引入属性和分组概念的ARBAC扩展模型

通过考察基于角色的访问控制RBAC模型,提出了一个实用的扩展模型.扩展模型主要引入属性和分组的概念,将具有相同角色的用户定义为一个组,按用户组指派相应的角色.并对权限和属性分组,按组为角色指派相应的属性和权限,解决了原模型在用户指派时不易表达对用户特征的限制.实体分为用户组、权限组、属性组等,简化了对RBAC系统中大量实体的管理,减轻了安全管理员进行用户指派、权限指派和属性指派时的工作量,增强了实用性.扩展模型中的实体与面向对象的编程方法OOP中的概念存在对应关系,软件开发人员很容易理解和实现.     

Modeling users on the World Wide Web based on cognitive factors,navigation behavior and clustering techniques

This paper focuses on modeling users’ cognitive styles based on a set of Web usage mining techniques on user navigation patterns and clickstream data. Main aim is to investigate whether specific clustering techniques can group users of particular cognitive style using measures obtained from psychometric tests and content navigation behavior. Three navigation metrics are proposed and utilized to find identifiable groups of users that have similar navigation patterns in relation to their cognitive style. The proposed work has been evaluated with two user studies which entail a psychometric-based survey for extracting the users’ cognitive styles, combined with a real usage scenario of users navigating in a controlled Web 2.0 environment. A total of 106 participants of age between 17 and 25 participated in the study providing interesting insights with respect to cognitive styles and navigation behavior of users. Studies like the reported one can be useful for modeling users and assist adaptive Web 2.0 environments to organize and present information and functionalities in an adaptive format to diverse user groups.     

基于用户偏好特征挖掘的个性化推荐算法

为了提升社交网络个性化推荐能力,结合用户行为分布进行个性化推荐设计,文中提出基于用户行为特征挖掘的个性化推荐算法,构建社交网络的用户行为信息特征挖掘模型,采用显著数据分块检测方法对社交网络用户特征的行为信息进行融合处理,提取反映用户偏好的语义信息特征量。从情感、关键词和结构等方面根据用户行为特征组,结合模糊信息感知方法进行社交网络个性化推荐过程中的信息融合处理,在关联规则约束控制下,构建社交网络用户偏好特征的混合推荐模型,实现用户偏好特征挖掘,根据语义分布和用户的行为偏好实现社交网络的个性化信息推荐。仿真结果表明,采用所提方法进行社交网络个性化推荐的特征分辨能力较好,对用户行为特征的准确识别能力较强,提高了社交网络推荐输出的准确性。     

Website task performance by older adults

The present study examined influences of fluid intelligence and website experience on a website task by 99 community-dwelling older adults (41 males, 58 females, age range 58 - 90 years) who were screened for visual acuity and major health problems. They were divided into three groups, dependent on their prior website experience (19 with no prior website experience, 55 with low website experience and 25 with high website experience). Perpendicular to this, the participants were divided into low- and high-fluid intelligence groups and into young - old and old - old age groups. Participants performed a website information retrieval task using three health information websites. Performance was assessed by the time taken to retrieve target information. Overall, the three websites significantly differed in the time taken to locate the target information. The website task performance was not significantly influenced by fluid intelligence score or age, but there was a significant influence by prior website experience.     

Natural language interface for information management on mobile devices

A natural language interface (NLI) enables the ease-of-use of information systems in performing sophisticated human - computer interaction. To address the challenges of mobile devices to user interaction in information management, we propose an NLI as a promising solution. In this paper, we review state-of-the-art NLI technologies and analyse user requirements for managing notable information on mobile devices. To minimize any technical difficulties arising from developing and improving the usability of NLI systems we develop general principles for NLI design, which fills in a gap in the literature. In order to satisfy user requirements for information management on mobile devices, we innovatively design NLI-enabled information management architecture. It is shown from two usage scenarios that the architecture could lead to reduced effort in user navigation and improved efficiency and effectiveness of managing information on mobile devices. We conclude the article with the implications of this study and suggestions for future direction.     

