The Effects of Age and Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type on Phonological False Memories.

The authors conducted 3 experiments that examined the effects of age and dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) on phonological false memories. In addition, the study was designed to investigate the role of inhibitory control in mediating phonological false memories. In Experiment 1, both young-old and old-old participants exhibited increased susceptibility to false remembering, compared with young adults. In Experiment 2, auditory Stroop interference was used as an index of inhibitory abilities and was found to account for a significant percentage of the variance in false recollection. Experiment 3 provided converging evidence for the importance of inhibitory control in phonological false memories by demonstrating that DAT patients are more susceptible to false recall and recognition than healthy older adults. The results are discussed within the inhibitory deficit framework of cognitive aging. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Collaboration reduces the frequency of false memories in older and younger adults.

Older (mean age = 74.23) and younger (mean age = 33.50) participants recalled items from 6 briefly exposed household scenes either alone or with their spouses. Collaborative recall was compared with the pooled, nonredundant recall of spouses remembering alone (nominal groups). The authors examined hits, self-generated false memories, and false memories produced by another person's (actually a computer program's) misleading recollections. Older adults reported fewer hits and more self-generated false memories than younger adults. Relative to nominal groups, older and younger collaborating groups reported fewer hits and fewer self-generated false memories. Collaboration also reduced older people's computer-initiated false memories. The memory conversations in the collaborative groups were analyzed for evidence that collaboration inhibits the production of errors and/or promotes quality control processes that detect and eliminate errors. Only older adults inhibited the production of wrong answers, but both age groups eliminated errors during their discussions. The partners played an important role in helping rememberers discard false memories in older and younger couples. The results support the use of collaboration to reduce false recall in both younger and older adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Unbelieving the unbelievable: Some problems in the rejection of false information.

B. Spinoza (1677 [1982]) suggested that all information is accepted during comprehension and that false information is then unaccepted. Subjects were presented with true and false linguistic propositions and, on some trials, their processing of that information was interrupted. As Spinoza's model predicted, interruption increased the likelihood that subjects would consider false propositions true but not vice versa (Study 1). This was so even when the proposition was iconic and when its veracity was revealed before its comprehension (Study 2). In fact, merely comprehending a false proposition increased the likelihood that subjects would later consider it true (Study 3). The results suggest that both true and false information are initially represented as true and that people are not easily able to alter this method of representation. Results are discussed in terms of contemporary research on attribution, lie detection, hypothesis testing, and attitude change. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reports of real and false memories: The relevance of hypnosis, hypnotizability, and context of memory test.

30 high- and 30 low-hypnotizable Ss saw slides of a purse snatching and then imagined seeing the slides in hypnosis or waking conditions. The experimenter suggested the offender had a moustache (true), wore a scarf (false), and picked up flowers (false). Memory was tested by the experimenter after the suggestion, by another experimenter during an inquiry session, and again by the 2nd experimenter after the experimenter appeared to end the session. Hypnotizability, but not hypnosis, was associated with false memory reports; more high- than low-hypnotizable Ss reported false memories. The context of testing influenced true and false memory reports; fewer reports occurred in an informal rather than a formal test context. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

False aneurysm of the ascending aorta after surgery for Marfan's syndrome. Report of a case and review of the literature

A case is described in which false aneurysm of the ascending aorta developed following corrective surgery for Marfan's syndrome. During the initial procedure, a dissecting aortic aneurysm and incompetent aortic valve were managed by replacing the valve with a Starr-Edwards prosthesis and the ascending aorta with a woven Dacron aortic prosthesis. Two years later the operation was repeated with the use of antibiotic cover, because the patient developed a paraprosthetic leak following subacute bacterial endocarditis with Staphylococcus aureus. The woman remained well for 6 months, after which she developed a false aneurysm of the ascending aorta and aortic incompetence which necessitated repeating the operation for a third time. The patient remains well one year later. Relevant literature available on false aneurysm of the ascending aorta is also reviewed.     

Traumatic disruption of the manubriosternal joint in the absence of rib fractures

A case of traumatic disruption of the manubriosternal joint in the absence of rib fractures has been seen. The manubrium was displaced posteriorly on the sternum. Treatment by observation only was followed by a satisfactory outcome with new bone being laid down to produce a false joint.     

