柏树综合利用研究概况

对柏树化学综合利用系列产品－柏木油，柏木脑，柏木烷酮，乙酸柏森酯，甲基柏木醚，柏木针和叶油，烟熏剂，饲料填充剂，柏木粉等进行了阐述。     

气相色谱-质谱法在柏木油生产中的应用

柏木油（Ｃｅｄａｒｗｏｏｄｏｉｌ），又名雪松油，是由柏科植物的根、茎或枝经蒸馏而得的一种精油［１］。它是香料行业中广泛应用的一种定香剂和协调剂，也常用作杀虫剂、消毒剂、室内喷剂的原料。作者在对柏木油的化学成分进行研究的基础［２］，依据柏木油品质质量的...     

用柏木脑合成乙酸柏木酯的研究

介绍了柏木油的主要成分柏木脑为原料,醋酸酐为酰化剂,合成乙酸柏木酯的方法。     

用柏木脑合成乙酸柏木酯的研究

介绍了以柏木油的主要成分柏木脑为原料,醋酸酐为酰化剂,合成乙酸柏木酯的方法。     

柏木油提取方法研究

本文介绍用水蒸汽蒸馏法和溶剂萃取法提取柏木油,应用正交试验及方差分析确定了水蒸馏法的最佳工艺条件,采用乙醇等溶剂作为萃取剂,进行了萃取法提取柏木油的探索实验,实验结果,以及目前以水蒸汽蒸馏法提取相木油经济可行。     

我国柏木油生产中存在的问题与对策

我国是柏木油生产国之一,也是柏木原油出口最多的国家。但如何变出口原油为出口柏木油深加工系列产品?怎样经营管理好柏木油的加工与贸易?制定柏木油国家标准更是当务之急。文中阐述了相应对策并介绍了提高柏木油质量和得率的3个技术关键问题。     

我国柏木油生产中存在的问题与对策

我国是柏木油生产国之一，也是柏木原油出口最多的国家，但如何变出口原油为出口柏木油深加工系列产品？怎样经营管理好柏木油的加工与贸易？制定柏木油国家标准更是当务之急。文中阐述了相应对策并介绍了提高柏木油质量和得率的３个技术关键问题。     

柏木烷酮的合成

柏木烷酮是一种具有浓郁的木香香气的合成香料,它是柏木油的衍生产物之一,中国柏木油是最经济且丰富的倍半萜烯资源之一。重点介绍了从柏木油中提取α-柏木烯来合成柏木烷酮的方法,并探讨了影响其合成反应的因素,提出了开发柏木烷酮产品的建议。     

持久香料乙酰基柏木烯的研制

乙酰基柏木烯是一种持久性长的香料,是近年来国内外开发的香料新品种。它具有木香、龙涎香,还有檀香、麝香一类的香气,对香精质量起重要作用。它是从柏木油中提取柏木烯;由柏木烯用醋酐作酰化剂,加上溶剂和催化剂,在50—55℃反应四小时,产品经分离提纯而制得的。B.P.145—165℃/1.6kpa,d_(20)~(20):0.996—1.010,n(?):1.5170—1.5210。     

柏木油回顾

本文简要回顾中国柏木油之产量、质量和价格。笔者以为中国柏木油价格在国际市场走低多年 ,其主因是香气质量。为改进柏木油香气质量 ,主张以水蒸汽蒸馏技术取代水上蒸馏法 ,不赞成用干馏法或“红锅”法来制取柏木原油。对现有柏木宝贵的天然资源 ,主张由林业部门主导统筹规划和进行科学开发及综合利用。     

用氨基钠还原剂合成香料乙基柏木醚

柏木醚是柏木醇的脂肪族醚。由柏木油中提取的柏木醇３２ｇ、１７６ｍｌ二甲苯、氨基钠７ｇ，在１１５～１２５℃下回流２ｈ，冷却，慢慢滴加３２ｇ硫酸二乙酯，在１１５～１２５℃回流１ｈ，分馏，在１１３～１１４℃／０．１６ｋＰａ下收集乙基柏木醚，产率８９％，含量９６％。     

