基于热流固耦合理论斜-平面曲轴止推片润滑性能分析

利用数值分析方法,建立斜-平面曲轴止推片单向热流固耦合模型,分析不同油膜厚度对斜-平面曲轴止推片润滑能力、温度场及变形的影响规律。结果表明:油膜的压力场、温度场、壁面切应力的峰值随油膜厚度的增加而降低,随转速的增加而上升;空穴现象亦有同样的规律,但主要发生在与油沟接触的平面区域上;轴瓦出口湍泄量及摩擦因数随油膜厚的增大而增加,随转速的升高而增加;转速越高摩擦功耗越大,而油膜厚度越大摩擦功耗越小;止推片温度场随油膜厚度及转速的变化规律与润滑油膜的温度场相同;止推片变形主要受温度影响,油膜厚度越小、转速越大变形越大。     

基于时变模型的齿轮啮合过程润滑状态研究

基于Dowson提出的最小油膜厚度方程,利用Matlab/Simulink仿真平台,建立齿轮啮合过程润滑状态的实时仿真系统。分析了齿轮啮合过程最小油膜厚度的时域变化情况,研究了齿轮润滑状态随转速、输入扭矩的变化关系,计算结果表明:随着啮合点向主动齿轮齿顶移动,其最小油膜厚度逐渐增大;齿轮点蚀经常发生在节圆附近。对节圆处的润滑状态进行了研究,发现随着输入转速的增加,轮齿节圆处的最小油膜厚度逐渐增加;随着输入扭矩的增加,轮齿节圆处的最小油膜厚度减小。     

橡胶油封唇口温度及其对润滑失效影响

通过理论分析得到与温度相关的油膜厚度表达式,同时建立油封工作的二维轴对称模型,考虑润滑油膜厚度与黏温效应,分析了旋转轴转速和油封周向载荷对油封唇口温度分布、最高温度和温升的影响,以及唇口温度对油封润滑失效的影响。结果表明:油封唇口附近温度梯度较大,油封与旋转轴之间产生的摩擦热主要通过旋转轴和润滑油散失;油封唇口最高温度和唇口温升随转速增加而增加,随周向载荷增加而增加;唇口温升增加导致润滑油黏度降低,使得油膜厚度减小,当油膜厚度小于临界膜厚时油封会出现润滑失效。     

油水两相流对轧机油膜轴承等温弹流润滑的影响

研究轧机油膜轴承润滑油混入冷却水形成的油水两相流对轴承等温弹流润滑的影响。建立油水两相流体模型和弹流润滑方程,研究油膜轴承在等温条件下的润滑特性,分析流体润滑膜的压力、膜厚随含水量、滑滚比、轴颈间隙、主轴转速和轧制力的变化关系。结果表明:随着含水量的增加,油水两相流体由油包水流型转化为水包油流型,压力变化不大,膜厚先增加后减小,油包水流型作为润滑剂时润滑性能最优;随着滑滚比和轧机油膜轴承主轴转速的增加,压力减小、膜厚增加,而随着轴颈间隙和外部轧制力的增加,压力增加、膜厚减小。     

轴向柱塞泵配流副油膜的实验研究

本文通过实测配流副间的油膜厚度,分别考察了转速,压力和斜盘摆角变化对油膜厚度的影响。根据实测数据综合分析,探讨了轴向柱塞泵配流副早期磨损“烧盘”的机理及其成因,并提出改善配流副工作性能的措施。     

油封温度场的数值模拟与实验研究

利用有限元模拟得到油封唇口的柯西接触应力和接触宽度,并计算得到油膜厚度;建立二维轴对称CFD数值模型,考虑油封橡胶的导热和散热作用,模拟油封唇口温度场分布;通过红外测温实验对模拟结果进行验证。CFD数值模拟结果表明:生热率、唇口最高温度和油封唇口与轴表面最大温差都随轴转速增加而增加;生热率和油封唇口与轴表面最大温差随油温增加而减小,唇口最高温度随油温增加而增加;油温对油膜厚度的影响大于轴转速对油膜厚度的影响,而转速是影响唇口最高温度的最主要因素;考虑油封橡胶的导热和散热作用,能够更加真实地反应出油封的摩擦生热和散热机制。红外测温实验结果与CFD数值模拟结果的偏差小于2%,说明CFD数值模拟得到的油封温度场与实际相符。     

高速冷连轧机组的振动与对策研究

针对我国某钢厂高速冷连轧机组冷连轧机组轧制T5极薄带材时,第5机架轧制速度超过650 m/min出现轧机振动的问题,从生产现场该机组轧机振动的实测分析入手,确定了该轧机的振动源和振动频率,并采用有限元动态分析计算,验证了轧机振动实测分析结果和振动形态。根据实测分析和有限元计算所确定的振动轧机辊缝润滑油膜变化而引起轧机振动的结论,通过优化该轧机的轧制润滑工艺,有效抑制了该机组轧制T5极薄带材时出现轧机振动的现象,使该机组的轧制速度从650 m/min左右提高到900 m/min以上,消除了该机组轧制T5极薄带材的瓶颈问题。     

