A Quadratic Modeling-Based Framework for Accurate Statistical Timing Analysis Considering Correlations

The impact of parameter variations on timing due to process variations has become significant in recent years. In this paper, we present a statistical timing analysis (STA) framework with quadratic gate delay models that also captures spatial correlations. Our technique does not make any assumption about the distribution of the parameter variations, gate delays, and arrival times. We propose a Taylor-series expansion-based quadratic representation of gate delays and arrival times which are able to effectively capture the nonlinear dependencies that arise due to increasing parameter variations. In order to reduce the computational complexity introduced due to quadratic modeling during STA, we also propose an efficient linear modeling driven quadratic STA scheme. We ran two sets of experiments assuming the global parameters to have uniform and Gaussian distributions, respectively. On an average, the quadratic STA scheme had 20.5times speedup in runtime as compared to Monte Carlo simulations with an rms error of 0.00135 units between the two timing cummulative density functions (CDFs). The linear modeling driven quadratic STA scheme had 51.5times speedup in runtime as compared to Monte Carlo simulations with an rms error of 0.0015 units between the two CDFs. Our proposed technique is generic and can be applied to arbitrary variations in the underlying parameters under any spatial correlation model     

焊接用大功率YAG激光耦合装置的研制

为增大激光器输出功率,实现中厚度板的激光焊接,研制了一套YAG激光耦合装置.利用非相干合成技术将三束激光合成为一束大功率激光,再通过耦合技术经由一根光纤输出.对耦合装置的焊接性能进行测试表明,与单束激光源相比,该装置可使焊接材料厚度大幅度增加,提高了加工效率.     

一种开路短截线结构的耦合式微波功率传感器

提出了一种基于MEMS技术的在线式微波功率传感器结构,并对该结构进行了理论分析、设计、制作和测量。该微波功率传感器通过加入阻抗匹配和开路短截线结构实现低损耗和宽频带的在线测量。该结构制作工艺与GaAs MMIC工艺完全兼容。测量结果显示,在8GHz～12GHz频率范围内,微波功率传感器的反射系数小于-18dB,插入损耗优于0.45dB,在10GHz中心频率下的灵敏度为12.0μV/mW。     

Full-Chip Scalable Routing Framework Considering Congestion and Performance

提出一个全新的全芯片可控布线系统框架,同时考虑布线拥挤度和芯片性能.为了在总体布线和详细布线之间架起桥梁,该框架把总体布线和详细布线集成起来,交互进行,每完成一个线网的布线,都及时对布线资源进行更新,由此可以得到精确的资源估计结果,有利于指导后续总体布线决策.该系统框架的主要特征包括快速的基于模式的和基于外框约束下最短路算法的总体布线器、基于迷宫算法的拥挤度驱动的详细布线器以及在两个布线器之间很好的交互性.在该布线系统框架中,为了优化电路性能,在布线中关键线网被赋予更高的优先级.同时,为了优化不同的布线目标,可以采用不同的线网排序策略.该布线系统框架在一套公用的测试电路上完成测试,并与之前提出的多级布线系统框架进行比较,实验结果表明,文中提出的布线系统框架在电路性能、布通率和运行时间方面都取得了很大改进.     

考虑拥挤度和性能的全芯片可控布线系统框架

提出一个全新的全芯片可控布线系统框架,同时考虑布线拥挤度和芯片性能.为了在总体布线和详细布线之间架起桥梁,该框架把总体布线和详细布线集成起来,交互进行,每完成一个线网的布线,都及时对布线资源进行更新,由此可以得到精确的资源估计结果,有利于指导后续总体布线决策.该系统框架的主要特征包括快速的基于模式的和基于外框约束下最短路算法的总体布线器、基于迷宫算法的拥挤度驱动的详细布线器以及在两个布线器之间很好的交互性.在该布线系统框架中,为了优化电路性能,在布线中关键线网被赋予更高的优先级.同时,为了优化不同的布线目标,可以采用不同的线网排序策略.该布线系统框架在一套公用的测试电路上完成测试,并与之前提出的多级布线系统框架进行比较,实验结果表明,文中提出的布线系统框架在电路性能、布通率和运行时间方面都取得了很大改进.     

高耦合系数条件下径向速度估计的新方法

本文在分析了线性调频信号距离—多普勒耦合原理的基础上,提出了一种高耦合系数条件下径向速度估计的新方法.该方法利用雷达波形参数切换带来的距离信息,通过所建立的匀速模型和匀加速模型,在滤波器起始之前对径向速度进行了有效的估计,解决了高耦合系数条件下多普勒耦合测距误差修正、数据关联以及最佳滤波器起始的问题.对导弹防御雷达的仿真验证了该方法的有效性.     

