基于无监督深度学习的声发射信号聚类分析

为提高声发射信号检测诊断的自动化程度,直接从声发射波形出发,提出了一种基于深度神经网络与聚类分析的声发射信号分类方法。针对声发射信号标签数据难以获取的问题,采用无监督学习方式,根据大量声发射实测波形进行深度一维卷积自编码器训练,实现了声发射信号特征的自动提取,进而结合K均值聚类算法准确区分不同类型的声发射信号。铅芯在复合材料板上突然断裂和摩擦的声发射试验表明,提出的方法能自动识别不同类别的声发射信号,识别效果优于基于人为设定声发射信号特征的聚类方法。     

Ultrasonic NDE of composite material structures using wavelet coefficients

A wavelet-based method is proposed to perform the analysis of NDE ultrasonic signals received during the inspection of reinforced composite materials. The non-homogenous nature of such materials induces a very high level of structural noise which greatly complicates the interpretation of the NDE signals. By combining the time domain and the classical Fourier analysis, the wavelet transform provides simultaneously spectral representation and temporal order of the signal decomposition components. To construct a C-scan image from the wavelet transform of the A-scan signals, we propose a selection process of the wavelet coefficients, followed by an interpretation procedure based on a windowing process in the time–frequency domain. The proposed NDE method is tested on cryogenic glass/epoxy hydrogen reservoir samples.     

Strength and Wear Behavior of Mg Alloy AE42 Reinforced with Carbon Short Fibers

In addition to the advantage of the lightweight of magnesium alloys, magnesium composites have moderate strength and elastic modulus. The proposed application of magnesium composites as diesel truck pistons makes it necessary to assess their wear performance. Little research data have been discussed on wear behavior of Mg alloy AE42 matrix and its composites. Thus, this paper reports wear behavior of magnesium alloy AE42(Mg–Al–Mn—RE; rare earth) and its composite AE42-C, which contains 23 vol% of randomly oriented carbon short fibers. Materials characterization, including density measurements, hardness testing, microstructures investigation, and compression testing at temperatures of 25, 150,and 300 °C, were conducted. Wear tests were performed under various loads and sliding distances. Wear mechanisms were also proposed based on the examination of worn surfaces using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy equipped with EDX(energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry) analysis system. The hardness of AE42-23 vol% C composite is twice the hardness of the Mg matrix alloy AE42. Significant improvements to yield stress and compressive strength at temperatures of 25, 150, and 300 °C of the composite versus the AE42 alloy are achieved. Wear resistance of the composite is improved considerably versus that of the Mg alloy AE42 at the various sliding distances. Smearing of graphite on the worn surface produces a lubricating film that delays change from mild to severe wear of the composite, especially at high loads. EDX analysis of the worn surface shows oxidation of the matrix alloy at higher wear loads, and this mechanism decreases in the presence of carbon fibers under the same loads. Abrasive wear, oxidation, and plastic deformation are the dominant wear mechanisms for the alloy matrix AE42, whereas mainly abrasive wear is the wear mechanism of AE42-23 vol% C composite under the proposed testing conditions.     

Fracture dynamics of sprayed and laser-glazed titania by an inverse processing of elastic waves

A new elastic wave (EW) or acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and signal processing system has been developed and used to elucidate the fracture behavior of sprayed and laser-glazed ceramic coatings. The system measures the minute surface displacements excited by the propagation of elastic waves. It enables elucidation of the fracture dynamics (fracture mode and kinetics) of stressed coatings. The surface displacement at the sensor position was computed by the convolution integral of an assumed source wave with the dynamic Green’s function until signals resembled the measured wave. This new signal processing method was used to determine the fracture strength and dynamics of microcracks in sprayed and laser-glazed titania subjected to four-point bending. It was found that mode II shear cracking along the interface between the coating and substrate occurred prior to mode I cleavage cracking. The fracture strength of laser-glazed titania was higher than that of as-sprayed titania in most cases; however, this depended on the coating structure. This article introduces the principle of source inversion processing of elastic waves, the monitoring system, laser glazing of sprayed titania, and experimental work on the fracture behavior of titania coatings.     

复合材料损伤过程的声发射研究方法

对声发射（ＡＥ）研究的基本方法作了简介,采用参数分析和波形分析方法对金属基和陶瓷基复合材料在变形损伤过程中的ＡＥ特征进行了研究,结果表明,通过记录声发射特征参数可以有效地判断复合材料各阶段的变形损伤机制。因此,利用这一手段可以更全面、更深入地了解复合材料伤破坏过程。     

孔洞对双晶TiAl合金断裂行为影响的声发射响应

本文基于分子动力学方法,对含孔洞的双晶TiAl合金试样进行了单轴拉伸模拟,在纳米尺度下研究了材料变形和断裂过程中的缺陷演化行为及其声发射响应。研究发现：孔洞大小和位置对材料的弹性模量影响较小,屈服强度随孔洞尺寸的增大而降低;进入塑性变形后,孪晶界对孔洞边缘连续发射的位错有阻碍作用,使晶体强度增加;达到屈服应力时,含晶界孔洞的试样更容易产生稳定的位错结构,阻碍其他位错运动,从而提高了晶体强度;通过对拉伸过程中的声发射信号进行分析,发现声发射信号主要来源于晶格振动,并且具有较大的功率值范围和较低的中值频率;位错滑移的声发射信号表现出宽频域的特点,位错增殖和位错塞积的声发射信号表现出低功率的特点;裂纹扩展的声发射信号属于突发型信号,表现为高频率、高功率的特征。     

