The effect of bruised beef addition on the quality of processed meat products

The aim of this study was to determine the levels of bruised beef that could be incorporated into processed meat products without detrimental effects on product quality. Bruised beef was incorporated into fresh sausages, Devon and semi-dry salami, and compared to products containing unbruised beef. Up to 30%, 25% and 65% of the unbruised beef in fresh sausages, Devon and semidry salami respectively can be replaced with bruised beef with no detrimental effect on product quality (as assessed by a sensory panel), either initially or over the shelf-life of the product at 4°C. The level of bruised beef which can be incorporated into meat products is predominantly limited by its effect on product colour. The microbiological and compositional qualities of meat products containing bruised beef are similar to those containing unbruised beef.     

Significance of Porcine Fat Quality in Meat Technology: A Review

Pork is the most important meat product globally. The aim of this review was to assess whether fat quality of pork is important in meat processing. Good quality backfat can be defined as firm and white. Problems associated with the use of poor fat quality (soft fat) in meat products were found to be insufficient drying, oily appearance, rancidity development, seperation between muscle, and adipose tissue on cutting. Criteria were set for good quality fat, in terms of physical properties and fatty acid composition. It was proposed that measurement of physical and chemical fat quality properties could serve as a guideline to assess good quality fat. Factors responsible for influencing fat quality were identified as backfat thickness, breed or race, age, slaughter weight, gender, growth promotors, diet, rearing conditions, and environmental temperature. We considered the influence of fat quality on the technological properties of fresh meat, raw fermented and cured sausages, cooked and uncooked cured, whole muscle meat products, and cooked and emulsion-type sausages. We concluded that saturated fats are needed to manufacture good quality products and that better technological properties of fat are thus associated with poorer health properties.     

Significance of Porcine Fat Quality in Meat Technology: A Review

Pork is the most important meat product globally. The aim of this review was to assess whether fat quality of pork is important in meat processing. Good quality backfat can be defined as firm and white. Problems associated with the use of poor fat quality (soft fat) in meat products were found to be insufficient drying, oily appearance, rancidity development, seperation between muscle, and adipose tissue on cutting. Criteria were set for good quality fat, in terms of physical properties and fatty acid composition. It was proposed that measurement of physical and chemical fat quality properties could serve as a guideline to assess good quality fat. Factors responsible for influencing fat quality were identified as backfat thickness, breed or race, age, slaughter weight, gender, growth promotors, diet, rearing conditions, and environmental temperature. We considered the influence of fat quality on the technological properties of fresh meat, raw fermented and cured sausages, cooked and uncooked cured, whole muscle meat products, and cooked and emulsion-type sausages. We concluded that saturated fats are needed to manufacture good quality products and that better technological properties of fat are thus associated with poorer health properties.     

Nutrient composition of australian fresh retail sausages and the effects of cooking on fat content

Three types of fresh sausages (beef, thick and thin; and pork, thick) were purchased in ten Sydney suburbs and analysed as composite samples for proximate principles, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids and cholesterol. Fat, moisture and meat species were also analysed in individual purchases. In a controlled experiment replicate samples of sausages were analysed for moisture and fat, raw and after cooking by grilling, dry-frying, shallow-frying and deep-frying. Results indicated widespread use of cow, pig and sheep meat in all types of sausages regardless of label identification. Some purchased sausages exceeded regulation limits for fat and starch content. Fat retention was lowest in beef sausages cooked by frying rather than grilling. Pork sausages retained most of their fat on cooking, regardless of method.     

