The Cause and Prevention of Glassware Corrosion in Domestic Mechanical Diswashers

Laboratory scale procedures and practical tests were used to study the problem of glassware corrosion (permanent filming) in domestic mechanical dishwashers. Results of these tests showed glassware corrosion to be caused by alkali attack of the glass structure. It was also found that sequestrants such as sodium tripolyphosphate greatly accelerate the corrosive action of alkali. Silicates, certain metals and metal oxides were found to inhibit glassware corrosion. The basis for this inhibiting effect is believed to be adsorption on the glass surface of reaction products of these materials in an alkaline solution.     

自动洗碗过程中玻璃器皿的保护——洗涤剂制造商的见解和经验

介绍了使用洗碗机所造成玻璃材质和装饰图案腐蚀的其主要因素。列举了各种能对玻璃器皿起保护作用的洗涤剂。最后,讨论了在美国和欧盟禁止在洗碗机用餐具洗涤剂中使用磷酸盐后,产品的餐具保护性能如何受到影响,而制造商又是如何解决问题。     

Serviceability of glass and glassware (review)

Research on the properties and characteristics of glass that determine the serviceability of the most massive glass objects and glassware is reviewed. The theoretical assumptions, general questions concerning the strength, chemical resistance (corrosion), and spectral characteristics of glass are noted. The properties and characteristics indicated are examined for sheet glass, glass fiber, and glassware.     

一种碱性玻璃腐蚀工艺的研究

本文针对光学玻璃镀膜工艺对表面粗糙度的要求,提出有异于传统玻璃腐蚀方法的一种新工艺,将玻璃在腐蚀溶液中浸泡24h后再进行超声处理,超声频率53kHz,超声时间40m in,超声温度60℃。经过该工艺处理后的玻璃,表面粗糙度大大提高,在后续的镀膜工艺中,能有效提高膜层和玻璃基板之间的附着力,从而改善玻璃作为光学显示器的各...     

Dissolution of silica component of glass network at early stage of corrosion in initially silica-saturated solution

Corrosion of glass in silica-saturated solution has been performed with the assumption that dissolution of silicate species from the glass network would not occur. Using surface-sensitive analytical techniques, we report experimental evidence suggesting the dissolution of silicate network species from a model nuclear waste glass, called international simple glass (ISG), in an aqueous solution initially saturated with soluble silica species. Results from low energy ion scattering and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a complete depletion of mobile element species (B, Na) from the ISG surface and an enrichment of Zr on the outmost surface. In support of spectroscopic analyses, results from topographic imaging with atomic force microscopy show a stochastic dissolution of glass surface resulting in a higher surface roughness with increasing corrosion time in aqueous solution. This study shows that a true equilibrium between soluble silica species in the solution phase and silicate species in the glass network could not be warranted by performing corrosion experiments in the solution where dissolved silica species are initially equilibrated with amorphous silica in the presence of KOH. The leaching of mobile species (B, Na) could affect the saturation level of aqueous solution and induce further dissolution of the glass surface.     

Corrosion of Borosilicate Sealing Glasses for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

The development of a new sealant for molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFC) requires a study of the attack of molten carbonates on selected materials. Silica and Pyrex® glasses have better corrosion resistance against molten carbonates than other glasses, but they have unsuitable thermal expansion coefficients. Comparisons have also been made between borosilicate glasses of suitable thermal expansion for sealants for MCFC and silica and Pyrex® glasses. The corrosion kinetics in molten carbonates follows two limiting relations and involves two corrosion mechanisms. The weight loss varied linearly with time, indicating a dissolution of the glass network at short times. Longer times show corrosion, depending on the square root of time, typical of a diffusion mechanism and indicating formation of a protective layer on the surface of the glass. The main crystalline corrosion product is lithium methasilicate. The glass-corrosion rate follows the well-known Arrhenius law. These studies used scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. A general corrosion mechanism of borosilicate glasses in molten carbonates is proposed.     