First matrix cracking behavior of ceramic composites at elevated temperatures

The first matrix cracking behavior of a silicon carbide fiber (SCS-6™)-reinforced zircon matrix composite is studied as a function of flaw size and temperature. Flaws of controlled size are created in the monolithic zircon and silicon carbide fiber-reinforced zircon matrix composite by means of a Vicker's indentation technique. The first matrix cracking stress is measured at three different temperatures of 25, 500, and 1200°C as a function of the crack length. The results on ceramic composites demonstrated both steady state and non-steady state matrix cracking behaviors and an increase in the steady state matrix cracking stress with an increase in temperature as predicted by the theoretical models. These results are compared with the predictions of the theoretical models of matrix cracking based on fracture mechanics analysis.     

基于HHT的预应力钢筋混凝土梁断裂AE信号分析

针对混凝土材料损伤所产生的声发射信号复杂的特点,提出了基于Hilbert—Huang变换的分析混凝土声发射信号的新方法。利用全波形声发射技术记录了预应力混凝土梁在三点弯曲荷载试验下整个破坏过程的声发射信号,研究了声发射累计能量随时间变化的关系曲线,分析了梁在不同破坏阶段产生的实测声发射信号,获得了信号的Hilbert谱。通过与小波分析结果进行比较,显示出该方法具有处理精度高、自适应性强的特点,能有效地提取声发射信号中损伤的主要特征,为声发射信号处理提出了一种新的途径。     

Study on fracture behavior of SiCp/A356 composites

The fracture behavior of SiCp/A356 composite at room and high temperatures was studied.Under tensile stress condition at room temperature, the fracture is mostly a combination of the brittle fracture of SiC particles and ductile fracture of A356 matrix.As the tensile temperature increases, the composite changes the main fracture behavior to the separation fracture of the bonding surface between SiC particles and A356 matrix.When the tensile temperature reaches 573 K, the fracture behavior of the composites is almost the whole separation fracture of the bonding surface, which is the main strengthening mechanism at high temperature.Under the cycle stress condition at room and high temperatures, the main fracture behavior of the composites is always a combination of the brittle fracture of SiC particles and ductile fracture of A356 matrix.However, under the cycle stress at high temperature, cycle behavior of the composites changes from cycle hardening at room temperature to the cycle softening at high temperature.     

管道声发射泄漏检测技术研究进展

声发射检测的目的是获得声发射源的有关信息(如声发射源的特征和位置等)。管道泄漏声发射信号既携带结构的某些特征信息(泄漏孔大小和位置等)，同时又有很大的随机性和不确定性，属于一种非平稳随机信号。在分析管道泄漏声发射信号特点基础上，着重对管道声发射泄漏检测技术及信号处理方法的最新研究进展进行了回顾。模态声发射能够解决常规声发射技术发展中的问题，是一种潜在的能够实现管道泄漏定量检测的方法。     

The effects of sorbed moisture on resin-matrix composites

The effects of water absorption have been investigated on the diffusion behavior, moisture-induced expansion, and fracture properties of thermoset and thermoplastic resin-matrix composites. The composite materials were submerged in distilled water at temperatures from 45°C to 90°C for more than 8,000 h. Moisture saturation levels were considerably higher in the thermoset composites than in the thermoplastic composite. Moisture sorption in the graphite/epoxy composite exhibited both classical Fickian and non-Fickian diffusion behavior. Deviant, non-Fickian behavior was related to chemical modification and physical damage in the composite. Moisture sorption in thermoplastic resin composites follows Fickian diffusion rather closely. Anomalous moisture expansion behavior in graphite-epoxy composites was attributed to environmental-induced damage of the laminate. Sorbed moisture reduced the delamination fracture toughness (DFT) of a thermoset composite, whereas moisture sorption had virtually no effect on the DFT of a thermoplastic composite.     

Toughening effects quantification in glass matrix composite reinforced by alumina platelets

A borosilicate glass matrix composite containing alumina platelets was considered to investigate toughening mechanisms and crack tip behavior in dispersion reinforced brittle matrix composites. Fracture toughness was determined by applying the chevron notched specimen technique, and fractographic analysis was employed to reveal the active toughening mechanisms with increasing content of reinforcement. A roughness-induced shielding effect has been quantified to prove the relation between fracture toughness and fracture surface roughness. Theoretical calculations of the fracture toughness enhancement based on a modified crack deflection model developed by Faber and Evans, combined with the influence of the increase in Young’s modulus, were found to be in good agreement with experimental data. An effect of residual stresses upon toughening of the investigated composite is discussed.     

