C. Shaler Smith

Smith was one of the premier bridge builders of the post-Civil War period. He started his bridge building career under Albert Fink on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. During the Civil War, he designed and built a powder factory for the Confederacy at Augusta, Ga. After the war, he formed Smith and Latrobe Co. and later The Baltimore Bridge Company with Benjamin and C. H. Latrobe. He worked closely with James Eads on the St. Louis Bridge and designed and built the long iron easterly approach to the bridge. He designed and built some of the major viaducts, swing, and fixed span bridges in the United States, Australia, and Peru, and finally innovative cantilever bridges over the Kentucky, Mississippi, and St. Lawrence Rivers.     

Introspective psychology, pure and applied: Henry Rutgers Marshall on pain and pleasure.

Henry Rutgers Marshal (1852–1927), architect and psychologist, in his aesthetic theory opposed the severing of pain from pleasure in neurological theories in the 1890s. He held that pain and pleasure are poles of the same quale of experience. Marshall's was an introspective psychology, which he used in his architectural criticism and support of the City Beautiful ideal. The practice of introspection educated him, making him a better judge of personal and civic life. Marshall's work represents a road not taken in 20th-century psychology, one centered on the cultivation of the psychologist rather than on the elaboration of objective methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Frank Landy (1942–2010).

Frank Landy died peacefully with his family by his side on January 12, 2010. His legacy to the education, research, and practice of industrial and organizational (I/O) psychology will live on in his students, his books and articles, and his ability to define and shape science and practice. Landy believed that good practice followed from good science and spent his career applying what he learned from his own research and the work of others to diverse problems related to selecting employees, managing performance, creating successful human–machine interfaces, and ensuring fair employment practices through his litigation-related work. He was the definition of a scientist–practitioner. Landy was born in Philadelphia on December 30, 1942. He began his study of psychology at Villanova University, where he received his bachelor’s degree in 1964. He earned a master’s degree (1966) and his doctorate (1969) from Bowling Green State University. Landy joined the faculty at Pennsylvania State University, and during his 26 years there he helped to build one of the most successful I/O psychology programs in the country. He was a member of many professional organizations and won many awards for his outstanding contributions to the field. He began his consulting career in 1965 and helped hundreds of organizations by applying psychological research to the solution of practical problems in human resource management, employee relations, and work motivation. Landy was an avid runner, completing more than 60 marathons, and he often participated in runs at the SIOP conferences. He played and collected guitars and was a great lover of music, often playing and singing publicly. He is survived by his wife Kylie Harper, his two daughters Erin and Elizabeth, his son-in-law George, and his four grandchildren. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Julian C. Stanley Jr. (1918-2005).

Obituary [Julian C. Stanley Jr.; 1918-2005]. Julian Cecil Stanley Jr. earned his doctorate in education (1950) studying partial reinforcement with William O. Jenkins. Julian assumed his first academic position at George Peabody College for Teachers (1949), now Peabody College of Vanderbilt University. There he was an associate professor in educational psychology and became president of the Tennessee Psychological Association (1951). In 1965, Julian became a fellow of Stanford's Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences and edited Improving Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis (1966). Julian began his paradigm-shifting work on giftedness in 1971. From Stanford, Julian went to Johns Hopkins University and remained there, working until one week before his death at age 87. Over his professional career, Julian wrote or edited 13 books and produced over 500 professional articles. For his work, Julian received two honorary doctorates and numerous honors. Deep, profound, and visionary, Julian C. Stanley led the life of the mind in the best possible sense: He uncovered basic psychological phenomena, invented methods, counseled intellectually precocious youth, and mentored others in implementing his discoveries and revealing important psychological phenomena. He was a rare blend of scientist and practitioner. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Edwin E. Ghiselli: Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.