雪松松针挥发油成分分析

以无水乙醇、乙酸乙酯、石油醚为溶剂．采用分级萃取的方法分别从新鲜和干枯雪松松针中提取挥发油,利用气相色谱／质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对其化学成分进行分析鉴定。结果表明：新鲜松针中有65种组分,其主要成分是烷烃、烯酸、烯酮、甾醇类,而干枯松针的组分有44种,其主要成分是烷酸、酮类、酯类以及甾醇类物质,其中甾醇类物质的含量比较高。干枯松针中的组分存在形式相对比较稳定。     

柏木油化学成分的分析研究

利用气相色谱 质谱联用仪对柏木油化学成分进行了研究,共鉴定出３７种组分。其主要成分为α 雪松烯,γ 衣兰油烯,α 雪松醇,苎烯,罗勒烯,α 萜品醇,姜黄烯,α 沽杷烯,萜品油烯,α 蒎烯,蒈烯,δ荜澄加烯,β 榄香烯等。峰面积归一化结果表明,柏木油中α 雪松烯含量最高,约占总量的３３％。     

微波辐射下乙酸柏木酯的合成

采用微波辐射技术,以复合磷酸(磷酸与乙酸组成)为催化剂,柏木脑和乙酸酐为原料,合成乙酸柏木酯。研究了影响酯化反应的因素,并对产品进行了分析和鉴定。通过正交试验得出最佳的反应条件为:柏木脑(柏木脑用量 5.55 g)与乙酸酐的物质的量之比1:1.5,催化剂用量 0.010 g,微波辐射功率 450 W,辐射时间 20 min。在此条件下,平均酯化产率为 74.6%。     

Insect feeding and oviposition deterrents from western red cedar foliage

The feeding deterrent activity of fractions from the foliage of western red cedar,Thujaplicata Donn, was studied in laboratory bioassays using the white pine weevil,Pissodes strobi Peck, as a test insect. The most active fraction was the volatile mixture that comprises the leaf oil of this tree species. Further fractionation of the leaf oil indicated feeding deterrent activity in the monoterpene hydrocarbon, thujone, and terpene alcohol fractions. When tested alone, both (–)-3-isothujone and (+)-3-thujone, which made up 75–88% and 5–10% of the leaf oil, respectively, deterred feeding by the weevils. Western red cedar leaf oil also showed antifeedant activity with the alder flea beetle,Altica ambiens (Le Conte), and served as an oviposition deterrent for the onion root maggot,Hylemya antiqua Meigen. The leaf oil, however, had no inhibitory effect on the feeding of the leaf roller,Epinotia solandriana L., and the red-backed sawfly,Eriocampa ovata L.Research supported by the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council, Canada, Co-op Grant No. A0243 and Operating Grant Nos. A3881 and A3706, and by the British Columbia Ministry of Labour Youth Employment Program.     

乙酸柏木酯的合成研究

概述了乙酸柏木酯的性质、香气特征和应用，用柏木醇和醋酐为原料，合成了乙酸柏木酯，考查了原料配比、溶剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对产物产率的影响。该工艺具有原料来源广、便宜、反应条件温和的优点，具有工业实用价值。     

Multiple uses of Essential Oil and By-Products from Various Parts of the Yakushima Native Cedar (Cryptomeria Japonica)

This article presents multiple potential uses of the Yakushima native cedar (Cryptomeria japonica), known in Japan as the Yaku-sugi tree. The Yaku-sugi was divided into four parts: leaves, branches with leaves, branches, and stems. We obtained the essential oil, hydrosol, distillation residue, and distillation wastewater from the trees. Essential oil and hydrosol were determined to be volatile organic compounds. All samples were screened for the following bioactivities: antioxidative, antibacterial, and anti-melanogenesis activities. Freeze-dried distillation residue was tested to assess whether it had a deodorizing effect. The main component of the leaf essential oil was found to be monoterpenes. In contrast, the stem essential oil mainly contained sesquiterpenes. In terms of bioactivities, the leaf essential oil showed antibacterial activity and the stem essential oil showed anti-melanogenesis activity. Distillation residue and wastewater showed many activities, including antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-melanogenesis activities. Moreover, the residue had a deodorizing effect against ammonia.     

