R ²=0.983, SE=0.012). The percentage of lard in lard/GF blends was also correlated to the absorbance at 1417.85 cm⁻¹ (y=0.0053x+0.0821, with R ²=0.9233, SE=0.019) and at 1377.58 cm⁻¹ (y=0.0069x+0.1327, with R ²=0.9426, SE=0.022). For blends of lard with cow body fat (CBF) bands in the range 3008–3006 cm⁻¹ and at 1417.8 and 966 cm⁻¹ were used for qualitative detection. The equation y=−0.005x+0.3188 with R ²=0.9831 and SE=0.0086 was obtained for semiquantitative determination at 966.22 cm⁻¹.     

Photocuring and thermomechanical properties of multifunctional amide acrylate compositions derived from castor oil

The photopolymerization of multifunctional acrylate monomers synthesized from castor oil was investigated by photo-DSC. These studies revealed that the extent of photopolymerization depended on the double bond concentration and a greater degree of crosslinking occurred in monomer mixtures with higher difunctional content. The monomer mixtures displayed significantly higher maximum rate of polymerization (R_p^max) and shorter time to reach peak maximum than the pure monomers. DMTA studies of films showed good storage modulus and broad tan δ transitions indicating heterogeneity in the crosslinked networks. The films displayed sub-T_g transitions in the loss modulus curves were possibly due to the side chain motions of the monomer acrylates which increased with increasing triacrylate concentration. Glass transition temperature (T_g) of these networks depended on composition and shifted to higher values with increasing amount of triacrylate.     

A Novel Dinucleating Ligand-Containing Hexabenzimidazoles and Its Dinuclear Zinc Complex Bridged by a Carboxylate Group for the Hydrolysis of 2-Hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate

A dinuclear zinc(II) complex with the ligand bis{tris[2-(1-methylbenzimidazole-2-yl)ethyl]-methylamine}nitrilotriacetic acid sodium salt, L, was synthesized and characterized. Complex formation of L with Zn²⁺ in aqueous acetone was studied by Zn²⁺ titration using ¹H NMR and UV–vis spectroscopies. Analysis of the titration data indicates the formation of a dizinc complex. The ν_as(COO⁻) and ν_s(COO⁻) stretches were observed at 1572 and 1450 cm⁻¹, respectively. The low separation of the stretches, Δ_exp = 115 cm⁻¹, is an indication of chelating coordination of the carboxylate group between the two zinc(II) ions. The catalytic activity of [LZn₂]³⁺ 1, as a model for phosphatase that catalyze chemical transformation of phosphate ester, in the hydrolysis of the RNA model, 2-hydroxypropyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, was examined in aqueous acetone buffer solution, pH 7.0–9.5. The mechanism of the catalytic hydrolysis suggests that the rate of acceleration is due to what is called double Lewis acid activation.     

Relation Between Oxidative Stability and Composition in Argentinian Olive Oils

The relation between oxidative stability and composition in 58 virgin olive oils from different cultivars and Argentinian regions was studied over four harvest years. The oxidative stability of the oils was assessed using the OSI index (110 °C, 20 L/h air flow). A multiple linear regression model is proposed using OSI values as the dependent variable (multiple R = 0.933, p = 1 × 10⁻¹⁵), with positive contributions of the independent variables: fatty acid composition [oleic acid/(linoleic acid + linolenic acid), 55.3%, p = 1 × 10⁻¹⁵], total polyphenols (24.1%, p = 1.8 × 10⁻⁹), carotenes (4.8%, p = 6.1 × 10⁻⁵), β-tocopherol (1.9%, 6.0 × 10⁻³) and other compounds (13.9%). Highly significant correlation was observed between oxidative stability indexes estimated by the compositional model and those experimentally determined by Rancimat method (b = 0.981, R = 0.924). Chlorophylls and Δ-5-avenasterol contributions to the model were non-significant when variables related with fatty acids and polyphenols were included. The results suggest that the fatty acid composition and the polyphenol content are the main factors that affect the oxidative stability of olive oils. The proposed model allows the estimation of the oxidative stability in olive oils independently of the cultivar. The model was obtained also taking into account samples that lie out of the international legal limits in some compositional values due to natural variations.     