Recognizes the receipt of the American Psychological Association's 1972 Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award by Edwin E. Ghiselli. The award citation reads: "A remarkably multifaceted set of distinguished contributions spanning a 40-year career. He began his scientific life as a neurophysiological psychologist and, in the absence of an established literature or technology to guide him, pioneered in the study of subcortical mechanisms. He has provided the same definitive guidance in applied psychology. Ghiselli and industrial psychology are virtually synonymous. Few issues concerning the behavior of people at work, from the conceptualization of performance to the measurement of values, have not been touched by his influence. Psychometric theory has also felt his impact. No one can approach a problem in psychological prediction without taking into account his work on prediction models. In sum, Ghiselli is one of the few who have productively spanned the two disciplines of scientific psychology." A brief biography and listing of the recipient's scientific writings are included. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

G. Robert Grice (1916-2005).

Presents an obituary for George Robert Grice, who was born in 1916, in Topeka, Kansas. Grice received his doctoral degree in experimental psychology in 1947. His doctoral work was supervised by Kenneth Spence, the influential learning theorist, and he began his early research within the Hull-Spence framework. Eventually his interests changed, and he directed his efforts toward studies of information processing and reaction time in humans. This work was focused on the development of a general theory of reaction time. Grice received numerous honors and held many prestigious posts during his career, including the presidency of the Division of Experimental Psychology of the American Psychological Association. He wrote research articles, particularly for the journal Perception and Psychophysics, into the 1990s. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Theodore R. Sarbin (1911-2005).

Obituary [Theodore R. Sarbin; 1911-2005]. Theodore R. Sarbin died in his 95th year, fully engaged in his life as a psychologist until the end. Sarbin was born on May 8, 1911, in Cleveland, Ohio. He attended Ohio State University as an undergraduate, earning his bachelor's degree there in 1936. The next year he earned his master's degree from Western Reserve University. He received his doctoral degree in psychology from Ohio State University in 1941. Sarbin began his career as a research-oriented clinical psychologist, practicing first in Illinois and later in Los Angeles. His academic career was established at the University of California, Berkeley, where he served on the faculty from 1949 to 1969. Sarbin left Berkeley to join the faculty of the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1969. He continued there until his retirement in 1976. While gentle and controlled in manner, Sarbin made it his professional life work to challenge orthodox views in psychology. Sarbin described his own professional posture as "oppositional and nonconforming." In the course of his academic career, Sarbin received scores of honors. Included among his more than 250 professional publications are 6 books and another 6 edited volumes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Thomas C. Clarke, Bridge Builder

Clarke was one of the leading engineers in Canada and the United States in 1848 to 1901, working on railroads, waterways, buildings, and primarily bridges. He was a prolific writer with articles not only in ASCE publications but in British technical journals. He also published many articles in Scribners’ and other popular magazines. He was a leader in the formation and running of several major bridge design and construction companies and worked with many leading bridge engineers of the period. He served ASCE for many years starting as a director in 1870 and was elected President of the Society for 1896–1897. Despite his noteworthy career, he is one of the unknown giants of 19th century civil engineering.     

Irving S. Cooper (1922-1985): a pioneer in functional neurosurgery

Irving S. Cooper (1922-1985), the son of a salesman, worked his way through high school, college, and medical school to become one of the pioneers in functional neurosurgery. He developed several novel techniques for the surgical management of Parkinson's disease and other crippling movement disorders. A keen interest in the physiology of movement disorders was kindled by his doctoral research and continued during his neurosurgical training. He began to apply this knowledge to surgical practice in 1952 when he began his faculty career as Assistant Professor of Surgery at New York University. At the time, surgical treatment of parkinsonian tremor focused on various techniques used to interrupt the pyramidal tract. During a subtemporal approach for a cerebral pedunculotomy, he inadvertently injured and, subsequently, was forced to occlude the anterior choroidal artery. Much to Cooper's surprise, following emergence from anesthesia the patient's tremor and rigidity were abolished without any residual hemiparesis. This serendipitous observation, together with Meyer's earlier work on the role of the basal ganglia in motor control, helped focus surgical efforts on targets within the basal ganglia and, subsequently, within the thalamus to alleviate the movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease. While at New York University, Cooper developed chemopallidectomy and, later at St. Barnabas Hospital in the Bronx (1954-1977), he used cryothalamectomy as a surgical technique for primary control of tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease. Cooper authored many original papers on surgical techniques and several textbooks on the lives of patients afflicted with Parkinson's disease and other crippling movement disorders. Although considered controversial, this fascinating and complex neurosurgeon made significant contributions to this field.     