螺旋面瓦推力轴承承载能力分析

建立不同结构参数的螺旋面瓦推力滑动轴承润滑模型,并用FLUENT软件进行仿真计算,研究油膜厚度、瓦面螺距以及转速对轴承承载性能的影响规律,为螺旋面瓦推力轴承的设计提供理论基础。结果表明,油膜最高温度随着螺距以及油膜厚度的增加而减小;轴向承载力随着油膜厚度的增加而降低,当最小油膜厚度和转速固定时,存在最优的瓦面升高比使得轴承承载力最大,瓦面升高比为1.4;油膜最高温度与承载力均与转速呈直线型关系;螺旋面瓦的承载力远高于平面瓦。     

浮环轴承内油膜变偏心率与恒偏心率润滑特性对比分析*

目前对浮环轴承油膜特性的研究,主要基于偏心率对油膜压力及最小油膜厚度的影响,未能反映真实的油膜边界运动。利用计算流体力学的方法,实现浮环与轴颈之间的内油膜边界运动;建立轴颈-浮环之间内油膜润滑部位的流体域模型,研究多相流变偏心率下浮环轴承的油膜特性。结果表明：考虑变偏心率下的仿真计算结果更能反映真实的油膜润滑特性;最大油膜压力在恒定偏心率与变偏心率下均随着转速的升高而增大,最小油膜厚度在恒定偏心率下随着转速的增加保持不变,在变偏心率下随着转速的增加而减小;最大油膜压力与最小油膜厚度在变偏心率影响下变化更明显,为浮环轴承的优化设计提供了理论依据。     

粗糙齿面接触应力与齿轮转速关系的理论探析

通过实测获得了具有横向纹理的表面粗糙度数据,借助傅立叶非线性变换,形成了近似真实分布的齿面粗糙度函数;将此函数叠加到油膜厚度方程中,构建了渐开线直齿圆柱齿轮传动混合弹流润滑模型。基于该模型,分别针对中、重载齿轮传动,通过改变小齿轮转速之值,共进行了约130组数值计算。结果表明,增大齿轮转速可有效改善齿轮润滑状态、降低齿面接触应力;然而,当转速增至一定值后,接触应力随转速的下降幅度十分缓慢。     

A thermal analysis of strip-rolling in mixed-film lubrication with O/W emulsions

Increase of both roll and strip surface temperatures can significantly affect a rolling process, roll conditions and strip mechanical properties. A comprehensive thermal analysis in cold rolling, especially in a mixed film regime, is needed to understand how thermal fields develop in roll and strip during rolling. It requires a simultaneous solution of the mixed film model for friction in the roll bite and the thermal model for roll and strip thermal fields. This paper presents a numerical procedure to analyse strip rolling process using lubrication with oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The thermal model includes the effect of heat generation due to the strip deformation and frictional shear stress at the asperity contacts. The numerical analysis employs a coupled thermal model and a mixed film lubrication model for calculating the friction and the asperity deformation in the bite. The thermal model considers the initial temperatures of the roll and strip, temperature rise due to the strip plastic deformation and friction. While the O/W mixed-film lubrication model takes into account the effect of surface roughness and oil concentration (%vol) of the emulsion. The thermal effect is analysed in terms of strip surface temperature and roll temperature, which are influenced by rolling parameters such as reduction, rolling speed, oil concentration in the emulsion. The results of the parametric study indicate that the effect of oil concentration on the thermal field is relatively small compared to that of reduction ratio and rolling speed. The reduction ratio increases the maximum interface temperature in the roll bite. In the mixed film regime, rolling speed also increases the maximum interface temperature and alters the temperature field of the strip. The numerical procedure was validated against known experimental data and can readily be extended to hot rolling or used to analyse roll strip temperature subjected to different cooling system.     

Study on the improved accuracy of strip profile using numerical formula model in continuous cold rolling with 6-high mill

The quality requirements for thickness accuracy in cold rolling continue to become more stringent. In cold rolling mill, it is very important that the rolling force calculation considers rolling conditions. The rolled strip thickness was predicted using calculated rolling force. However, the prediction of strip thickness in cold rolling is very difficult; in particular, for 6-high mill with shifted intermediate roll (IMR), the accuracy of thickness is not good. In this study, to improve the accuracy of rolled strip thickness, the roll gap flattening can be given based on Hertz contact theory, with contact between rolls and the smooth cylindrical rolls for the rolling elastic deformation. Also, the distribution of the roll gap flattening may be calculated using the contact force of unit transverse length. The strip profile at the continuous cold rolling is calculated by using the numerical analysis model considering the initial strip profile before cold rolling. Hence, we propose that the numerical model can predict the rolled strip profile more quickly and accurately and be applicable to the field. The results of the proposed numerical model were verified by FE-simulation and cold rolling experiments of 6-high mill with five stands.     