Test-induced priming impairs source monitoring accuracy in the DRM procedure.

Three experiments investigated the effects of test-induced priming (TIP) on false recognition in the Deese/Roediger–McDermott procedure (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). In Experiment 1, TIP significantly increased false recognition for participants who made old/new decisions at test but not for participants who made remember/know judgments or were given diagnostic information to help them avoid false recognition. In Experiment 2, a TIP effect was observed with old/new recognition but not when participants were required to remember whether study items were spoken by a male or a female speaker. In Experiment 3, false recognition increased when critical lures were preceded by 10 studied items but not when preceded by 5 studied and 5 unstudied items from the same list. These findings suggest that TIP increases false recognition by disrupting source monitoring processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

A comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to the care of the institutionalized person with epilepsy

The methods of assessing the diagnostic usefulness of exercise testing in detecting coronary obstructive disease are examined. The limitations of long-term clinical follow-up and coronary angiography as standards for the determination of disease are described as are the effects of test methodology, criteria for positivity, prevalence of disease in the study population, reliability of the standard and recognition of false positive and false negative results in determining reliability of such testing. High values were found for sensitivity and specificity for exercise testing of patients with coronary artery disease referred for consultation to medical center cardiology services. Maximal exercise testing and consideration of symptomatic and hemodynamic as well as electrocardiographic criteria for identification of myocardial ischemia are helpful in improving reliability. Diagnostic accuracy is greatly enhanced by recognition of known causes for false positive and false negative results.     

Attempts to reduce the incidence of false recall with source monitoring.

In 5 experiments, the source-monitoring framework was applied to the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, which has received so much interest recently. The authors' goal was to demonstrate that under certain conditions, when items in the DRM paradigm were learned from more than 1 origin, the incidence of false memories would decline. This result was obtained with internal–external reality monitoring conditions in free recall (Exps 1 and 3). With more confusable sources that required internal–internal or external–external discriminations, there was no reduction in false recall (Exps 2a and 4). In all experiments, participants were willing to assign an origin to their false memories, even when given an option to claim that they were not sure of its source (Exp 2b). The results are discussed in terms of how source-monitoring principles can sometimes reduce false memories in the DRM paradigm. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of False Floors on Vibration Serviceability of Building Floors. II: Response to Pedestrian Excitation

This is the second of two papers that present the results of a comprehensive and systematic study into the effects of false flooring on the vibration serviceability of long-span concrete floors. In this paper, controlled pedestrian response measurements were utilized to determine the effects of the installation of false flooring on the vibration serviceability of long-span concrete floors. It was found that, in most cases, the installation of false flooring tended to reduce the measured vibration response of the floor under controlled pedestrian excitation. This was more significant for false floors with a relatively high finished floor height (FFH) than for floors with a lower finished floor height. It is tentatively proposed that the effects of false flooring be incorporated into existing design procedures by multiplying calculated responses by a vibration response reduction factor. This factor would be 0.9 for false flooring with FFH less than 500 mm or 0.8 for false flooring with FFH of 500 mm or greater.     

Diagnostic agreement between the SCID-II screening questionnaire and the Personality Disorder Examination

Instruments to assess personality disorders offer reliability, but at the cost of large amounts of a skilled clinician's time to make assessments. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III Axis II (SCID-II; Spitzer, Williams, Gibbon, & First, 1990), incorporates a self-report screening questionnaire, reducing the number of items needing evaluation by the interviewer. However, false negative responses may cause clinically important areas to be overlooked. To establish the rate of false negative responses, we compared participant self-report on the SCID-II with Axis II diagnostic assessment done by clinicians using the Personality Disorder Examination (Loranger, Susman, Oldham, & Russakoff, 1987). The false negative rate was low for every diagnosis, supporting validity of following up with clinician questioning only those diagnostic elements endorsed in the self-report. Avoidant and dependent personality disorders were accurately self-reported. This, an efficient assessment instrument for personality disorders might combine self-report of those disorders where self-report is reliable, with clinician assessment where needed.     

