预测生物质颗粒热解时热损失影响的分析模型(英文)

This paper presents the combined influence of heat-loss and radiation on the pyrolysis of biomass parti-cles by considering the structure of one-dimensional, laminar and steady state flame propagation in uniformly pre-mixed wood particles. The assumed flame structure consists of a broad preheat-vaporization zone where the rate of gas-phase chemical reaction is small, a thin reaction zone composed of three regions：gas, tar and char combustion where convection and the vaporization rate of the fuel particles are small, and a broad convection zone. The analy-sis is performed in the asymptotic limit, where the value of the characteristic Zeldovich number is large and the equivalence ratio is larger than unity （i.e. u 1？ ≥ ）. The principal attention is made on the determination of a non-linear burning velocity correlation. Consequently, the impacts of radiation, heat loss and particle size as the de-termining factors on the flame temperature and burning velocity of biomass particles are declared in this research.     

利用简化的化学反应动力学模型耦合CFD代码模拟气体燃烧器中的烟黑生成(英文)

A computational study of soot formation in ethylene/air coflow jet diffusion flame at atmospheric pressure was conducted using a reduced mechanism and soot formation model. A 20-step mechanism was derived from the full mechanism using sensitivity analysis, reaction path analysis and quasi steady state (QSS) approximation. The model in premixed flame was validated and with computing savings in diffusion flame was applied by incorporating into a CFD code. Simulations were performed to explore the effect of coflow air on flame structure and soot formation. Thermal radiation was calculated by a discrete-ordinates method, and soot formation was predicted by a simple two-equation soot model. Model results are in good agreement with those from experiment data and detailed mechanism at atmospheric conditions. The soot nucleation, growth, and oxidation by OH are all enhanced by decrease in coflow air velocity. The peak soot volume fraction region appears in the lower annular region between the peak flame temperature and peak acetylene concentration locations, and the high soot oxidation rate due to the OH attack occurs in the middle annular region because of high temperature.     

Chemical Effects of CO2 Concentration on Soot Formation in Jet-stirred/Plug-flow Reactor

Soot formation was investigated numerically with CO2 addition in a jet-stirred/plug-flow reactor （JSR/PFR） C2H4/OJN2 reactor （C/O ratio of 2.2） at atmospheric pressure. An updated Kazakov mechanism empha- sizes the effect of the O2/CO2 atmosphere instead of an O2/N2 one in the premixed flame. The soot formation was taken into account in the JSR/PFR for C2H4/O2/N2. The effects of CO2 addition on soot formation in different C2H4/O2/CO2/N2 atmospheres were studied, with special emphasis on the chemical effect. The simulation shows that the endothermic reaction CO2 ＋ H - CO ＋ OH is responsible of the reduction of hydrocarbon intermediates in the CO2 added combustion through the supplementary formation of hydroxyl radicals. The competition of CO2 for H radical through the above forward reaction with the single most important chain branching reaction H ＋ O2, ＇ O ＋ OH reduces significantly the fuel burning rate. The chemical effects of CO2 cause a significant increase in residence time and mole fractions of CO and OH, significant decreases in some intermediates （H, C2H2）, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs, C6H6 and CI6H10, etc.） and soot volume fraction. The CO2 addition will leads to a decrease by only about 5% to 20% of the maximum mole fractions of some C3 to Clo hydrocarbon intermediates. The sensitivity analysis and reaction-path analysis results show that C2H4 reaction path and products are altered due to the CO2 addition.     

A comprehensive study of two-phase flow and heat transfer of water/Ag nanofluid in an elliptical curved minichannel

In this research, laminar flow and heat transfer of two-phase water/Ag nanofluid with 0–6% volume fraction of nanoparticles at Re = 150–700 in a curved geometry are simulated using finite volume method. Studied geometry is an elliptical curved minichannel with curvature angle of 180°. Forced and natural flow of two-phase nanofluid is simulated at Gr = 15000, 35000 and 75000. For estimation of nanofluid flow behavior, two-phase mixture method is used. The second-order discretization and SIMPLEC algorithm are used for solving governing equations. The results indicate that the increase of volume fraction of nanoparticles leads to the enhancement of the temperature of central line of flow. The increase of Grashof number(Gr ～75000) has a great effect on reduction of dimensionless temperature in central line of flow. Creation of thermal boundary layer at Re = 500 and after the angle of 30° becomes significant. In low Grashof numbers(Gr ～15000), due to the great effects of temperature gradients close to wall, these regions have significant entropy generation.     