Designing the user interface of the computer-based speech training system ARTUR based on early user tests

This study has been performed in order to evaluate a prototype for the human - computer interface of a computer-based speech training aid named ARTUR. The main feature of the aid is that it can give suggestions on how to improve articulations. Two user groups were involved: three children aged 9 - 14 with extensive experience of speech training with therapists and computers, and three children aged 6, with little or no prior experience of computer-based speech training. All children had general language disorders. The study indicates that the present interface is usable without prior training or instructions, even for the younger children, but that more motivational factors should be introduced. The granularity of the mesh that classifies mispronunciations was satisfactory, but the flexibility and level of detail of the feedback should be developed further.     

An efficient feature selection method for mobile devices with application to activity recognition

This paper presents a feature selection method for data classification, which combines a model-based variable selection technique and a fast two-stage subset selection algorithm. The relationship between a specified (and complete) set of candidate features and the class label is modeled using a non-linear full regression model which is linear-in-the-parameters. The performance of a sub-model measured by the sum of the squared-errors (SSE) is used to score the informativeness of the subset of features involved in the sub-model. The two-stage subset selection algorithm approaches a solution sub-model with the SSE being locally minimized. The features involved in the solution sub-model are selected as inputs to support vector machines (SVMs) for classification. The memory requirement of this algorithm is independent of the number of training patterns. This property makes this method suitable for applications executed in mobile devices where physical RAM memory is very limited.An application was developed for activity recognition, which implements the proposed feature selection algorithm and an SVM training procedure. Experiments are carried out with the application running on a PDA for human activity recognition using accelerometer data. A comparison with an information gain-based feature selection method demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.     

A decision rule-based method for feature selection in predictive data mining

Algorithms for feature selection in predictive data mining for classification problems attempt to select those features that are relevant, and are not redundant for the classification task. A relevant feature is defined as one which is highly correlated with the target function. One problem with the definition of feature relevance is that there is no universally accepted definition of what it means for a feature to be ‘highly correlated with the target function or highly correlated with the other features’. A new feature selection algorithm which incorporates domain specific definitions of high, medium and low correlations is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm conducts a heuristic search for the most relevant features for the prediction task.     

Ontology-based mobile augmented reality in cultural heritage sites: information modeling and user study

Augmented reality (AR) has received much attention in the cultural heritage domain as an interactive medium for requesting and accessing information regarding heritage sites. In this study, we developed a mobile AR system based on Semantic Web technology to provide contextual information about cultural heritage sites. Most location-based AR systems are designed to present simple information about a point of interest (POI), but the proposed system offers information related to various aspects of cultural heritage, both tangible and intangible, linked to the POI. This is achieved via an information modeling framework where a cultural heritage ontology is used to aggregate heterogeneous data and semantically connect them with each other. We extracted cultural heritage data from five web databases and modeled contextual information for a target heritage site (Injeongjeon Hall and its vicinity in Changdeokgung Palace in South Korea) using the selected ontology. We then implemented a mobile AR application and conducted a user study to assess the learning and engagement impacts of the proposed system. We found that the application provides an agreeable user experience in terms of its affective, cognitive, and operative features. The results of our analysis showed that specific usage patterns were significant with regard to learning outcomes. Finally, we explored how the study’s key findings can provide practical design guidance for system designers to enhance mobile AR information systems for heritage sites, and to show system designers how to support particular usage patterns in order to accommodate specific user experiences better.

     

Enhancing and Relaxing Competitive Units for Feature Discovery

In this paper, we propose a new information-theoretic method called enhancement and relaxation to discover main features in input patterns. We have so far shown that competitive learning is a process of mutual information maximization between input patterns and connection weights. However, because mutual information is an average over all input patterns and competitive units, it is not adequate for discovering detailed information on the roles of elements in a network. To extract information on the roles of elements in a networks, we enhance or relax competitive units through the elements. Mutual information should be changed by these processes. The change in information is called enhanced information. The enhanced information can be used to discover features in input patterns, because the information includes detailed information on elements in a network. We applied the method to the symmetry data, the well-known Iris problem and the OECD countries classification. In all cases, we succeeded in extracting the main features in input patterns.     

