互联网应用中触觉通信时延问题分析

通信时延是互联网应用中影响触觉临场感系统应用性能的重要因素。以实时快速重构远地触觉信息为出发点,阐述了基于互联网应用的触觉临场感系统的原理,并指出了时延问题的重要性。采用并阐述了利用冗余信息消除触觉通信时延的原理和方法,仿真试验验证了该方法的有效性。     

临场感遥操作机器人综述

本文分别综述了视觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、触觉临场感遥操作机器人系统、运动觉临场感遥操作机器人系统及时延对临场感遥操作机器人系统的影响问题。提出了临场感遥操作机器人技术是一门多传感器、多信息融合的人机交互技术，并指出了其今后的发展方向及研究重点。     

临场感遥操作机器人系统克服时延影响的研究发展策略􀀂

时延问题是临场感遥操作机器人系统中亟需解决的首要问题.为了了解临场感遥操作机器人系统克服时延影响的研究发展策略及其最近的研究进展;指出基于虚拟现实技术的临场感遥操作机器人系统是今后临场感机器人技术研究和发展的主潮流;认为致力于设计并研究对几何建模误差和动力学建模误差均具有鲁棒性的临场感遥操作机器人系统,才是有效地解决系统通信时延问题,并使其系统稳定,又具有良好可操作性的切实可行的办法.     

力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统的预测无源控制

针对力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统传输通道中存在大的通信时延，造成系统不稳定和操作性能降低，利用前向神经网络建立从机械手和环境的模型。通过神经网络模型预测从机械手受力，并结合无源控制算法进行控制切换，消除或减少通信时延对系统的影响。文中的实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

一种具有力觉触觉临场感的主从机器人装配作业平台

本文介绍了一种具有力觉触觉临场感的主从机器人系统，该系统以改造后的PUMA手 作为从手，和主手一起构成异构主从手，实现了力觉触觉临场感以及对工件的自动识别和抓 取等功能，其中对PUMA手的改造以开放性作为改造的主要目的，以期能为多种传感器的集成 提供一个开放式的机器人装配作业平台．     

力觉临场感遥操作系统的研究进展

力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统是一种新型的机器人控制系统，目前研究中系统存在的控制通信时延是严重影响系统的操作性能，甚至使系统不稳定的主要原因之一，当利用Internet网络传输信号时，时延是时变的，不确定的，对系统的影响更为明显，因此意在介绍国内外力觉临场感遥操作机器人系统的发展状况以及在克服时延对系统影响方面所取得的最新研究进展，同时指出研究中存在的问题，及对进一步研究提出一些看法。     

遥作机器人触觉临场感的电触觉实现

本文对电触觉的实现作了实验性研究．提出了在操作者手指上实现触觉再现的电极形状和分布以及刺激电流波形，并由此给出了实现遥作机器人触觉临场感的系统构成及实现方案．该系统可使操作者遥感到从机器人机械手指与点，线，面等形状物体的接触，位置分辨力可达２．２ｍｍ．     

机器人触觉临场感电触觉反馈技术研究

本文对机器人触觉临场感电触觉反馈技术进行了实验性研究。设计出了电触觉反馈装置和触觉反馈手套,结合我们已经研制出的指形触觉传感器和数据手套构成了遥操作机器人触觉临场感系统。联机实验结果表明,该触觉反馈装置能够给操作者提供有效的触觉反馈。     

时空二维机器人电触觉临场感模型研究

针对机器人电触觉临场感应用的刺激电流参数设计,阐述了电刺激触觉的实现原理,建立了基于时间和空间的二维电刺激触觉临场感模型,并进一步建立了触觉容许限与刺激电流之间的数学关系．模型分析认为,刺激电流的动态范围是电触觉研究的重要内容,最佳电流是若干触点组最佳刺激电流的集合,极端情况下,各触点的刺激电流须单独进行设定．     

遥作机器人触觉临场的电触觉实现

本文对电触觉的实现作了实验性研究，提出了在操作者手指上实现触觉再现的电极形状和分布以及剌激电泫波形，并由此给出了实现遥作机器人触觉临场感的系统构成及实现方案，该系统可使操作者遥感到从机器人手指与点，线，面等形状物的接触，位置分辨力可达２．２ｍｍ。     