CO2稀释对甲烷高温低氧条件下自燃着火特性影响的数值模拟（英文）

Homogeneous mixtures of CH4/air under moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution(MILD) combustion conditions were numerically studied to clarify the fundamental effects of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR),espe-cially CO2 in EGR gases,on ignition characteristics.Specifically,effects of CO2 addition on autoignition delay time were emphasized at temperature between 1200 K and 1600 K for a wide range of the lean-to-rich equivalence ratio(0.2~2).The results showed that the ignition delay time increased with equivalence ratio or CO2 dilution ratio.Fur-thermore,ignition delay time was seen to be exponentially related with the reciprocal of initial temperature.Special concern was given to the chemical effects of CO2 on the ignition delay time.The enhancement of ignition delay time with CO2 addition can be mainly ascribed to the decrease of H,O and OH radicals.The predictions of tem-perature profiles and mole fractions of CO and CO2 were strongly related to the chemical effects of CO2.A single ignition time correlation was obtained in form of Arrhenius-type for the entire range of conditions as a function of temperature,CH4 mole fraction and O2 mole fraction.This correlation could successfully capture the complex be-haviors of ignition of CH4/air/CO2 mixture.The results can be applied to MILD combustion as "reference time",for example,to predict ignition delay time in turbulent reacting flow.     

基于重要性水平分析的含磷化合物火焰抑制的简化机理(英文)

A reduced mechanism for propane/air combustion and its flame inhibition by phosphorus-containing compounds (PCCs) is constructed with the level of importance (LOI) method. The analysis is performed on solutions of freely propagating premixed flames with detailed chemical kinetics involving 121 species and 682 reactions proposed by Jayaweera et al. For the non-homogeneous reaction-diffusion system, the chemical lifetime of each species is weighted by its diffusion timescale, and the characteristic flame timescale is used to normalize the chemical lifetime. The definition of sensitivity in LOI is extended so that multi-parameters can be used as sensitivity targets. Propane, oxygen, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), and flame speed are selected to be perturbed for sensitivity analysis, the species with low LOI index are removed, and reactions involving the redundant species are excluded from the mechanism. A skeletal mechanism is obtained, which consists of 57 species and 268 elementary reactions. Calculations for laminar flame speeds, key flame radicals and catalytic cycles using the skeletal mechanism are in good agreement with those by using the detailed mechanism over a wide range of equivalence ratio undoped and doped with DMMP.     

Numerical simulation of oxy-coal combustion for a swirl burner with EDC model简

The characteristics of oxy-coal combustion for a swirl burner with a specially designed preheating chamber are studied numerically. In order to increase the accuracy in the prediction of flame temperature and igni- tion position, eddy dissipation concept （EDC） model with a skeletal chemical reaction mechanism was adopted to describe the combustion of volatile matter. Simulation was conducted under six oxidant stream conditions with dif- ferent OjN2/CO2 molar ratios： 21/79/0, 30/70/0, 50/50/0, 21/0/79, 30/0/70 and 50/0/50. Results showed that 02 en- richment in the primary oxidant stream is in favor of combustion stabilization, acceleration of ignition and increase of maximum flame temperature, while the full substitution of N2 by CO2 in the oxidant stream delays ignition and decreases the maximum flame temperature. However, the overall flow field and flame shapes in these cases are very similar at the same flow rate of the primary oxidant stream. Combustion characteristics of the air-coal is similar to that of the oxy-coal with 30% 02 and 70% CO2 in the oxidant stream, indicating that the rear condition is suitable for retrofitting an air-coal fired boiler to an oxy-coal one. The swirl burner with a specially designed preheating chamber can increase flame temperature, accelerate ignition and enhance burning intensity of pulverized coal under oxy-coal combustion. Also, qualitative experimental validation indicated the burner can reduce the overall NOx emission under certain 02 enrichment and oxy-coal combustion conditions against the air-coal combustion.     