引入通道注意力和残差学习的目标检测器

现有目标检测器特征金字塔无法充分利用不同尺度特征图的特征信息,不适用于低分辨率图像的目标和小目标的检测.针对此问题,文中提出引入通道注意力机制和残差学习块的目标检测器.首先引入通道全局注意力机制,通过网络学习特征图中不同通道特征的权重,增强有效的全局特征信息.然后采用轻量级的残差块,突出特征的微小变化,提高低分辨率图像中小目标的检测性能.最后在用于预测的浅层特征图中融合深层特征,提高小目标的检测精度.在标准测试数据集上的实验表明,文中目标检测器适用于低分辨率图像,对小目标的检测效果较优.     

联合谱聚类与邻域互信息的特征选择算法*

针对特征空间中存在潜在相关特征的规律,分别利用谱聚类探索特征间的相关性及邻域互信息以寻求最大相关特征子集,提出联合谱聚类与邻域互信息的特征选择算法.首先利用邻域互信息移除与标记不相干的特征.然后采用谱聚类将特征进行分簇,使同一簇组中的特征强相关而不同簇组中的特征强相异.继而基于邻域互信息从每一特征簇组中选择与类标记强相关而与本组特征低冗余的特征子集.最后将所有选中特征子集组成最终的特征选择结果.在2个基分类器下的实验表明,文中算法能以较少的合理特征获得较高的分类性能.     

Feature detectors by autoencoders: Decomposition of input patterns into atomic features by neural networks

In this paper, we propose a feature detector for the neural network. Our feature detector aims to decompose input patterns into minimum constituents or atomic features. Atomic features are classified into features, common to all the input patterns and features, specific to each pattern. Thus, our feature detector is mainly composed of a common feature detector, distinctive feature detectors. The other two components are an information maximizer and an error minimizer. The distinctive feature detector is realized by the information maximizer, which increases the information, specific to each pattern as much as possible. The error minimizer is a device to minimize the difference between targets and outputs, that is, a usual neural network. We applied our feature detector to two problems: detection of vertical and horizontal bars and the phonological feature detection. In both cases, experimental results confirmed that distinctive features could clearly be extracted and that the common feature detector could extract features, as close as possible to the common features.     

User experience-a research agenda

Over the last decade, 'user experience' (UX) became a buzzword in the field of human - computer interaction (HCI) and interaction design. As technology matured, interactive products became not only more useful and usable, but also fashionable, fascinating things to desire. Driven by the impression that a narrow focus on interactive products as tools does not capture the variety and emerging aspects of technology use, practitioners and researchers alike, seem to readily embrace the notion of UX as a viable alternative to traditional HCI. And, indeed, the term promises change and a fresh look, without being too specific about its definite meaning. The present introduction to the special issue on 'Empirical studies of the user experience' attempts to give a provisional answer to the question of what is meant by 'the user experience'. It provides a cursory sketch of UX and how we think UX research will look like in the future. It is not so much meant as a forecast of the future, but as a proposal - a stimulus for further UX research.     

一种多层分类的入侵检测系统

信息安全是全球关注的重要话题。但Internet的复杂性、可访问性和开放性带来了日益增长的严重的信息系统安全的威胁。论文介绍了一种使用支持向量机和神经网络的入侵监测系统。主要思想是发现用以描述用户在系统上行为的模式与特征,用一系列相关的特征建立分类器去进行异常检测,希望能够实时地发现入侵。通过比较基于神经网络和支撑向量机的入侵检测系统,利用两者各自的优势,构造了一种新的入侵检测系统。     

基于最大决策边界的局部在线流特征选择

现有的在线流特征选择算法通常选择一个最优的全局特征子集,并假设该子集适用于样本空间的所有区域.但是,样本空间的每个区域都使用独有的特征子集进行准确描述,这些特征子集的特征和大小可能有所不同.因此,文中提出基于最大决策边界的局部在线流特征选择算法.引入局部特征选择,在充分利用局部信息的基础上,设计基于最大决策边界的特征衡量标准,尽可能分开同类样本和不同类样本.同时,使用最大化平均决策边界、最大化决策边界和最小化冗余3种策略选择合适的特征.针对局部区域选择最优的特征子集,然后使用类相似度测量方法进行分类.在14个数据集上的实验结果和统计假设检验验证文中算法的分类有效性和稳定性.     