脂肪替代物在肉制品中应用研究进展

近几年人们对于肉制品的摄入量逐渐增加,而传统肉制品中较高的脂肪含量给人们带来了很多慢性疾病。由于脂肪替代物在肉制品中的应用可有效降低脂肪的摄入,且能预防高脂膳食所引起的一系列疾病,弥补脂肪的减少给肉制品所带来的口味上的损失,因此低脂肉制品的研究势在必行。本文基于国内外脂肪替代物的发展现状,从单一型脂肪替代物(蛋白质类、碳水化合物类、脂质类)和复合型脂肪替代物(由不同基质来源物按照一定比例结合在一起协同发挥脂肪替代作用的混合物)2个方面阐述了各自对于低脂肉制品的感官特性和质构特性影响的研究进展还有脂肪替代物应用中存在的问题,并对脂肪替代物发展方向做出了展望,以期为低脂肉制品的研发提供一定的参考。     

添加蒜黄根膳食纤维对低脂乳化肠品质的影响

将蒜黄根中提取的总膳食纤维(total dietary ifber,TDF)添加于低脂乳化肠,探究蒜黄根TDF对低脂乳化肠品质的影响.以正常脂肪添加量为对照组,实验组减少15％(以降低脂肪含量前瘦肉与猪背膘的总质量为基准)脂肪后分别添加不同质量的蒜黄根TDF(1.25％、2.50％、3.75％、5.00％、6.25％,...     

Pathogen testing of ready-to-eat meat and poultry products collected at federally inspected establishments in the United States, 1990 to 1999

The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) conducted microbiological testing programs for ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and poultry products produced at approximately 1,800 federally inspected establishments. All samples were collected at production facilities and not at retail. We report results here for the years 1990 through 1999. Prevalence data for Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, or staphylococcal enterotoxins in nine different categories of RTE meat and poultry products are presented and discussed. The prevalence data have certain limitations that restrict statistical inferences, because these RTE product-testing programs are strictly regulatory in nature and not statistically designed. The cumulative 10-year Salmonella prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.31%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 0.10%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 0.07%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 0.20%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 0.22%; salads, spreads, and patés, 0.05%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 0.22%. The cumulative 3-year Salmonella prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 1.43%. The cumulative 10-year L. monocytogenes prevalences were as follows: jerky, 0.52%; cooked, uncured poultry products, 2.12%; large-diameter cooked sausages, 1.31%; small-diameter cooked sausages, 3.56%; cooked beef, roast beef, and cooked corned beef, 3.09%; salads, spreads, and patés, 3.03%; and sliced ham and luncheon meat, 5.16%. The cumulative 3-year L. monocytogenes prevalence for dry and semidry fermented sausages was 3.25%. None of the RTE products tested for E. coli O157:H7 or staphylococcal enterotoxins was positive. Although FSIS and the industry have made progress in reducing pathogens in these products, additional efforts are ongoing to continually improve the safety of all RTE meat and poultry products manufactured in federally inspected establishments in the United States.     

The effect of cooking on the chemical composition of meat products with special reference to fat loss

The chemical composition and energy content of four product categories (sausages, restructured steaks, burgers and minced beef) were determined before and after cooking. Two cooking methods were used for each product category: sausages and burgers were fried or grilled, restructured steaks were grilled or cooked in an oven whilst mince was either boiled or lightly fried and then boiled to simulate domestic practice. Based on an initial 100 g of product and excluding the low fat products included in the survey, the average weights after cooking were 78, 73, 72 and 70 g for the sausages, restructured steaks, burgers and minced beef, respectively; average fat contents before and after cooking were 22 and 17 g for the sausages, 17 and 14 g for the restructured steaks, 25 and 16 g for the beef burgers, and 19 and 7 g for the mince; and average energy contents before and after cooking were 1215 and 1016 kJ for the sausages, 958 and 815 kJ for the restructured steaks, 1244 and 906 kJ for the burgers and 1009 and 544 kJ for the mince. For a given product type, cooking method was relatively unimportant; the cooking loss, fat loss and energy content of the cooked product being more dependent on product formulation and manufacturing process. The survey included a low fat sausage, a low fat burger, a lean mince and an extra lean mince with fat contents of 8.7, 7.5, 12.4 and 5.2%, respectively. Overall weight losses during cooking were similar to standard products, though low fat products lost proportionally more water and less fat. Frying resulted in a slight gain in fat content for the low fat sausages and burgers, based on an initial 100 g of product, though fried low fat products still had lower fat and energy contents than standard products. It is argued that national consumption figures should take into account the losses that occur during cooking to avoid overestimating fat and energy intake levels.     