甲烷部分氧化制乙炔过程研究

The partial oxidation of hydrocarbons is an important technical route to produce acetylene for chemical industry.The partial oxidation reactor is the key to high acetylene yields.This work is an experimental and numerical study on the use of a methane flame to produce acetylene.A lab scale partial oxidation reactor was used to produce ultra fuel-rich premixed jet flames.The axial temperature and species concentration profiles were measured for different equivalence ratios and preheating temperatures,and these were compared to numerical results from Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations that used the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Probability Density Function(RANS-PDF)approach coupled with detailed chemical mechanisms.The Leeds 1.5,GRI 3.0 and San Diego mechanisms were used to investigate the effect of the detailed chemical mechanisms.The effects of equivalence ratio and preheating temperature on acetylene production were experimentally and numerically studied.The experimental validations indicated that the present numerical simulation provided reliable prediction on the partial oxidation of methane.Using this simulation method the optimal equivalence ratio for acetylene production was determined to be 3.6.Increasing preheating temperature improved acetylene production and shortened greatly the ignition delay time.So the increase of preheating temperature had to be limited to avoid uncontrolled ignition in the mixing chamber and the pyrolysis of methane in the preheater.     

高温烟气伴流的温度和氧浓度对甲烷/氢气扩散火焰的影响(英文)

This paper investigates the effects of coflow O2 level and temperature on diffusion flame of a CH4/H2 jet in hot coflow(JHC) from a burner system similar to that of Dally et al.The coflow O2 mass fraction(y*O2) is varied from 3% to 80% and the temperature(T*cof) from 1200 K to 1700 K.The Eddy Dissipation Concept(EDC) model with detailed reaction mechanisms GRI-Mech 3.0 is used for all simulations.To validate the modeling,several JHC flames are predicted under the experimental conditions of Dally et al.[Proc.Combust.Inst.,29(1),1147-1154(2002)] and the results obtained match well with the measurements.Results demonstrate that,when y*O2 decreased,the diffusion combustion is likely to transform from traditional combustion to MILD(Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution) combustion mode.When cof T* is higher,the temperature distribution over the whole domain trends to be more uniform.Reducing y*O2 or cof T* leads to less production of intermediate species OH and CO.It is worth noting that if y*O2 is high enough(y*O2>80%),increasing y*O2 does not cause obvious temperature increase.     

An integrated model for predicting the flame propagation in crimped ribbon flame arresters

Crimped ribbon flame arresters are important safety devices in the chemical industry,especially for the dangerous situations.Although proper design of arresters by the numerical simulation method is promising,its reliability and accuracy are dependent upon the mathematical model.In this work,an integrated mathematical model for the microchannel in the crimped ribbon flame arresters was set up;the fluid flow behavior and the sensitivities of four chemical kinetics mechanisms of propane-air on the accuracy were analysed.It is shown that turbulence is predominant in the microchannel of the crimped ribbon flame arresters under the deflagration and detonation conditions,and a new quenching criterion for the numerical simulation is proposed.The kinetics mechanism of Mansouri et al.among the four ones is the most accurate due to the best agreement of the predicted outlet temperature at the experimental flameproof velocity with the autoignition temperature of propane-air.The species mass fraction profiles and the temperature distribution,which are too difficult to measure due to the tiny dimension of the microchannel in experiments,are captured.The fundamental insights into chemical reactions and heat loss are well portrayed.It can be concluded that the integrated mathematical model established in this work can be used as a reliable tool for modeling,selecting and designing such type of crimped ribbon flame arresters with the propane-air medium in the future.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocity of dimethyl ether-air premixed mixtures

Measurement of laminar burning velocity of dimethyl ether-air mixtures was taken under different initial pressures and equivalence ratios using a constant volume bomb and high-speed schlieren photography. The stretched laminar burning velocity increases with the increase of stretch rate. At equivalence ratio of 1.0, low initial pressure gives high stretched flame speed. At initial pressure less than 0.1 MPa, the stoichiometric mixture gives the higher value of stretched flame speed than those at ? = 1.2 and ? = 0.8. The Markstein numbers decrease with the increase of equivalence ratio, and this reveals that lean mixture will maintain higher stability of flame front surface than that of rich mixture in dimethyl ether-air premixed flames.     