Review of Work Alienation: An Integrative Approach.

Reviews the book, Work Alienation: An Integrative Approach by Rabindra N. Kanungo (1982). This volume presents a systematic investigation of one of the main work related constructs. After critically reviewing the literature, the author presents an approach designed to remedy the conceptual problems he has identified in previous work. He then develops appropriate measures for his new conceptualizations, and follows this with three studies in support of his approach. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Collapse of the Quebec Bridge, 1907

In the late 19th century, the transportation needs of Quebec led to proposals for bridging the St. Lawrence River. The Quebec Bridge was the longest cantilever structure attempted until that time. In its final design, the clear span was 548.6 m (1,800 ft) long. The bridge project was financially troubled from the beginning. This caused many setbacks in the design and construction. Construction finally began in October 1900. In August 1907, the bridge collapsed suddenly. Seventy five workers were killed in the accident, and there were only 11 survivors from the workers on the span. A distinguished panel was assembled to investigate the disaster. The panel’s report found that the main cause of the bridge’s failure was improper design of the latticing on the compression chords. The collapse was initiated by the buckling failure of Chord A9L, on the anchor arm near the pier, immediately followed by Chord A9R. Theodore Cooper had been the consulting engineer for the Quebec Bridge project, and most of the blame for the disaster fell on his shoulders. He mandated unusually high allowable stresses, and failed to require recalculation of the bridge dead load when the span was lengthened.     

Jacob Hays Linville: A Little Known Giant of Civil Engineering

Men who shaped the Civil Engineering profession in the 19th century, especially the bridge builders, are virtually unknown to engineers of the 21st century. This paper is about a man who was one of the most prolific bridge builders of the period from 1860 to 1880 when railroads began to cross major rivers of the country. He built several long span bridges over the Schuylkill, Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri rivers. He set the record for railroad truss bridge span on three occasions starting at 320?ft going to 420?ft and in 1877 building a span of 520?ft. He developed the pin connected Whipple double intersection truss by placing wrought iron links in the lower chord, built up riveted plate wrought iron upper chords and posts built of two or more wrought iron shapes riveted together.     

Dale B. Harris (1914-2007).

During his long career, Dale B. Harris was at various times a teacher, author, editor, researcher, high school principal, organizational leader, department administrator, and government advisor. He is probably best known for his research on children's drawings, specifically, his extension of the work by Florence Goodenough that resulted in the Goodenough-Harris Draw-A-Person Test. Harris was a participant in the famed Thayer Conference (1954) on school psychology. He was a delegate to the White House Conferences on Children and Youth in 1950 and 1960 and was active in several professional organizations, including the Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD). He served as president of Division 7 (Developmental Psychology) of the American Psychological Association in 1956. He was also active in community organizations, both in Minnesota and Pennsylvania. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Saul B. Sells (1913–1988).

Saul Sells was born in New York City on January 13, 1913. He graduated from Brooklyn College in 1933, after studying philosophy and psychology, and three years later earned a PhD degree from Columbia University. His dissertation work, supervised by Robert S. Woodworth, was on the atmosphere effect in syllogistic reasoning, an often-cited study. While a student at Columbia, he also worked closely with Edward L. Thorndike. Throughout his career, Saul stressed the significance of organism-environment interactions in understanding and predicting behavior; he also emphasized the need to study behavior in its natural setting. He devoted himself to bridging science and practice in psychology through three major and interrelated research domains. In addition to his 22 books and over 400 articles, Saul's breadth of professional interest and influence is reflected in his numerous awards and organizational affiliations (he was a fellow in 10 different APA divisions). He served on many editorial boards, but special dedication went into his founding efforts and over 20 years as Managing Editor for Multivariate Behavioral Research. On February 4, 1988, at age 75, Saul died of a heart attack while preparing to attend an early morning meeting on another new project. His work was his life and hobby, and he devoted himself to it fully. He and Helen had no children. A brother was his only surviving family member. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Todd R. Risley (1937-2007).