Remote Tactile Transmission with Time Delay for Robotic Master–Slave Systems

This study develops a method to compensate for the communication time delay for tactile transmission systems. For transmitting tactile information from remote sites, the communication time delay degrades the validity of feedback. However, so far time delay compensation methods for tactile transmissions have yet to be proposed. For visual or force feedback systems, local models of remote environments were adopted for compensating the communication delay. The local models cancel the perceived time delay in sensory feedback signals by synchronizing them with the users' operating movements. The objectives of this study are to extend the idea of the local model to tactile feedback systems and develop a system that delivers tactile roughness of textures from remote environments to the users of the system. The local model for tactile roughness is designed to reproduce the characteristic cutaneous deformations, including vibratory frequencies and amplitudes, similar to those that occur when a human finger scans rough textures. Physical properties in the local model are updated in real-time by a tactile sensor installed on the slave-side robot. Experiments to deliver the perceived roughness of textures were performed using the developed system. The results showed that the developed system can deliver the perceived roughness of textures. When the communication time delay was simulated, it was confirmed that the developed system eliminated the time delay perceived by the operators. This study concludes that the developed local model is effective for remote tactile transmissions.     

Sound Localization During Head Movement Using an Acoustical Telepresence Robot: TeleHead

Using our developed acoustical telepresence robot, TeleHead, we have so far confirmed that not only stationary binaural features, but also dynamic cues from head movement play important roles in sound localization. In this study, aiming towards the realization of an ideal acoustical telepresence robot, we clarify the relation between the head movement and the accuracy of sound localization in sound localization experiments. We examined two factors related to head movement that should have an impact on sound localization accuracy: observation from multiple postures and dynamic information during head movement. The results suggest that both factors improve the accuracy of sound localization in experiments. Moreover, even when we can use only one of these factors, the accuracy of sound localization is almost the same as the subject's original accuracy. The results confirm that even under very bad communication, control and head-shape conditions, the synchronization of head movement is important for building an acoustical telepresence robot. They also point to the possibility of building an acoustical telepresence robot with a dummy head of a general shape. This is meaningful from the viewpoint of engineering. In addition, it suggests the strong robustness of the human sound localization function.     

A virtual environment-based system for the navigation of underwater robots

Efficient teleoperation of underwater robot requires clear 3D visual information of the robot's spatial location and its surrounding environment. However, the performance of existing telepresence systems is far from satisfactory. In this paper, we present our virtual telepresence system for assisting tele-operation of an underwater robot. This virtual environment-based telepresence system transforms robot sensor data into 3D synthetic visual information of the workplace based on its geometrical model. It provides the operators with a full perception of the robot's spatial location. In addition, we propose a robot safety domain to overcome the robot's location offset in the virtual environment caused by its sensor errors. The software design of the system and how a safety domain can be used to overcome robot location offset in virtual environment will be examined. Experimental tests and its result analysis will also be presented in this paper.     

基于多传感器信息的临场感技术

临场感和虚拟现实技术是当前的热门技术，这项技术的关键之就是传感器技术。在具有临场感和虚拟现实感觉的系统中，正是强大的各种传感子系统的支持，为操作者提供了很自然的，类似人自身感觉器官的感觉，让人有一种身临其境的感觉。     

Telepresence feedback and input systems for a twin armed mobilerobot

Complex tasks in unstructured/hazardous environments often require teleoperation. The telepresence robot featured here has “user friendly” limb linked output and feedback systems. The mechanism design and sensory feedback of visual, audio and multi-functional tactile (pressure, texture/slip and thermal parameters) are described     

带有力觉和触觉临场感的灵巧手主从系统的设计

针对遥控作业中控制者操作时缺乏力觉和触觉临场感等问题，介绍了设计的带有力觉和触觉临场感主、从灵巧手系统，讨论了在从机械手上触觉和力觉的感知以及在主机械手上触觉和力觉的再现等问题，提出了利用模糊控制实现触觉再现以及改进的力反馈－位置型结构来实现力觉再现的新方法，最后进行了实验验证．     

Perception of delay time of head movement in using an acoustical telepresence robot: TeleHead

We built an acoustical telepresence robot, TeleHead, which has a user-like dummy head and is synchronized with the user’s head movement in real time. We are trying to clarify the effects of reproducing head movement. In this paper, we evaluate the sense of incongruity induced by the delay time in reproducing head movement. The results indicate that whether users feel the delay or not depends on their spatial perception. Therefore, acceptable delay time can be calculated from the user’s localization accuracy and head movement speed. Even under the strictest condition, i.e. high-speed head movements, using white noise makes it easier to localize sounds and roughly about 40-ms delay may be acceptable. Moreover, in conversational situations, 80-ms delay is acceptable.     

基于神经网络的力觉临场感系统的预测控制

针对力觉临场感系统传输通道中存在时交通讯时廷，造成系统不稳定和操作性能降低的问题，利用前向神经网络建立主机械手、从机械手和环境的模型，并通过神经网络模型预测主机械手速度和从机械手受力，以消除或减少通讯时廷对系统的影响。实验结果表明了该方法的有效性。