天然气成分波动对其预混火焰传播特性的影响

利用定容燃烧弹试验平台和CHEMKIN PRO气相化学动力学软件,研究了常温常压和化学计量比下天然气成分变化对其层流燃烧速度和火焰不稳定性的影响规律。结果表明,天然气的层流燃烧速度随乙烷、丙烷和正丁烷含量的增加而上升,且乙烷的影响效果最为显著。天然气-空气火焰的不稳定性随着乙烷、丙烷和正丁烷含量的增加而降低,正丁烷对火焰综合不稳定性的抑制能力与丙烷相近,且都强于乙烷。火焰结构分析表明,天然气成分波动时H基浓度峰值的变化最为显著,天然气的层流燃烧速度与火焰中OH基和H基浓度之和的最大值之间有较强的相关性。层流燃烧速度敏感性分析和净反应速率分析表明,天然气成分变化会影响其燃烧过程中重要基元反应的进行,通过正影响的基元反应和负影响的基元反应之间的竞争,火焰中H基的浓度峰值发生变化,乙烷含量变化对H基浓度的影响最大。     

Laminar burning velocities and Markstein numbers of syngas-air mixtures

In the currently reported work, three typical mixtures of H₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂ and N₂ have been considered as representative of the producer gas coming from wood gasification. Laminar burning velocities have been determined from schlieren flame images at normal temperature and pressure, over a range of equivalence ratios within the flammability limits. The study of the effects of flame stretch rate was also performed. Combustion demonstrates a linear relationship between flame radius and time for syngas-air flames. The maximum value of syngas-air flame speeds is observed at the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, while lean or rich mixtures have lower flame speeds. The higher is the syngas heat value the higher is the laminar burning velocity of the syngas mixture. Markstein numbers show that typical syngas-air flames are generally unstable. Karlovitz numbers indicates that typical syngas-air flames are little influenced by stretch rate. Based on the experimental data, a formula for calculating the laminar burning velocities of syngas-air flames is proposed. The magnitude of laminar burning velocity for typical syngas compositions is comparable to that of a simulated mixture comprising 5% H₂/95% CO and proved to be similar to methane, although somewhat slower than propane.     

Determination of the laminar burning velocity and the Markstein length of powder–air flames

This work deals with the determination of the laminar burning velocity and introduces the Markstein length of powder–air mixtures. A powder burner was used to stabilize laminar cornstarch–air dust flames and the laminar burning velocity was determined by means of laser Doppler anemometry. The dust concentration was varied from 0.26 to 0.38 kg m⁻³. The measured laminar burning velocities were found to be sensitive to the shape of the flame. With the same dust concentration, parabolic flames were found to have a laminar burning velocity, which was almost twice that of a planar flame (ca. 30 cm s⁻¹ for the latter as compared with ca. 54 cm s⁻¹ for the former). From this discrepancy and the flame curvature, the Markstein length could be determined. It was found to have a value of 11.0 mm. This Markstein length was subsequently used to correct the measured laminar burning velocities at various dust concentrations in order to obtain the unstretched laminar burning velocity. The unstretched laminar burning velocity lies between 15 and 30 cm s⁻¹ and is thought to be a property of the dust and of the concentration.     

Ammonia combustion at elevated pressure and temperature conditions

This numerical study examines the combustion characteristics of premixed ammonia-air mixtures, with equivalence ratios around unity, at elevated pressure and temperature conditions which are encountered in SI engine operations. The laminar burning velocity, final flame temperature and species concentrations were determined using Konnov’s mechanism [18]. A flat, freely propagating flame was considered. Both equivalence and compression ratios have an important impact on both the laminar burning velocity and the adiabatic flame temperature. Furthermore, only the variation of the equivalence ratio has a major impact on the formation of nitrogen monoxide. It was found that the compression ratio and the final temperature do not have a significant impact on NO yields for equivalence ratios above unity.     

Experimental study on the laminar flame speed of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures

Laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures have been measured over a full range of fuel compositions (0–100% volumetric fraction of H₂) and a wide range of equivalence ratio using Bunsen burner. High sensitivity scientific CCD camera is use to capture the image of laminar flame. The reaction zone area is employed to calculate the laminar flame speed. The initial temperature and pressure of fuel air mixtures are 293 K and 1 atm. The laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/air mixture and natural gas/air mixture reach their maximum values 2.933 and 0.374 m/s when equivalence ratios equal to 1.7 and 1.1, respectively. The laminar flame speeds of hydrogen/natural gas/air mixtures rise with the increase of volumetric fraction of hydrogen. Moreover, the increase in laminar flame speed as the volumetric fraction of hydrogen increases presents an exponential increasing trend versus volumetric fraction of hydrogen. Empirical formulas to calculate the laminar flame speeds of hydrogen, natural gas, and hydrogen/natural gas mixtures are also given. Using these formulas, the laminar flame speed at different hydrogen fractions and equivalence ratios can be calculated.     