Effects ofbis homoallylic and homoallylic hydroxyl substitution on the olefinic13C resonance shifts in fatty acid methyl esters

Substitution of a hydroxyl group at thebis homoallylic position (OH group located three carbons away from the olefinic carbon) in C₁₈ unsaturated fatty acid esters (FAE) induces a 0.73±0.05 ppm upfield and a 0.73±0.06 ppm downfield shift on the δ and ε olefinic¹³C resonances relative to the unsubstituted FAE, respectively. If the hydroxyl group is located on the carboxyl side of the double bond of thebis homoallylic hydroxy fatty acid esters (BHAHFA), the olefinic resonances are uniformly shifted apart by [|1.46+|Δδdb_u‖] where Δδdb_u represents the absolute value of the double bond resonance separation in the unsubstituted FAE and 1.46 ppm is the sum of the absolute values of the δ and ε shift parameters. With hydroxyl substitution on the terminal methyl side of the double bond, the olefinic shift separation is equal to [|1.46−|Δδdb_u‖]. In homoallylic (OH group located two carbons away from the olefinic carbon) substituted FAE the γ and δ induced hydroxyl shifts for thecis double bond resonances are +3.08 and −4.63 ppm, respectively while thetrans double bond parameters are +4.06 and −4.18 ppm, respectively. The double bond resonance separation in homoallylic hydroxy fatty acid esters (HAHFA) can be calculated from the formula [|7.71−|Δδdb_u‖] forcis and [|8.24−|Δδdb_u‖] for thetrans case when the OH substitution is on the carboxyl side of the double bond. Conversely, when the OH resides on the terminal methyl side, the double bond shift separations forcis andtrans isomers are [|7.71+|Δδdb_u‖] and [|8.24+|Δδdb_u‖], respectively. The derived shift parameters can verify the positions of both the double bond and hydroxyl substitution from the olefinic resonance separation in long-chain fatty acid derivatives, obviating the need for destructive analytical methods. Reference to brand or firm name does not constitute endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture over others of a similar nature not mentioned.     

Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of podophyllotoxin,an antitumour herbal drug,at multi-walled carbon nanotube paste electrode

Adsorption stripping voltammetry, a very sensitive electroanalytical method, was employed to determine podophyllotoxin, a kind of antitumour herbal drug at a multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface. In the following anodic sweep from 0.5 to 1.5 V, podophyllotoxin, adsorbed at the MWCNT-modified CPE surface, was oxidized and yielded a sensitive oxidation peak with E _1/2/E _p approximately 1.16 V/1.18 V over the scan rates of 10–120 mV s⁻¹. From CV and SWV studies of podophyllotoxin in the acetate buffers of various pH values, it was found that protons were involved in the oxidation of the drug at the H⁺/e⁻ ratio of one (∆E _p/pH = 56 mV at 25 °C). Its electrochemical behaviour was irreversible. The experimental conditions, such as supporting electrolyte, pH value, accumulation time, ionic strength and scan rate, were optimized for the measurement of podophyllotoxin. The best results were obtained in 0.02 M acetate/acetic acid buffer (pH 4.6) containing 0.04 M KCl (1:49, v/v) for 60 s accumulation. The oxidation peak current varies linearly with the concentration of podophyllotoxin over the range of 199–1796 pg mL⁻¹. The limits of detection and quantification of the pure drug are 4.5 and 14.96 pg mL⁻¹, with the correlation coefficient, r = 0.998 and the relative standard deviation, RSD = 1.3% (n = 5). This new method was successfully applied to the determination of podophyllotoxin in a plant sample of the rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum. Recoveries were 99.173–101.231%. The relative standard deviations of intraday and interday analyses for podophyllotoxin were 0.55 and 0.61%, respectively (n = 3).     