二次冷轧过程变形区油膜厚度模型

为了定量预报二次冷轧过程轧制变形区油膜厚度,结合二次冷轧机组乳化液直喷系统的设备与工艺特点,分析了带钢表面析出油膜、工作辊表面附着油膜的形成机理,建立了一套二次冷轧过程轧制变形区带钢上下表面油膜厚度模型,定量分析了乳化液流量密度、乳化液浓度、乳化液析出距离、轧机入口轧制速度、轧制咬入角、带钢入口变形抗力、后张力、轧制油初始动力黏度、轧制油压力黏度系数对轧制变形区带钢上下表面油膜厚度的影响,并将该模型应用到某1220二次冷轧机组的生产实践,编制出了相应的模型计算软件,实现了二次冷轧过程变形区油膜厚度的预报,为二次冷轧过程润滑性能的控制奠定了理论基础。     

宽带钢冷连轧机综合耦合模型的建立与分析

宽带钢冷连轧过程中,板形、板厚和张力控制之间存在着很强的耦合关系,相互影响对方的调节功效。为了进一步提高控制精度,进行解耦设计实现解耦控制是十分有效的手段,而其前提和基础就是冷连轧机综合耦合模型的建立和分析。首先,运用轧制理论对轧制过程中板形、板厚和张力控制的各种影响因素进行了系统的分析,然后考虑执行内环的动态特性建立冷连轧机综合耦合模型,以定量地描述轧制过程中辊缝、弯辊力、本架轧辊速度、前架轧辊速度和出口厚度、出口凸度、出入口张力之间的耦合影响关系。最后,基于Matlab/Simulink工具,采用此耦合模型对某冷连轧机末机架的耦合特性进行仿真分析,指出对其进行解耦控制的必要性。     

Experimental and numerical study of O/W emulsion lubricated strip rolling in mixed film regime

An experimental and numerical study of cold rolling lubricated by O/W emulsion has been carried out. The strip rolling experiment was carried out on a Hille experimental rolling mill with a view to study the performance of emulsion lubrication in terms of practical rolling parameters. Accordingly, rolling parameters such as rolling force and torque were measured. The experimental measurements compare favourably with the computed results from a numerical scheme developed by the authors. The scheme, based on a two-phase lubricant model, is capable of calculating the oil concentration at any point within the inlet zone and work zone, rolling pressure, film thickness, and fractional contact area ratio associated with strip rolling under mixed film lubrication at different rolling speeds. Using this scheme, the intertwined effects of an emulsion’s parameters such as: oil concentration, mean oil droplet size, and rolling speed on strip rolling were investigated. The numerical study encompassed the mixed film regime for speed, S ranges from 10⁻⁴ to 10⁻², supply oil concentration level λ_ds from 1 to 10%, and oil droplet size D _S from 5 to 10. Experimentally, the differences between water, oil and emulsion-lubricated rolling are not discernible except for film thickness. At a low speed of 10 RPM, force and torque of water-lubricated rolling are marginally higher than oil- or emulsion-lubricated ones. However, the difference between emulsion and neat oil is not apparent. The numerical results show the occurrence of a moderate oil concentration increase in the inlet zone followed by a sharp one at the beginning of the work zone. The effect of the concentration process is predominantly seen in the film thickness and the lubricant pressure whilst its effect on the total pressure is less pronounced. The analysis of the results suggests that it is possible to lower the emulsion oil concentration without any adverse effect on the rolling process. This principle can be used to control the outlet lubricant film thickness and hence the surface quality of the rolled strip.     

Coupled dynamic modeling of rolls model and metal model for four high mill based on strip crown control