粘接剂对热化学反应陶瓷涂层结构与性能的影响

采用相同的陶瓷骨料(SiO2+Al)、添加剂(MgO+CrO3)和固化工艺,分别以磷酸铝和水玻璃为粘接剂,在Q235钢上制备陶瓷涂层,对其相成分、微观形貌、热震性能以及耐蚀性能进行了分析测试,讨论了粘接剂对涂层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明,尽管以磷酸铝为粘接剂的陶瓷涂层在固化过程中产生少量孔隙,但仍具有比以水玻璃为粘接剂的陶瓷涂层更优异的抗热震性能以及耐酸、碱、盐腐蚀性能。     

玻璃钢在盐雾环境中腐蚀机制和性能演变规律的试验研究

本文在总结复合材料在海洋的盐雾环境中使用的材料腐蚀理论基础上,分析复合材料发生腐蚀的主要形式和历程,模拟自然环境试验设计不同盐雾温度、不同老化时间下的加速老化试验,通过材料表面形貌、玻璃化转变温度、微观结构的变化来评价玻璃钢在盐雾中的腐蚀性能,着重分析温度、时间对材料腐蚀性能的影响规律;根据中值老化寿命和剩余强度之间的关系式,建立了加速寿命规律模型和寿命预测模型;根据试验中玻璃钢力学性能随老化时间的衰减多数情况下具有一致的规律性,建立了盐雾环境中玻璃钢力学性能随老化时间的衰减三线型模型。试验结果表明,在盐雾环境中,玻璃钢除了可见的外观发生变化外,其玻璃化转变温度、表面巴氏硬度、拉伸强度和弯曲强度均呈现下降趋势,并且随温度的提高和腐蚀时间的延长,性能下降会进一步加大;中值老化寿命和剩余强度之间的关系式能比较好地描述聚合物基复合材料自然老化规律和加速老化规律,力学性能随老化时间的衰减三线型模型能够直观的反映玻璃钢在盐雾环境中加速老化的各个阶段。     

Laser polishing of glass articles

A technique and equipment are proposed for polishing of glass articles with a carbon dioxide laser beam. The technique can be used as the finishing operation in the manufacture of lenses, expensive glassware, and light waveguides to enhance surface finish and to reduce surface roughness. Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 5, pp. 7–8, May, 1997.     

高剪切力流场下X80管线钢局部腐蚀深坑诱导局部湍流交互机理研究

天然气管道内表面局部腐蚀缺陷会诱发局部流场突变影响局部腐蚀进程,利用高剪切力的冲刷腐蚀实验装置进行流动状态下的电化学腐蚀在线测试,研究了局部腐蚀深坑对局部腐蚀进程的影响。试样在冲刷腐蚀过程中的界面腐蚀电化学信号通过电化学阻抗谱进行分析,腐蚀产物膜的成分及特征通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、能量衍射谱图（EDS）以及X射线衍射（XRD）表征,并结合计算流体力学（CFD）分析了流场参数对腐蚀传质过程的影响。结果表明,表面缺陷会诱导局部位置流场发生变化,增强局部位置的传质作用,缺陷表面腐蚀产物也因此随着流速的变化而呈现不同的微观形态。在较高强度流场下,局部增强的壁面剪切力会剥离部分致密腐蚀产物膜,导致测试表面形成大阴极小阳极的电化学分布,促进局部位置的腐蚀进程,从而加速局部腐蚀发生。     

Influence of the exposure of AISI 304L stainless steel at moderately high temperature on the susceptibility to crevice corrosion

Stainless steels passivate in air by forming a very thin (a few nanometre thick) protective film of Fe and Cr mixed oxides. The nature and the protective properties of this film change if the stainless steel surface is previously exposed to elevated temperatures. Thermal treatment, chemical processes and mechanical manufacture to which stainless steel surfaces are normally subject, result in changes to the surface conditions, and therefore to modification of the corrosion resistance. Among the various forms of corrosion of stainless steels, crevice corrosion is undoubtedly the most common in industrial environments and one of the most insidious from an engineering point of view. In this work the effects of surface conditions, in particular as a consequence of exposure at moderately high temperature ranging between 150 and 300°C, on the corrosion behaviour of type AISI 304L stainless steel have been investigated. The aim has been to verify if common treatments causing local heating, such as welding, even in remote regions, thermal stretching, grinding, exposure to superheated steam, or sterilisation processes can constitute aggravating circumstances in respect of crevice corrosion susceptibility.     