Comparison of four methods for the detection of fecal streptococci in water

The objective of this study was to select an effective and fast method for the detection of socalled fecal streptococci in water by comparing a method according to the German drinking water standard, a membrane filtration method according to the ISO-draft standard 7899/2, the Chromocult Enterococcus Broth (Merck) and the Enterolert-System (IDEXX). The study was based on a collective of 297 water samples derived from different stages of water treatment and distribution, as well as from individual water supplies. The sensitivity, reliability, and selectivity of the single methods in relation to their practicability was evaluated. Concerning false positive and false negative results, the tests were proved by metabolic characterization of the isolated strains. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods resulting from the investigated criteria are discussed. The work is part of a comparative study within the scope of the DIN ad-hoc-committee "fecal streptococci".     

Age-related binding deficits and the content of false memories.

The authors examined effects of age-related binding deficits on feature information in false memories for imagined objects (e.g., lollipop) that were similar in shape to seen objects (e.g., magnifying glass). In Experiment 1, location memory for seen objects was lower in older than younger adults and lower still in old-old than young-old adults. Imagined objects, when falsely called seen, were less likely to be attributed to the location of similar seen objects (i.e., congruent attributions) by old-old than young-old adults. In Experiment 2, for younger adults, displaying seen objects for less time (1 s vs. 4 s) reduced both location memory for seen objects and congruent attributions for false memories. Thus, binding deficits may influence the specific content of false memories. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

False recognition of abstract versus common objects in older and younger adults: Testing the semantic categorization account.

Older adults often demonstrate higher levels of false recognition than do younger adults. However, in experiments using novel shapes without preexisting semantic representations, this age-related elevation in false recognition was found to be greatly attenuated. Two experiments tested a semantic categorization account of these findings, examining whether older adults show especially heightened false recognition if the stimuli have preexisting semantic representations, such that semantic category information attenuates or truncates the encoding or retrieval of item-specific perceptual information. In Experiment 1, ambiguous shapes were presented with or without disambiguating semantic labels. Older adults showed higher false recognition when labels were present but not when labels were never presented. In Experiment 2, older adults showed higher false recognition for concrete but not abstract objects. The semantic categorization account was supported. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cytologic diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Comparison with endoscopical and pathological findings on 538 cases

There were investigated 583 cases with tumors of the urinary bladder and 612 patients with non-malignant diseases of the urinary tract. Samples of voided urine were taken from all cases and direct smears fixed by drying were stained by rapid blue polychrome-tanin Dr?gan method Cytological results were compared with endoscopical and pathological findings. The overall rate of real positive results was 91.7% and false negative results were noticed in 8.3% of cases. A direct relationship between real positive results and histological "G" was found. Causes for false negative results were: tumor developed in a bladder diverticulum, calcified tumor, irradiated tumor, insufficient quantity of voided urine, chronic urinary infections and underestimation of cytological criteria of cellular malignancy. There were 9 false positive results in patients with nonmalignant diseases, due to lithiasis, chronic renal failure and chronic urinary infections. The cytological grade of differentiation was performed by the method purposed by Friedman and Ash, and concordance with the standard histological finding was 76.4%. Urine cytology is thought to be a useful method in the primary diagnosis and recurrences of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, in all patients with hematuria, recurrent infections of the urinary tract and neglected lithiasis.     

Depression as measured by the DSM-III and the Beck Depression Inventory in an unselected adult population.

The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to 298 volunteers (average age 37.9 yrs) to determine the relation between DSM-III diagnosis of depression derived from the DIS and BDI scores of Ss. Results show that DSM-III diagnoses of depression were not associated with specific ranges of scores on the BDI, due to the heterogeneous nature of the category of dysthymic disorder. Using a cutting point of 9/10, sensitivity was 100%, specificity 86%, the proportion of false negatives 0%, and of false positives 13.7%, respectively. Upward adjustment of the cutting point on the BDI to 21/22 for research purposes reduced false positives to 1.4% but increased false negatives correspondingly to 52.4%. Upward adjustment of the cutting point on the BDI to 18/19 for epidemiologic purposes yielded an unbiased estimate of the prevalence of depression diagnosed by the DSM-III. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Combining B-mode ultrasound with pulsed wave Doppler for the assessment of tubal patency