Ground Beef Characteristics after Browning or Oil Extraction Preparation

Ground beef with 26.3% fat was cooked by browning/draining (BD), browning/rinsing (BR), and an oil-extraction method with (OA) or without (ON) meat broth added back. BR caused the most reduction of total fat and cholesterol, whereas ON and OA yielded less cooked meat than BD and BR. ON and OA cooked samples, compared to BD and BR samples, contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids and nonheme iron and had higher TBA values unon extended storage at 4°C. Trained sensory panelists rated BD or BR cooked ground beef more intense in positive flavor note (“cooked beef/brothy”) than ON or OA meat. Likewise, consumers tended to prefer meatloaf, spaghetti sauce, and chili prepared with BD or BR cooked ground beef to those prepared with ON or OA cooked meat.     

New formulations for healthier dry fermented sausages: a review

An excessive intake of meat products, particularly dry fermented sausages, is not recommended from a health point of view, at least for some population groups, due to their high level of sodium and animal fat. Many efforts of the meat industry are focused on the development of new products with better nutritional properties than traditional ones. KCl, CaCl₂, and/or calcium ascorbate, among others, have been assessed as partial substitutes of NaCl, giving products with acceptable sensory quality, smaller amounts of sodium and being sometimes a significant source of potassium or calcium. In relation to fat, recent research has focused on the use of different types of fibres and vegetable oils as partial substitutes of pork backfat. The use of fibres results in low-fat and low-energy products. The use of vegetable oils results in products with healthier fatty acid profiles. Aspects related to improving sensory properties and control of oxidation should be taken into account in future research.     

Carbon Monoxide as a Colorant in Cooked or Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT:  The study aimed at substituting nitrite with carbon monoxide (CO) in cooked or fermented meat batter products by investigating color and color stability in myoglobin solutions, model meat systems, and full-scale hotdog and salami sausages of pork and beef. For cooked model meat systems and hotdogs at 75 to 80 °C core temperatures, direct flushing with a 1% CO gas mixture during the last stage of the batter chopping produced an initial red color equal to nitrite or more intense than with nitrite. For fermented model meat systems and salami sausages with a final pH of 4.7, pretreatment and storage of ground raw meat in a 1% CO mixture, and later use of the pretreated meat in batters, also formed an initial red color in the final products. The color stability during air and light display of cooked and fermented meat products with CO was inadequate compared to products with nitrite, although the red color of CO products was largely maintained by anaerobic packaging and storage. Spectra of carboxy- and nitrosomyoglobin at pH 4.7 demonstrated higher absorbance for carboxymyoglobin.     

Ability of (extruded) pea protein products to partially replace pork meat in emulsified cooked sausages

The effect of replacing 20% pork meat in cooked sausages by Pea Protein Isolate (PPI), pea Low Moisture Extrudates (LME), and pea High Moisture Extrudate (HME) on the nutritional, techno-functional and sensorial properties of emulsified cooked sausages was investigated. All hybrid sausages contained all essential amino acids in sufficient amounts. Interestingly, extrusion significantly reduced the Anti-Nutritional Factors (ANF) trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors, and the allergenic pea Pis s2 (convicilin) content. Inclusion of (texturized) pea proteins into hybrid meat sausages resulted in weaker networks, and thus (significant) softer bite, and significant color changes. The expert taste panel did not note any significant differences between the hybrid sausage with PPI and its reference for all sensorial attributes.Industrial relevanceProducing meat substitutes with powdered or extruded plant-based protein products, such as PPI, LME, and HME, can result in several limitations concerning textural, nutritional and sensorial features. To avoid these hurdles, hybrid meat products, where a fraction of the meat is replaced by alternative proteins, may bring a solution.This work demonstrated that 20% of pork meat can be replaced by pea products PPI, LME or HME in emulsified cooked sausages without any implications towards the amino acid profile. Moreover, using extruded pea products could even significantly reduce ANF trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors and the allergenic pea convicilin contents. This knowledge plays a crucial role for product development, as this demonstrates that hybrid meats can be produced with great nutritional qualities. The challenges identified were that the hybrid sausage exhibited a weaker network with softer texture, and the inclusion of extruded proteins led to large cavities with jelly-like excretion. This demonstrates the importance of selecting suitable (forms of) plant proteins for the production of hybrid meats with great techno-functional and organoleptic properties.     