基于最大熵的分布估计算法

分布估计算法是当前进化计算领域的一个新方向。文中提出一种新的基于最大熵的分布估计算法,主要用基于最大熵估计种群中的模式概率分布,取代贝叶斯网络分布估计算法中的贝叶斯概率图模型。该算法无需进行贝叶斯网络学习,大大减少了计算量,而且还能获取更准确的概率分布估计。实验结果表明,与贝叶斯优化算法相比,该算法具有更高的稳定性和更强的寻优能力。     

Critical Path Selection for Delay Testing Considering Coupling Noise

The objective of delay testing is to detect any defects or variations that manifest into timing failures. In path based delay testing this is done by testing a subset of paths in the circuit that are more likely to fail and hence are critical. Since path delays are vector dependent, the set of critical paths selected depends on the vectors assumed when estimating the path delays. This implies that to find the real critical paths, it is important to consider the effect of dynamic (vector dependent) delay effects such as coupling noise and supply noise during path selection. In this work a methodology to incorporate the effect of coupling noise during path selection is described. For any given path, both logic and timing constraints are extracted and a constrained optimization problem is formulated to estimate the maximum path delay in the presence of coupling noise.     

考虑射频隐身的雷达功率自适应管控方法

为提高雷达射频隐身能力,提出一种雷达功率自适应管控方法。在保证一定雷达探测性能的条件下,根据无源探测系统获得的威胁目标的距离和雷达反射截面积参数,利用k-means算法将威胁目标聚类,根据各个聚类中心参数确定雷达分级功率;以期望方向功率最大、其他方向功率最小为优化目标,利用补偿因子对传统多尺度谐振子量子优化算法(MQHOA)进行改进,求解出最佳阵元开关序列;基于截获因子定义了射频隐身措施效率。仿真表明,改进MQHOA算法得到更优的目标函数解,基于k-means算法的功率分级准则提高了射频隐身措施效率。     

A Statistical Framework for Estimation of Full-Chip Leakage-Power Distribution Under Parameter Variations

This paper presents a novel framework for accurate estimation of key statistical parameters of the subthreshold-and gate-leakage distributions of a chip under parameter variations while considering both within-die and die-to-die variabilities in process (P), temperature (T), and supply voltage (V). For the first time, temperature variations and, more importantly, electrothermal couplings between junction (substrate or die) temperature and leakage power have been accounted for in a full-chip leakage estimation methodology. In the proposed framework, instead of exact leakage distribution profile, its statistically important parameters, such as nominal value and spread, are computed. Initially, at the transistor level, a quantitative analysis of the relative sensitivities of device leakage components to P-T-V variations is performed to extract a transistor-level variation model. It is shown that the proposed statistical model, as compared to others in the literature, shows better agreement with BSIM¹ model-based simulations. It is also demonstrated that failing to account for temperature variations and electrothermal couplings can result in significant inaccuracy in chip-level leakage estimation. Furthermore, the full-chip leakage-power distribution is used to estimate the leakage-constrained yield under the impact of variations. The calculations show that yield is significantly lowered due to the within-die and die-to-die process and temperature variations. Subsequently, the proposed framework is applied in the leakage estimation of complex logic circuits with a consideration of spatial correlations of process parameters and transistor stacking effects.     

一种针对格基后量子密码的能量侧信道分析框架

为应对量子计算对传统公钥密码的安全威胁,后量子密码(PQC)已逐渐成为新一代密码技术。虽然后量子密码通过数学理论保证了算法的安全性,但在密码实现运算过程中易发生侧信道信息泄漏。该文提出一种针对格基PQC的能量侧信道分析攻击框架,利用秘密多项式系数与能耗之间的关系创建侧信道攻击模板,实现了对Kyber算法的侧信道攻击。该文还首次提出一种高阶选择密文攻击方法,成功实现了对Kyber算法的能量侧信道分析,与现有工作相比该方法恢复Kyber512和Kyber768的密钥所需密文条数分别降低了58.48%和47.5%。实验结果表明了该文构建的能量侧信道分析框架的可行性,验证了高阶选择密文攻击方法的有效性,可为后续PQC算法实现侧信道安全风险评估提供方法与工具支撑。     

A Mobility-Prediction-Based Relay Deployment Framework for Conserving Power in MANETs