Fracture mechanism characterization of cross-ply carbon-fiber composites using acoustic emission analysis

The sequence of microscopic fracture mechanisms in locally loaded cross-ply carbon-fiber composites was studied by analyzing acoustic emission (AE) signals in combination with the modal analysis of Lamb waves, using microscopic and ultrasonic examination of the specimen after load interruption. The first 70 AE events were analyzed, which were detected during the initial loading segment when the first sudden load drop and gradual load recovery were observed. Characteristics of the detected waves were compared with the S₀- and A₀-mode Lamb waves produced by a spot- or line-focused YAG laser. The internal damage progression of the composite specimen was determined to be the fiber fracture in the front lamina, transverse cracks in the mid-lamina, delamination and splitting.     

Estimation of porosity content of composite materials by applying discrete wavelet transform to ultrasonic backscattered signal

As the use of composite materials in the aerospace industry increases, the development of advanced nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques for composite materials is in demand. Ultrasonic quantitative NDE technique for composite materials may provide good information on manufacturing quality, material strength and perhaps useful lifetime. It is well known that the effects of porosity in composite laminates on ultrasonic attenuation and velocity can be used in gauging the porosity content in composites, but back surface echoes may be absent or unusable due to complex geometry and bonding effects. In such cases the backscattered signals may be processed to extract porosity information. Measuring the porosity content in composite material by ultrasonic backscattering signal is a significant challenging problem in NDE of composite material. Backscattering signals are random and sensitive to volume fraction of pore and thickness of ply in composite material. Therefore the backscattering signal has various frequency bands and hence a signal decomposition method is required to analyze the ultrasonic backscattering signals. In this study, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using a MATLAB decomposition algorithm was applied to ultrasonic backscattered signals acquired in various porous composite laminates containing a porosity content that ranges from 0.01 to 11.90%. The ultrasonic backscattered signals were decomposed into two parts: the high frequency components called “Details” and the low frequency components called “Approximation”. And then, the correlation analysis was performed between the porosity content and the peak amplitude and magnitude of peak frequency of the decomposed signal. Overall, the correlation was reasonably good. As a conclusion, the DWT technique showed good benefits for analyzing the porosity content in composites using ultrasonic backscattered signal from composite materials.     

C/SiC复合材料拉伸过程的声发射研究

利用声发射（AE）技术对C／SiC复合材料试样拉伸试验过程进行动态监测。通过声发射多参数分析法对拉伸过程中的声发射累计能量和平均持续时间随载荷或时间的变化进行了综合分析；同时对拉伸过程中典型AE信号的频率特征进行了分析，揭示了C／SiC复合材料拉伸损伤的演化过程及规律，给出了材料拉伸损伤发展的不同阶段以及各阶段损伤类型。通过声发射累计能量随载荷变化的斜率突变定义了材料临界损伤强度。     

Influence of spherical particles and interfacial stress distribution on viscous flow behavior of Ti‐Cu‐Ni‐Zr‐Sn bulk metallic glass composites

Bulk metallic glass composites containing micro-scale B2 particles are subject to investigation with regards to the influence of B2 particles and interfacial stress and strain distribution on the viscous flow behavior at a super-cooled liquid state. An increased volume fraction of B2 particles leads to an increase of minimum viscosity and influences viscous flow behavior before crystallization. In high temperature deformation, the bulk metallic glass shows homogeneous deformation feature. However, the heterogeneous deformation feature is found in thermoplastically deformed bulk metallic glass composite. The strong stain accumulation and sluggish viscous flow occur around B2 particles, which are caused by the heterogeneous stress distribution linked to stress concentration and shear stress impediment around B2 particles. The sluggish viscous flow of super-cooled liquids around B2 particles during high temperature deformation induces an increase of viscosity and strongly affects the viscous flow behavior of Ti-based bulk metallic glass composites containing micro-scale spherical B2 particles.     

Comparison of Acoustic Emission Characteristics for C/SiC Composite Component Under Combination of Heating and Mechanical Loading

The acoustic emission(AE) characteristics of C/SiC composite component under various conditions were compared, with the purpose of identifying the possible damage and failure mechanism. During the process of the single mechanical loading, the highest amplitude of the AE signal was less than 85 dB and the main damage forms of matrix cracking and interface debonding were involved. For the heating process, high-energy AE signals with an amplitude more than 85 dB were detected and fiber fracture mechanism was determined as well due to the thermal stress caused by the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between the reinforced fiber and matrix. During the combination process of the heating and mechanical loading, it was concluded that the degree of damage was much severer than the simple superposition of damage produced by the individual mechanical loading and the individual heating process.     

Application of acoustic emission in drilling of composite laminates

Acoustic emission (AE) technique was used to characterise drilling of composite laminates. Uni-directional glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) laminates consisting of 12-layers and 16-layers (0/90)_s were drilled using a twist drill and the generated AE was monitored. Results of the investigations reveal that the complexion of the acoustic emission root mean square (AE-RMS) signal response changes from the drill entry to the exit thus giving an overall understanding about the different events that take place during drilling. Also, AE-RMS signal level increases with an increase in the applied thrust and further reveals that it is possible to evaluate the drill induced damages in composites through AE signal characterisation.