Utilization of black gram flour in beef sausages

British fresh beef skinless sausages were prepared in which 30% of the meat, on a protein to protein basis, was replaced by black gram flour. The raw substituted sausages had higher TBA values, were paler in colour and less acceptable than the controls but the general acceptability of the cooked sausages was not affected by the presence of the flour. During storage the substituted sausages discoloured more rapidly than the controls and, in addition, microbial growth became evident sooner. However, moist heat treatment of the flour prior to incorporation in the batter eliminated all these defects so that both the raw and cooked products were as acceptable as the controls. In all sausages, incorporation of black gram flour led to increased cooking losses and softer textures.     

Incorporation of Blood Proteins into Sausage

The possibility of introducing beef plasma and decolorized globin proteins as ingredients in meat emulsions of cooked sausages was evaluated. The emulsifying capacity (EC) of plasma proteins was similar to that of meat, but globin proteins showed significantly lower EC values. The latter could be enhanced when plasma proteins were added in proportions ranging from 10 to 65%. Combinations of meat, plasma and globin proteins, containing up to 20% blood proteins, yielded acceptable EC values. These values were affected by the fat content of the meat in the emulsions and especially by the total content of proteins. Up to 12% of plasma protein and different combinations of plasma: globin proteins, containing up to 5% of the latter (12% of total protein replaced), was used in the preparation of cooked sausages. This yielded an acceptable product as ranked by a sensory panel.     

低脂凝胶类肉制品脂肪替代及改性的研究进展

我国作为肉制品消费总量最高的国家,其中低脂凝胶类肉制品十分符合当今人们的消费观念和健康的饮食理念.单纯将脂肪含量降低势必会影响肉制品品质,因此,在保持产品品质或对产品品质影响较小的同时降低脂肪含量成为肉制品研究热点.本文主要概述了脂肪替代及非热加工技术的分类和特点,着重论述低脂凝胶类肉制品中碳水化合物类脂肪替代物,常见...     

UTILIZATION OF INVERSE WATER-IN-OIL EMULSIONS AS FAT REPLACERS IN FRANKFURTER MODEL SAUSAGES: INFLUENCE OF FAT EMULSION CONTENT ON THE ORGANOLEPTIC AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

The effect of fat content on the oral perception and the mechanical properties of frankfurter-type sausages was studied by means of absolute and hedonic organoleptic and mechanical tests. Panelists were able to discriminate changes of 5–10% in fat content. A correlation between fat content and organoleptic attributes was found, supporting a perception that the full-fat product is the de facto preferable product, to whose attributes others must conform.
Substituting fat with water-in-fat globules was found to imitate a full-fat sausage adequately in mechanical tests; however, organoleptic tests assessed the true fat content of the sausages. The tests indicate that it might be the absolute amount of fat, not the surface area of fat-covered globules, that correlates to the perception of fattiness. The above should be attributed to the lubrication and flocculation–coalescence of fat droplets with saliva in the mouth.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The substitution of fat globules by inverse water-in-fat globules in sausages was found to imitate a full-fat sausage adequately in mechanical tests; however, sensory tests confidently assessed the exact, true fat content of the sausages. This observation points out some limitations concerning the use of inverse emulsions as fat substitutes in relevant products.
Correlations between sensory attributes and fat level in sausages could imply that specific norms relating to fat level exist in the consumers, to which low-fat products may have to conform to.
The testers were able to attribute different scores, thus, discriminate sausages different at times by just 5–10% fat content. This could be of importance in the development of new low-fat sausage products.     