磁处理与缓蚀剂2-巯基苯并噻唑结合对铜的缓蚀效能与机理

为了考察磁处理与缓蚀剂2-巯基苯并噻唑（MBT）是否具有协同缓蚀作用,采用腐蚀失重法,测试了恒磁场、交变磁场、缓蚀剂MBT以及磁处理与MBT结合作用下紫铜挂片的腐蚀速率,并通过SEM、XRD、ATR-FTIR等分析方法研究了缓蚀作用机理。研究结果表明恒磁场缓蚀作用较小,而交变磁场具有一定缓蚀作用,其缓蚀机理是生成致密氧化物膜覆盖在金属表面。交变磁场能够降低水分子的极性,给水分子以能量和活性,从而增加了有机缓蚀剂MBT在水中的溶解度,在铜片上吸附的MBT量也相应增加了,因此,交变磁场与MBT具有协同缓蚀作用。达到同等缓蚀效能,协同作用可使得MBT用量减少60%。由于MBT是溶解在氢氧化钠溶液中,用量少则引入的碱含量随之降低,客观上降低了发电机内冷液的电导率。     

玻璃表面的FeCl3浸渍层在碱液中的稳定性

本文通过玻璃受碱侵蚀的失重，侵蚀液的原子吸收光谱分析，Ｘ射线光电子能谱分析，研究了ＦｅＣｌ３表面浸渍层在碱溶液中的稳定作用，玻璃在碱液中侵蚀时，Ａｌ２ｐ和Ｓｉ２ｐ电子结合能降低，这是因为ＯＨ＾－对玻璃表面的侵蚀引起了玻璃骨架中Ｓｉ－Ｏ－Ｓｉ和Ａｌ－Ｏ－Ａｌ键的断裂，表面生成了铝酸盐和硅酸盐凝胶。ＦｅＣｌ３对玻璃表面的浸渍作用割断了碱对玻璃表面的直接作用，因而具有抗碱侵蚀能力。     

Effect of water on the transmittance of glass plates with eroded surfaces

The corrosion is a chemical phenomenon which can affect the quality of a glass surface, since the glass can fail as a result of its continuous exposure to a corrosive environment. If a glass surface is put into contact with water or with any aqueous solution, it may chemically react with this medium and this chemical exchange may spread all over the surface of the glass, hence causing some undesirable effects, particularly a change in mechanical strength as well as the transmittance.Therefore, the objective of this work was to study the effect of water attacks on the transmittance of glass plates, which have been damaged by sand and then immersed in water at different temperatures and for different immersion times.     

Fabrication of abrasion-resistant micro-nano hierarchical structure on glass surface by a hydrothermal corrosion method

When applying an additional coating method to fabricate micro-nano hierarchical structure required for superhydrophobic function on glass surface, the hierarchical structure does generally not have good abrasion resistance, due to the weak adhesion between coating and glass surface. However, glass itself is a material with good abrasion resistance. A micro-nano hierarchical structure with honeycomb-shaped micro-armor protection on glass surface by a two-step hydrothermal corrosion method has been constructed: the first step of hydrothermal corrosion in water to construct micro-armor structure, and the second step of hydrothermal corrosion in sodium citrate aqueous solution to fabricate micro-nano hierarchical structure. The advantages of this new method are: the treatment process is simple, and there is no need to apply additional coatings. The micro-nano hierarchical structure constructed on glass surface by this method has a great abrasion resistance. After 1,000 cycles of abrasion under harsh conditions, the nano-structure on glass surface can still be remained intact. It provides a new method for fabricating abrasion-resistant micro-nano hierarchical structure on glass surface, as well as a new approach to the preparation of abrasion-resistant superhydrophobic glass.     