带压环境中CO2/H2O/N2气体稀释对合成气层流火焰速度的影响

合成气稀释燃烧是燃气轮机高效低污染燃烧的重要运行方式。本文以CO₂、H₂O和N₂为稀释气体,利用数值模拟方法研究稀释比对不同压力下合成气（CO/H₂/CH₄）层流火焰速度（S_L）的影响规律,并从自由基浓度变化、敏感性数值和生成速率（rate of production,ROP）三个方面解析三种气体的物理和化学作用机理。结果表明,S_L随燃烧压力和稀释比的增大而不断减小,其中CO₂对层流火焰速度的抑制最为显著。稀释气体的物理效应对层流火焰速度的影响远大于化学效应,但CO₂和H₂O的化学效应不能忽略。化学效应则是通过改变H和OH自由基浓度影响S_L,其中CO₂稀释降低H和OH自由基浓度,H₂O稀释则是降低H自由基浓度,从而降低合成气的层流火焰速度。进一步反应动力学分析发现了H/OH浓度变化在低压、加压下的主要化学反应路径,且受H₂O稀释的化学反应速率对压力较CO₂更为敏感。     

Measurements of Markstein numbers and laminar burning velocities for liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures

Experimental test for premixed laminar combustion of liquefied petroleum gas-air mixtures is conducted in a constant volume combustion bomb. Spherically expanding flames have been employed to measure laminar flame speeds over wide equivalence ratios, at the initial pressures of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15 MPa, and preheat temperatures from 300 to 400 K. To study the effects of stretch on burning velocity, various Markstein numbers for both strain and curvature have been measured and the effects of initial temperature and pressure on these parameters have been discussed. Following the linear relation between flame speeds and flame stretches, one has then obtained the corresponding unstretched laminar burning velocity after omitting the effect of stretches imposed on these flames. Over the ranges studied, laminar burning velocities are fit by a functional form u_l=u_l0(T_u/T_u0)^α_T(P_u/P_u0)^β_P, and the dependencies of α_T and β_P upon the equivalence ratio of mixture are also discussed.     

高浓度丙酮VOCs高温预热近极限贫燃预混火焰特性的数值分析

为进一步对一种丙酮挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）焚烧炉进行设计优化和运行参数调节,本文对其在不同的燃料当量比、预热温度下的火焰特性进行了数值模拟,分析了其绝热火焰温度、着火延迟时间、火焰传播速度和一维火焰产物分布特性。研究结果表明：典型当量比（约0.113）下的绝热火焰温度为850~900℃,属于中低温燃烧,绝热火焰温度随预热温度和当量比（0.06~0.4）的升高均线性升高。预热温度和化学当量比对着火延迟时间的影响十分敏感。在其典型贫燃条件下,层流火焰传播速度随预热温度升高呈指数函数关系增大,随化学当量比增大而缓慢升高,且其层流火焰传播速度不超过150cm/s。反应过程首先发生丙酮的分解和部分氧化,并持续时间较长,仅当混合物的温度升高一定程度后才发生较剧烈的CO氧化。     

Flame structure and laminar burning speeds of JP-8/air premixed mixtures at high temperatures and pressures

Jet propellant 8 (JP-8)/air laminar burning speed was experimentally measured and its flame structure was studied at high temperatures and pressures using a high-speed camera. The experimental facilities included a spherical vessel, used for the measurement of burning speed, and a cylindrical vessel, used in a shadowgraph system to study flame shape and structure and to measure burning speed. A thermodynamic model was developed to calculate burning speeds using the dynamic pressure rise in the vessel due to the combustion process. The model consists of a central burned gas core of variable temperature surrounded first by a reaction sheet, then by an unburned gas shell with uniform temperature and lastly by thermal boundary layers at the wall and electrodes. Radiation from burned gases to the walls was also included in the model. Burning speeds of laminar flames of JP-8/air were calculated for a wide range of conditions. A Power law correlation was developed to calculate laminar burning speed at temperatures ranging from 500-700 K, pressures of 1-6 atm and equivalence ratios of 0.8-1. Flame structure and cell formations were observed using an optical system. Experimental results showed that pressure and the fuel-air equivalence ratio have a strong influence on flame structure.