The effect of fructooligosaccharides on the sensory characteristics of cooked sausages

The effect of a short chain fructooligosaccharide on the sensory properties of conventional and reduced-fat cooked meat sausages has been studied in products in which a fat reduction of close to 40% was obtained. The fibre assayed was used in sufficient amounts to constitute between 2% and 12% of the final product. The energy value reduction of the final products was close to 35%. Instrumental measurements of colour and texture were performed. Sensory properties were estimated by a hedonic test. A correlation principal component analysis was performed. The results showed that the sensory and textural properties and the overall acceptability were very good, which indicated that this fibre can be considered a good fat replacer in meat products. Thus, with its addition, a reduced calorie product enriched with soluble dietetic fibre is obtained.     

Cure Levels, Processing Methods and Meat Source Effects on Low-fat Frankfurters

Frankfurters were manufactured from lean meats (100% beef and 50:50 beef-pork) to contain reduced levels of fat (about 1.3%). A curing solutibn was added to yield 160% of fresh meat weight. Three processing methods, coarse ground tumbled, fine ground tumbled and fine ground emulsified were used. All products were cooked in live steam to 71°C internal temperature. Product yields, penetrometer values, color, chemical composition, caloric content and added water were evaluated. Emulsified frankfurters from 50:50 beef-pork mixtures at 160% cure had texture similar to conventional product as well as increased (P<0.05) yields, acceptable color and 74% fewer calories.     

采用METHOCEL MXTM技术开发低脂肪香肠和肉制品

由于消费者希望降低对脂肪特别是动物脂肪的摄取,诸如香肠类的肉制品已经逐步从消费者的日常饮食中降低使用量.METHOCELTMMX的脂肪替代技术可以使低脂肪的肉制品保持如全脂肉制品一样的优异的风味,提供良好的质构和柔嫩多汁的口感.这项技术使用健康的植物油来替代饱和脂肪酸或氢化植物油,形成形如"矩阵"的乳状液.将METHOCEL MXTM,冷水和植物油结合制成这个乳状液系统,植物油的含量可以是2%60%.本文中描述了一个用METHOCELTMMX的脂肪替代技术制作的10%脂肪含量的香肠,在保持良好质量的前提下,降低脂肪含量27%.     

Use of high pressure to reduce cook loss and improve texture of low-salt beef sausage batters

Methods were investigated to reduce the salt content of beef-containing smallgoods as high-salt intake has been identified as a public health risk for most individuals. Raw meat batters were manufactured from retail beef mince (4–7% fat) using various NaCl concentrations (0–2%), and were packed into casings and subjected to high pressure processing (up to 400 MPa for 2 min at 10 °C). Following pressure treatment, samples were cooked to an internal temperature of 72 °C and cooled. Cooked products were assessed for cooking loss, colour and physical consistency by texture profile analysis. Flavour and overall acceptability were assessed by sensory panels. High pressure processing (HPP) was found to produce a dramatic improvement in the moisture retention of the cooked products. Control (unpressurised) sausages containing 2% NaCl had a similar cook loss (9.3%) to pressure-treated sausages containing just 1% NaCl, whereas unpressurised samples with 1% NaCl had a cook loss of 24.9%. The hardness and gumminess of pressure-treated samples was higher compared to untreated samples, at all salt concentrations. The greatest differences in texture with pressure treatment were seen in the 1% NaCl samples. Pressure treatment generally caused no changes in the colour of either the raw or cooked product; however there was a slight increase in “whiteness” with pressure treatment. Sensory panels reported a greater acceptability in both appearance and texture of pressure-treated sausages of lower salt content compared with non-pressure-treated samples. Examination of extracted proteins using SDS-PAGE and of muscle proteins by thermal analysis indicated that pressure contributed to enhanced binding through protein solubilisation and gelation through partial protein unfolding. The application of high pressure to beef sausages with low-salt content resulted in reduced cooking losses and improved texture.

Industrial relevance

Enhanced meat binding through extraction of salt-soluble proteins is an essential step in the formulation of meat products such as sausages and emulsion-type products. The ability to reduce salt and achieve high binding and water retention through use of HPP is important in being able to produce healthier foods.