氯离子在含硫氮污染物的环境中对模拟铁器文物的大气腐蚀的影响

The effect of chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of cast iron in sulphur or nitrogen-bearing pollutant was investigated by using periodic wet-dry test, electrochemical experiment and surface tension test. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive atomic （EDAX） and stereoscopic microscopy was used to identify the corrosion processes and products. Cl^- and NO3^- were shown accelerating effects during the whole corrosion process but depression effects were observed in Cl^- and HSO3^- bearing pollutant at the initial corrosion stage. However, with the corrosion going on, the depression effects was less obviously and the initial corrosion process was investigated from the viewpoint of surface activity. At the initial corrosion stage, the corrosion rate was proportional to the adsorptivity of anions, but as corrosion went on, the penetration effect of anions and different characteristics of the corrosion products began to dominate the corrosion process, which led to changes on the corrosion rate.     

Corrosion Resistance of Fused Cr_2O_3-Al_2O_3 Grains with Different Compositions

Six kinds of Cr2O3 Al2O3 fused grains ( the mass percent of Cr2O3 was 15% ,40% ,50% ,60% ,85% and 99% ,respectively) were prepared using chrome green and Al2O3 powder as starting materials by electrofusion,named as CR15,CR40,CR50,CR60,CR85, and CR99,respectively. The corrosion resistance of the six kinds of Cr2O3 Al2O3 fused grains ( 4 1 mm) was studied using rotary slag corrosion method. The results show that: ( 1) the corrosion resistance of the fused grains increases with the Cr2O3 content and the grain size increasing; ( 2) the grains of CR99 and CR85 with higher Cr2O3 content are corroded at the slag surface layer,because FeO and Al2O3 in the slag corrode the grains; FeO reacts with Cr2O3 in the aggregates forming ( Fe,Cr) 3O4 spinel firstly,and the spinel reacts with other phases forming composite spinel; when FeO is fully consumed,Al2O3 penetrated into the grains reacts with Cr2O3 forming Al2O3 Cr2O3 solid solution on the grains surface; ( 3) for CR60,the corrosion exists both in the slag surface layer and in the penetration layer; in the penetration layer,CaO and SiO2 react with Al2O3 in Al2O3 Cr2O3 solid solution forming anorthite, gehlenite, and glass phase; the grains of CR50,CR40 and CR15 have the same corrosion mechanism with CR60 in the penetration layer.     

E-CR玻璃纤维复合材料耐腐蚀性能探讨

通过加速腐蚀试验,从腐蚀痕迹、微观形貌、质量变化、强度保留率等方面对比分析了3种类型玻璃纤维复合材料耐腐蚀情况。结果表明,普通ER玻璃纤维在酸性环境下性能下降非常明显,而改进型的无硼无氟ECT玻璃纤维耐酸性能与典型的E-CR玻璃纤维一样出色,可应用于对耐酸性能、力学强度和使用寿命都有较高要求的应用领域。     

Investigation of surface deformation during drying of thin polymer films due to Marangoni convection

The investigation of surface deformation of thin polymer films (methanol–poly(vinyl acetate) solution with 67 wt.% methanol) due to inhomogeneous drying is presented. Of interest are the onset of fluid instability and the influence of drying kinetics in a system where surface tension depends on temperature and composition. An experimental method is used that correlates a virtual shift of a random dot pattern, located on the downside of a glass substrate, to a deformation of the free surface of a transparent film. Instability in the fluid is forced over a structured composite substrate with inhomogeneous thermal conductivity. We show that due to the inhomogeneous heat transfer a long-wave instability mode is triggered resulting in directed mass transport. To evaluate the driving forces, 1D simulations of the non-isothermal drying process have been performed. Furthermore the influence of drying kinetics on the developing surface topology is discussed.