There has been a growing interest in designing mobile systems consisting of special relay nodes whose mobility can be controlled by the underlying network. In this paper, we consider the design of a heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consisting of two kinds of mobile nodes-traditional nodes with limited energy and a few controllable mobile relay nodes with relatively abundant energy resources. We propose a novel relay deployment framework that utilizes mobility prediction and works in tandem with the underlying MANET routing protocol to optimally define the movement of the relay nodes. We present two instances of the relay deployment problem, together with the solutions, to achieve different goals. Instance 1, termed Min-Total, aims to minimize the total energy consumed across all the traditional nodes during data transmission, while instance 2, termed Min-Max, aims to minimize the maximum energy consumed by a traditional node during data transmission. Our solutions also enable the prioritization of individual nodes in the network based on residual energy profiles and contextual significance. We perform an extensive simulation study to understand the trade-offs involved in deploying an increasing fraction of such relay nodes in the network. We also investigate the performance of the proposed framework under different mobility prediction schemes. Results indicate that even when the relay nodes constitute a small fraction of the total nodes in the network, the proposed framework results in significant energy savings. Further, we observed that while both the schemes have their potential advantages, the differences between the two optimization schemes are clearly highlighted in a sparse network.     

考虑尺度效应的压电半导体纳米纤维力电耦合特性北大核心

文章基于挠曲电和应变梯度效应的共同影响,建立了静拉伸下一维压电半导体力电耦合计算模型,数值分析了挠曲电和应变梯度效应对位移、电势、电位移、载流子分布等物理场的影响。结果表明:两种效应对机械位移场没有影响,但对各电相关物理场的分布影响显著;挠曲电效应对压电结构本身的压电性能有抑制作用,而应变梯度效应却增强了其压电特性。本研究为压电类微纳结构的机电特性分析提供了理论指导。     

一种基于电压岛的片上网络低功耗设计

功耗问题一直是片上网络设计中最为关心的问题之一.基于全局异步局部同步(GALS)的电压岛(VFI)机制的引入不但提供了极大地降低片上功耗的可能,也解决了片上单时钟传输的瓶颈问题.本文改善了现有的两种电压岛划分、核映射及路由分配方法,提出了一种更优的综合解决方案,并进行了验证.仿真结果显示,本文的方案可以显著降低系统功耗,同时提高了片上网络性能.     

Fine‐Grained FSMD Power Gating Considering Power Overhead

As a fine‐grained power gating method for achieving greater power savings, our approach takes advantage of the finite state machine with a datapath (FSMD) characteristic which shows sequential idleness among subcircuits. In an FSMD‐based power gating, while only an active subcircuit is expected to be turned on, more subcircuits should be activated due to the power overhead. To reduce the number of missed opportunities for power savings, we deactivated some of the turned‐on subcircuits by slowing the FSMD down and predicting its behavior. Our microprocessor experiments showed that the power savings are close to the upper bound.     

A Multi-Model Engine for High-Level Power Estimation Accuracy Optimization

Register transfer level (RTL) power macromodeling is a mature research topic with a variety of equation and table-based approaches. Despite its maturity, macromodeling is not yet widely accepted as a de facto industrial standard for power estimation at the RT level. Each approach has many variants depending upon the parameters chosen to capture power variation. Every macromodeling technique has some intrinsic limitation affecting either its performance or its accuracy. Therefore, alternative macromodeling methods can be envisaged as part of a power modeling toolkit from which multiple models for a given component could be exploited so as to reduce the estimation errors resulting from conventional single-model approaches. This paper describes two different approaches for a new multi-model power estimation engine. The first one selects the macromodeling technique that leads to the least estimation error, for a given system component, depending on the properties of its input-vector stream. A proper selection function is built after component characterization and used during estimation. Though simple, this approach has revealed a substantial improvement in estimation accuracy. The second one builds a power estimate function that captures the correlation between individual macromodel estimates and input-stream properties. Experimental results show that our multi-model engine improves the robustness of power analysis with negligible usage overhead. Accuracy becomes seven times better on average, as compared to conventional single-model estimators, while the overall maximum estimation error is divided by 9.     

两相邻耦合互连的Elmore延时估计

基于"有效电容"的概念提出了一种分析两相邻耦合RC互连延时的方法.与采用Miller电容的传统方法比较,该方法不但提高了计算精度而且反映出了延时随信号上升时间的变化规律.该方法与Elmore延时法具有相同的计算复杂度,可广泛用于考虑耦合电容的面向性能的布线优化.     

波达方向估计的一种互耦修正方法

阵列天线中互耦的存在,严重影响了天线的性能。基于分析天线阵列模型中阵元间的相互关联的特征的方法,构造互耦矩阵C,用C矩阵来修正波达方向估算中的互耦,并在MUSIC算法中实现。理论分析与计算仿真均表明该算法切实可行,有效并易于实现。