杉根精油分离及其化学成分测定

用干馏工艺扩试提取杉根精油,干馏釜3m3,干馏温度105～420℃,时间6.0h,产品得率为6.08%,是水蒸气蒸馏提取方法的3倍。产品相对密度(25℃)为0.9912～1.021,折射率nD20为1.4799,旋光度+0.5°。应用GC法对100～250℃的精油化学成分进行了分析,分出41个色谱峰,共鉴定出39个化合物,占该精油总质量的99.16%,其中主要成分为α-蒎烯3.8010%(质量分数,下同),d-柠檬烯2.8893%,β-松油烯7.1880%,长叶烯10.4162%,β-石竹烯4.2064%,α-木罗烯3.017%,β-松油醇2.876%,β-榄香烯4.5719%,柏木醇31.5087%,愈创木醇6.1426%,实验结果表明,精油化学成分及含量因树龄、树的部位、提取工艺不同,差异很大。     

Influence of woody biomass (cedar chip) addition on the emissions of PM10 from pulverised coal combustion

Co-combustion of pulverised coal with a woody biomass, cedar chip was conducted in a lab-scale drop-tube furnace (DTF) to investigate the synergetic interaction between the inorganic elements of different fuels and the emissions of sub-micron particles (particles smaller than 1.0 μm in size, PM₁) and super-micron particles (particles in the size range of 1.0-10 μm, PM₁₊) during co-firing. The mass fraction of cedar chip in fuel blend ranged from 10% to 50%. All the fuels were burnt in air at two furnace temperatures, 1200 and 1450 °C. The results indicate that, under an identical calorific input, combustion of cedar chip alone favored the emission of sub-micron PM₁, which is dominated by volatile elements including K, Ca, Fe, Na and P. A large fraction of K and Na were most probably present as gaseous vapors in the furnace. The other metals mainly condensed into nano-scale nuclei which subsequently coagulated into a variety of sizes in flue gas. Coal combustion alone favored the release of super-micron particles rich in Al and Si. Emission of PM upon co-firing was a function of both cedar chip share and furnace temperature. At a small mass fraction for cedar chip in fuel blend, e.g. 10% tested here, interaction between the inorganic elements of single fuels was insignificant at either furnace temperature. Accordingly, the quantities of PM₁ and PM₁₊ emitted from co-firing at 10% cedar chip were slightly higher than from the combustion of coal alone, due to the contribution of cedar chip. Significant interaction between the inorganic elements of single fuels was observed for co-firing of coal with >10% cedar chip at the furnace temperature of 1450 °C. As has been confirmed, adding 20-30% cedar chip to coal resulted in the shift of approximately 90% of PM₁ and 50% PM₁₊ into coarse ash particles. For the cedar chip-derived alkali vapors and nano-scale/sub-micron particles, the rates of their shift into larger particles were influenced by two competing routes, homogeneous coagulation and surface reaction with coal-derived kaolin. In contrast, the shift of super-micron particles was primarily determined by their collision probability with the coal-derived mineral grains in bulk gas. A sticky surface for particles is also essential. The shift of individual metals into coarse ash differed distinctly from one another.     

Ambrosia Beetle Host Selection Among Logs of Douglas Fir, Western Hemlock, and Western Red Cedar with Different Ethanol and α-Pinene Concentrations

Logs from Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii; western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla; and western red cedar, Thuja plicata, were left in the forest through winter. In April, segments from these logs were removed and randomly positioned adjacent to one another allowing ambrosia beetles to select their preferred host. In early June the tissues of Douglas fir and western hemlock logs contained significantly higher ethanol concentrations and ambrosia beetle (Trypodendron lineatum and Gnathotrichus spp.) densities than logs of western red cedar. Low beetle attack densities in western red cedar were probably a consequence of low ethanol concentrations. Although Douglas fir tissues produced significantly higher ethanol concentrations than western hemlock, the beetles did not effectively discriminate between these two conifer species. Ethanol and α-pinene were significant covariates for the ambrosia beetle densities. α-Pinene concentrations were highest in the phloem of western red cedar, intermediate in Douglas fir, and nearly absent in western hemlock. α-Pinene did not synergize the beetle's response to ethanol or to ethanol + pheromone during host selection, and it may have functioned as a deterrent.