This study was conducted to determine whether the additional use of pulsed wave Doppler improves the diagnostic capacity in assessing tubal patency by hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy). A total of 210 women with a history of infertility were included in this study. HyCoSy was performed after intrauterine injection of Echovist 200. For the assessment of tubal patency B-mode scanning and pulsed wave Doppler ultrasound were performed in the proximal and distal tubal segments. With the combined sonographic procedure 297 tubes (74%) were rated patent, 35 (8%) incompletely obstructed and 70 (18%) completely obstructed. A total of 252 tubes were additionally examined by laparoscopy for reference purposes. Concordant results for both methods were found in 92% of tubes, nine had been rated false negative and 10 tubes appeared to have been rated false positive. The combined sonographic specificity was found to be 85% with a sensitivity of 95%. Peritubal adhesions detected by laparoscopy were found to be the reason for false positive sonographic results in 60% of cases. In conclusion, the combined B-mode and pulsed wave Doppler examination appears to be a non-invasive and low-cost test for the assessment of tubal patency, which should be performed during diagnostic work-up for infertility.     

Comparing recollective experience in true and false autobiographical memories.

This study investigated whether true autobiographical memories are qualitatively distinct from false autobiographical memories using a variation of the interview method originally reported by E. F. Loftus and J. Pickrell (1995). Participants recalled events provided by parents on 3 separate occasions and were asked to imagine true and false unremembered events. True memories were rated by both participants and observers as more rich in recollective experience and were rated by participants as more important, more emotionally intense, as having clearer imagery, and as less typical than false memories. Rehearsal frequency was used as a covariate, eliminating these effects. Imagery in true memories was most often viewed from the field perspective, whereas imagery in false memories was most often viewed from the observer perspective. More information was communicated in true memories, and true memories contained more information concerning the consequences of described events. Results suggest repeated remembering can make false memories more rich in recollective experience and more like true memories. Differences between true and false memories suggest some potentially distinct characteristics of false memories and provide insight into the process of false memory creation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Positions and training of the indigenous health workforce

Laparoscopy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are competetive tools in the diagnostic of non-palpable testis. Advantages and disadvantages of this methods will be demonstrate. 29 boys investigated for this indication with MRI. In case MRI failed to locate the testis laparoscopy was performed with a new miniaturized set of pediatric instruments (1.9 mm optic). The aim of laparoscopy was the identification of the spermatic duct and vessels and their topographic relation to the internal inguinal ring. All findings were verified by open surgical procedures. MRI revealed 10 inguinal and 7 abdominal testis. There was no false positive finding. In 12 boys MRI showed no testis. 4 cases were correct negative, 8 cases were false negative (32%). In these 8 MRI-negative patients laparoscopy revealed 7 inguinal and 1 abdominal testis. The optical quality of the mini-telescope was sufficient for a 100% correct diagnosis. Laparoscopy related complications did not occur. Laparoscopy proved to be a powerful low risk diagnostic method in non-palpable testis with high sensitivity and specifity (100% correct positive, 0% false negative). Therefore lapraroscopy is recommended as primary diagnostic access for this indication. In the same anesthesia a optimal therapy is possible. Nevertheless a positive MRI-finding locates the testis reliably, whereas a negative finding always needs further exploration because testis might have been missed.     

蚀变带内矿体开采中人工假底的应用研究

针对嵩县山金矿业有限公司主矿体位于矿区构造破碎带内,前期采用上向进路充填采矿法对其进行开采时留下了高品位顶底矿柱的开采难题,矿山提出通过在各中段间施工人工假底来对这部分高品位矿柱进行回收。因此,为保证顶底柱回采稳定性和矿石回收率,建立了人工假底薄“板”力学模型,应用弹性力学理论对其失稳机理进行分析;同时在人工假底厚度确定的情况下采用安全系数法分析了进路宽度与高度对进路稳定性的影响,确定安全合理的进路宽度为3.5~4.0 m,高度为3.0~4.0 m;再对人工假底进行配筋设计,并对金属网在人工假底中不同位置时假底位移及应力场变化进行数值模拟分析,得到最安全合理的铺设位置为人工假底中部。将研究结果应用到工程实践中,结果表明人工假底的应用使矿山顶底柱得到安全高效的回采。