This obituary of Todd R. Risley explains his life in Alaska and his lifelong journey to eventually becoming a pioneer of applied behavior analysis. He was born in Alaska on September 8, 1937, and died in his home there on November 2, 2007, after returning from Minnesota for heart surgery. He credited some of his vigor and appreciation for the importance of change to his early days in the rugged territory of Alaska, where his father was a homesteader and railroad worker. Todd received his bachelor's degree from San Diego State College and his master's and doctoral degrees from the University of Washington. Todd applied the principles of behavior analysis to a variety of populations and settings. Todd felt that his most important work was his and Betty Hart's study of the language use of middle-class and low socioeconomic status (SES) families. He argued that the single most important parenting practice was for parents to talk as much as possible to their children about anything and everything and to require as much language use as possible back from them. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Charles Macdonald

Macdonald was one of the leading bridge engineers from 1867 to 1912. His bridges crossed major rivers of the United States and Australia. He was Chief Engineer for several major bridge companies and finished his career as a member of the Board appointed to select the replacement design for the Quebec Bridge that collapsed under construction in 1907.     

Kentucky River High Bridge

Cantilever bridge construction can be said to have started with the work of Heinrich Gerber in Germany in 1867. While the principle had been used in many ancient bridges, it was not until Gerber’s work that metal bridges were built using the cantilever principle. The Kentucky High Bridge over the Kentucky River was the first modern cantilever bridge built in the United States. While James Eads had used the cantilever construction method at St. Louis, his bridge acted in service as a series of three arches. The High Bridge, designed by C. Shaler Smith, was one of the most daring and innovative bridges built in the country and carried its load between 1876 and 1912, when it was replaced by Gustave Lindenthal’s three span truss.     

Obituary: Irving J. Saltzman (1923-2000).

Memorializes Irving J. Saltzman, known for his work as chair of the Department of Psychology at Indiana University. He guided the department through a time of major change in education and in psychology. He promoted an atmosphere that was particularly beneficial to new faculty at a time when the loyalty of faculty was decreasing and the professionalization of psychology was increasing. He was a tenacious proponent of his department, and led by example, saying that he could not expect others to do what he was unwilling to do himself. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Mark R. Rosenzweig (1922–2009).

Mark R. Rosenzweig, emeritus professor of psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, died on July 20, 2009, shortly before his 87th birthday. Born in Rochester, New York, on September 12, 1922, the son of a lawyer and a homemaker mother, Rosenzweig entered the University of Rochester in 1940, where he first encountered his lifelong professional theme: physiological psychology. He obtained a bachelor’s degree in psychology in 1943 and a master’s degree in psychology in 1944. His master’s thesis led him to a first discovery: that, contrary to notions at the time, large-scale removal of auditory cortex would not impair a cat’s responsiveness to the full auditory frequency range. While serving in China with the Navy, he became close with the foreign culture—a second theme that would shape his life. His wife's French origin and her background in cultural anthropology further reinforced Mark Rosenzweig’s internationality, both professionally and in his private life. In his 1949 doctoral thesis, on electrophysiological potential interaction in the auditory cortex under varying conditions of dichotic stimulation, he employed a form of signal averaging similar to that used in later evoked potential work. He then began researching the neuropsychology of learning and memory and it would become his core field of research. Initial work with Krech and the biochemist Edward L. Bennett revealed differences in brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity not only between rat strains and various regions of the cortex but also between rats trained in different testing apparatuses. This led to the innovative conclusion that cortical AChE level not only is a significant independent variable but can change in response to an animal’s prior experience. On the personal side, respect for and protection of human rights were close to Mark Rosenzweig’s mind and heart. This and the international widening of personal horizons he experienced early in life may have played a role in his becoming an early advocate and a devoted promoter of international cooperation and exchange in psychology. Those who had the opportunity, like the present authors, to work closely with Rosenzweig share a lasting gratitude for this collaboration. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)