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride and its pharmaceutical preparations using platinum and glassy carbon electrodes

Voltammetric methods have been used for the determination of chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride (Ch-HCl) in raw material and in its pharmaceutical preparations (Allergex and Allergex caffeine tablet). It was found that Ch-HCl gives a characteristic cyclic voltammetric (CV) and differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) peak in acetonitrile using platinum and glassy carbon working electrodes. The I _p of the DPV peak increases linearly within the concentration range from 4.5 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.0 × 10⁻² mol L⁻¹ of the investigated drug. The concentration of Ch-HCl in raw drug material and in its pharmaceutical preparations was determined using the standard addition method, Randles–Sevcik equation and indirectly via its complexation with sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB). The obtained over all average recoveries were 101.44 and 100.49% with SD 0.45 and 0.38 (n = 4) for platinum and glassy carbon electrodes, respectively. The effect of scan rate, sample concentration, and supporting electrolyte on the I _p and E _p was also investigated.     

Initiator‐fragment incorporation radical polymerization of diallyl phthalate: Kinetics,formation of hyperbranched polymer,and iridescent porous film thereof

Diallyl phthalate (DAP) was polymerized in toluene using dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) of high concentrations (0.1–0.9 mol/L) as initiator. The polymerization of DAP of 1.50 mol/L with MAIB of 0.50 mol/L proceeded homogeneously at 80°C without gelation to give soluble polymers in a high yield of 93%. Kinetic results of the homogeneous polymerization at 80°C suggest significant contributions of the degradative chain transfer and the primary radical termination as shown by the rate equation, R_p = k [MAIB]^0.8[DAP]^1.0 (R_p = polymerization rate). The polymer formed in the polymerization of DAP (1.30 mol/L) with MAIB (0.50 mol/L) at 80°C for 8 h consisted of the DAP units with (17 mol %) and without (47 mol %) double bond and the methoxycarbonylpropyl group (36 mol %) as MAIB‐fragment. The large fraction of the incorporated initiator‐fragment as terminal group indicates that the polymer has a hyperbranched structure. The film cast from a solution of the hyperbranched poly(DAP) in tetrahydrofuran showed an iridescent color. The confocal scanning laser microscope image of the film revealed that the iridescent film contained the pores of about 1 μm arranged in an ordered array. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 408–415, 2006     

Kinetics for free radical solution polymerization of heptadecafluorodecyl (meth)acrylate in supercritical carbon dioxide

Free radical solution polymerization of heptadecafluorodecyl acrylate (HDFDA) and heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (HDFDMA) was carried out by using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂). We performed solution polymerization with changing initiator concentration, temperature and polymerization time to study the polymerization kinetics. A nonlinear least square method and dead-end theory were used to determine the constant, K (K=(k _p √f)/√k _d k _d ) and initiator decomposition rate constant (k _d ) from experimental data. k _d was measured as 3.77 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ at 62.7°C for poly(HDFDA) and 2.71 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹ at 62.5 °C for poly(HDFDMA), respectively, by nonlinear least square method.     

Application of FTIR Spectroscopy for the Determination of Virgin Coconut Oil in Binary Mixtures with Olive Oil and Palm Oil

Rapid Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) was applied for quantitative analysis of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in binary mixtures with olive oil (OO) and palm oil (PO). The spectral bands correlated with VCO, OO, PO; blends of VCO and OO; VCO and PO were scanned, interpreted, and identified. Two multivariate calibration methods, partial least square (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR), were used to construct the calibration models that correlate between actual and FTIR-predicted values of VCO contents in the mixtures at the FTIR spectral frequencies of 1,120–1,105 and 965–960 cm⁻¹. The calibration models obtained were cross validated using the “leave one out” method. PLS at these frequencies showed the best calibration model, in terms of the highest coefficient of determination (R ²) and the lowest of root mean standard error of calibration (RMSEC) with R ² = 0.9992 and RMSEC = 0.756, respectively, for VCO in mixture with OO. Meanwhile, the R ² and RMSEC values obtained for VCO in mixture with PO were 0.9996 and 0.494, respectively. In general, FTIR spectroscopy serves as a suitable technique for determination of VCO in mixture with the other oils.