基于特征定位与融合的行人重识别算法

行人外观属性是区分行人差异的重要语义信息。行人属性识别在智能视频监控中有着至关重要的作用,可以帮助我们对目标行人进行快速的筛选和检索。在行人重识别任务中,可以利用属性信息得到精细的特征表达,从而提升行人重识别的效果。文中尝试将行人属性识别与行人重识别相结合,寻找一种提高行人重识别性能的方法,进而提出了一种基于特征定位与融合的行人重识别框架。首先,利用多任务学习的方法将行人重识别与属性识别结合,通过修改卷积步长和使用双池化来提升网络模型的性能。其次,为了提高属性特征的表达能力,设计了基于注意力机制的平行空间通道注意力模块,它不仅可以在特征图上定位属性的空间位置,而且还可以有效地挖掘与属性关联度较高的通道特征,同时采用多组平行分支结构减小误差,进一步提高网络模型的性能。最后,利用卷积神经网络设计特征融合模块,将属性特征与行人身份特征进行有效融合,以获得更具鲁棒性和表达力的行人特征。实验在两个常用的行人重识别数据集DukeMTMC-reID和Market-1501上进行,结果表明,所提方法在现有的行人重识别方法中处于领先水平。     

面向跨领域情感分类的特征选择方法

数据标记的难以获取使得跨领域适应成为一种有效的途径.然而情感分类具有较强的领域依赖性,利用传统的特征选择方法在原始领域构建的特征空间不能体现领域间的共性,难以适用于目标领域.为此,提出一种面向跨领域情感分类的特征选择方法(LLRTF),利用对数似然比选取在原始领域富有判别力的特征,并通过对照两个领域的统计信息,选出其中在目标领域影响较大的特征.基于该方法构建的公共特征空间,能减少领域间数据分布的差异.实验结果表明,LLRTF优于基准算法.     

核典型相关分析特征融合方法及应用

构建了一种基于核函数的典型相关分析的特征融合算法。首先,利用核函数将图像矩阵映射到核空间,再抽取同一模式的两组特征向量,在两组特征向量之间建立描述它们的相关性的判据准则函数;然后依此准则函数抽取两组典型投影矢量集;最后通过给定的特征融合策略抽取组合的典型相关特征以用于分类识别。该算法将两组特征向量之间的相关性特征作为有效鉴别信息,既可以很好地融合信息,又可以有效地去除特征之间的信息冗余,并且避免了对映射后的数据矩阵进行分解,从而简化了数据运算。在AR、PIE、ORL、Yale人脸数据库及UCI手写体数字库上的实验结果证明了该方法的有效性和稳定性。     

一种基于稀疏表示系数的特征相关性测度

目前特征选择方法中常用的特征相关性测度可有效评估两个特征之间的相关性,但却将特征孤立看待,没有考虑其它特征对它们相关性的影响。文中在整体考虑特征之间关系的前提下,提出用稀疏表示系数评估特征的相关性,它与现有特征相关性测度的不同之处在于可揭示特征在其它所有特征影响下与目标的相关性,反映特征间的相互影响。为验证稀疏表示系数评估特征相关性的有效性,在典型的高维小样本数据上,比较了Relief F方法及分别以稀疏表示系数、对称不确定性和皮尔森相关系数为相关性测度的特征选择方法选择的特征集的分类能力。实验结果表明文中方法选择的特征集的分类能力高且较稳定。