The crown is a key quality index of strip and plate,the rolling mill system is a complex nonlinear system,the strip qualities are directly affected by the dynamic characteristics of the rolling mil.At present,the studies about the dynamic modeling of the rolling mill system mainly focus on the dynamic simulation for the strip thickness control system,the dynamic characteristics of the strip along the width direction and that of the rolls along axial direction are not considered.In order to study the dynamic changes of strip crown in the rolling process,the dynamic simulation model based on strip crown control is established.The work roll and backup roll are considered as elastic continuous bodies and the work roll and backup roll are joined by a Winkler elastic layer.The rolls are considered as double freely supported beams.The change rate of roll gap is taken into consideration in the metal deformation,based on the principle of dynamic conservation of material flow,the two dimensional dynamic model of metal is established.The model of metal deformation provides exciting force for the rolls dynamic model,and the rolls dynamic model and metal deformation model couple together.Then,based on the two models,the dynamic model of rolling mill system based on strip crown control is established.The Newmark-β method is used to solve the problem,and the dynamic changes of these parameters are obtained as follows:(1) The bending of work roll and backup roll changes with time;(2) The strip crown changes with time;(3) The distribution of rolling force changes with time.Take some cold tandem rolling mill as subject investigated,simulation results and the comparisons with experimental results show that the dynamic model built is rational and correct.The proposed research provides effective theory for optimization of device and technological parameters and development of new technology,plays an important role to improve the strip control precision and strip shape quality.     

Fuzzy algorithm for calculating roll speed variation based on roll separating force in hot rolling

Thickness control of hot-rolled strips has become an important issue in recent years because of the need for improving the quality of the hot-rolled strip. For this purpose, various thickness control systems such as finishing mill set-up (FSU), automatic gauge control (AGC), and looper control system, have been developed at steel works. Although these systems have greatly improved the quality of the strip thickness, there still exists a small amount of thickness deviation. It is difficult to adequately control by applying conventional thickness control techniques since hot rolling process is a highly nonlinear system in which many process parameters are coupled. In this study, a fuzzy algorithm to calculate the roll speed variations was developed in order to improve the thickness uniformity of hot-rolled strips. Since the strip thickness is mostly affected by the magnitude of roll separating force depending on the roll speed, the strip thickness deviation between the desired and actual thicknesses can be reduced by controlling roll speed. In order to carry out this investigation, slab analysis was carried out to determine the relation between roll separating force and roll speed for various process parameters such as roll speed, reduction ratio, strip entry thickness, and front and back tensions. From the production data, the effective stress-strain rate relations of the materials used in slab analyses were acquired. Based on the analytical results, the relation between roll separating force and roll speed was approximated by a log function. A fuzzy algorithm was developed to determine variations in roll speed according to variations of roll separating force, depending on various ranges of rolling temperature, reduction ratio, front and back tensions, and strip thickness. In addition, simulations to predict roll speed variations for a small amount of thickness deviation were carried out at continuous finishing mills consisting of seven stands and the calculated roll speed variations were found to be reasonable. Thus, the developed fuzzy algorithm might be useful in reducing the thickness deviation in the actual hot rolling mills.     

A multi-scale model for friction in cold rolling of aluminium alloy

A simple and robust friction model is proposed for cold metal rolling in the mixed lubrication regime, based on physical phenomena across two length scales. At the primary roughness scale, the evolution of asperity contact area is associated with the asperity flattening process and hydrodynamic entrainment between the roll and strip surfaces. The friction coefficient on the asperity contacts is related to a theoretical oil film thickness and secondary-scale roll surface roughness. The boundary friction coefficient at the “true” asperity contacts is associated with tribo-chemical reactions between fresh metal, metal oxide, boundary additives, the tool and any transfer layer on the tool. The asperity friction model is verified by strip drawing simulations under thin film lubrication conditions with a polished tool, taking the fitting parameter of the boundary lubrication friction factor on the true contact areas equal to 0.1. Predicted values of average friction coefficient, using a boundary friction factor in the range 0.07–0.1, are in good agreement with measurements from laboratory and industrial rolling mill trials.     

基于辊缝动力学的板带轧机垂直振动的研究

板形与板厚是衡量板带轧制成品几何精度的两大指标。而与这些指标直接相关的是轧机机座垂直方向的振动。本文将机座与轧件作为一个系统来研究 ,建立了基于辊缝动力学的 ,以分析板带轧机机座垂直振动对板形及板厚影响为目的辊缝动力学模型 ,提出了振动模态对板形及板厚影响的指标。得出的结论是 :板形与板厚控制的实质是辊缝的控制 ,在轧制状态下辊缝不仅与静力学因素有关 ,而且在很大程度上取决于辊缝动力学因素。本文所建立的模型考虑了阻尼因素及由辊缝动力学模型确定的非线性轧制力 P,使模型能更真实的模拟现场实际情况     

冷轧铝工作区的混合润滑特性研究

为研究冷轧铝工作区的混合润滑特性,基于平均流量理论建立考虑表面粗糙度的冷轧铝工作区混合润滑模型,并通过相关文献的数据验证模型的正确性.在不同轧制速度、润滑油黏度以及前后张应力条件下对整个工作区内的润滑特性进行分析,研究轧制工艺参数对油膜厚度、接触面积比以及应力分布的影响.仿真结果表明:随着轧制速度的提高,轧制压力有一定...