Electron beam surface treatment. Part I: surface hardening of AISI D3 tool steel

The effects of electron beam surface hardening treatment on the microstructure and hardness of AISI D3 tool steel have been investigated in this paper. The results showed that the microstructure of the hardened layer consisted of martensite, a dispersion of fine carbides and retained austensite while the transition area mainly consisted of tempered sorbite. Also, the microhardness of the hardened layer on the surface increased dramatically compared to that of base material. Finally, the hardening response of AISI D3 tool steel to electron beam surface treatment is closely related to the scanning speed of the electron beam.     

45 钢表面激光相变硬化改性组织及耐蚀性能

目的为了改善45钢表面状态,提高其表面性能,采用CO2激光器对其表面进行激光相变硬化处理。方法利用带有能谱的扫描电子显微镜(SEM/EDS)、盐雾试验机等,对激光相变硬化层组织及耐蚀性能进行了观察和分析。结果激光相变硬化层由熔化区、相变硬化区和热影响区三部分组成,其组织依次为:混合马氏体+未溶碳化物、针状马氏体、残余奥氏体。随扫描速度增加,耐蚀性先变好而后变差。结论激光相变硬化处理可改善45钢的表面性能,显著提高其耐蚀性能。     

激光扫描速度对40Cr钢表面组织结构的影响

对调质态的４０Ｃｒ钢试样用ＣＯ２连续波输出激光速进行相变硬化处理，用穆斯堡尔谱学方法研究了激光扫描速度对试样表面层组织结构的影响，结果表明，４０Ｃｒ钢激光硬化层的组织为马氏体，残余奥氏体和少量未溶碳化物。随激光扫描速度增大，试样中的马氏体和未溶碳化物的含量不断增加，残余奥氏体含量则连续下降。     

Surface Hardening of Alloy Steels Using a High Intensity Electron Beam

Energy sources such as electron or laser beams have been extensively used for materials processing. Surface hardening is an established process used in industry. A combination of nitriding and electron beam treatment is used to modify alloy steel with nominal composition (wt.%) of 0.42% C, 0.96% Cr, 0.6% Mn, 0.37% Si, balance Fe. The hardness of the hardened layer varies in the range 800-850 HV. The high hardness is due to a refined microstructure consisting of a -solid solution (nitrous martensite) and γ - solid solution (nitrous austenite) and dispersed fine nitride precipitates. The wear resistance the of electron beam treated layer is double that of the ion nitrided specimens.     

40Cr激光熔凝硬化组织形态及硬度研究

利用CO2轴流激光加工机对40Cr钢表面进行激光熔凝硬化处理。利用扫描电子显微镜、金相显微镜和显微硬度计研究了不同工艺下熔凝硬化层及基体的显微组织和硬度分布特征。实验表明：熔凝硬化层由熔化区、相变硬化区和热影响区组成;由表及里组织分别为极细隐晶马氏体＋少量残余奥氏体、隐晶马氏体＋碳化物＋残余奥氏体、马氏体＋回火屈氏体＋铁素体。硬化层最高硬度约是基体的3倍;随着扫描速度的增加表层硬度先增加后减小,当扫描速度为2.5m·min^-1时,表层硬度最大,为1097.9HK。     

20CrV钢机用锯条齿部表面强化组织的研究

本文介绍了２０ＣｒＶ钢机用锯条经渗金属、渗碳、淬火及回火的表面强化处理工艺，并对强化后锯条齿部碳化物、相结构进行了组织分析和Ｘ射线检测。研究结果表明，齿部组织状态及相结构已接近高速钢，经切削试验，性能达到高速钢要求。     

Effect of electric contact surface treatment on microstructure and wear behaviour of ductile iron

Abstract

A study of electric contact surface treatment to ductile iron has been carried out. This technology was based on the application of the contact resistance heating between the electrode and workpiece. For comparison, the experiments of induction hardening to ductile iron were studied. The microstructure, microhardness, surface residual stress and wear properties were investigated using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, Vickers microhardness and rolling contact wear tests. Electric contact surface treatment resulted in the formation of fine ledeburite (white bright layer) and martensite in the ductile iron surface, in which the hardness in these areas was higher than that of induction hardened surface. The wear test results showed that the ductile iron surface after electric contact surface treatment had better wear resistance owing to the fine microstructure, high hardness and residual compressive stress.     

Surface Hardening of Carbon Steel Using High Powered YAG Laser

A high powered YAG laser with kaleidoscope for surface modification was applied to the surface hardening of carbon steels containing 0. 18-0.54 wt% C without the absorbents, and the relationships between laser processing and surface hardening were investigated by hardness and microstructure. The structure of the hardened zone underwent complete martensitic transformation in all of the carbon steels tested, and its hardness increased with greater carbon content. Under identical irradiated conditions, the hardened zone expanded with increasing carbon content. A hardened zone extending from the surface to a depth of 1.0 mm was obtained at a laser power of 1.0 kW and a scanning speed of 1 mm/sec. It was found that in the surface hardening of carbon steels, a high powered YAG laser can be used to control the hardened zone by selecting the appropriate irradiation conditions, however, the hardened zone was affected by the assistant gas and the flow rate.     

Effect of process parameters and niobium carbide addition on microstructure and wear resistance of laser cladding nickel-based alloy coatings

Based on the background of the engineering application of automobile mold repair and surface strengthening, the effects of process parameters on the formation and microstructure of laser cladding nickel(Ni)-based alloy coating were studied. The optimal parameters were: laser power 2000 W, powder feeding rate 15 g/min, scanning speed 4 mm/s. Under this process, the cladding layer and the substrate can exhibit good metallurgical bonding, and the cladding layer has fine crystal grains and a low dilution ratio. On this basis, different mass fractions of niobium carbide (NbC) powder were added to the nickel-based powder and laser cladding was carried out on the surface of die steel. The phase composition, microstructure, hardness and wear resistance of the coating were studied. The results show that with the increasing of niobium carbide addition, the hardness of the cladding layer decreases, and the wear loss of the cladding layer decreases first and then increases. When the niobium carbide addition reaches 6 wt.%, the wear loss of the cladding layer is the least, and the wear resistance is the best.     

Microstructure and wear resistance enhancement of cast steel rolls by laser surface alloying NiCr–Cr3C2

The laser surface alloying technique was used to form wear resistant layers on 70MnV cast steel rolls with NiCr–Cr₃C₂ powders. The objective was to investigate the effects of the scanning speed on microstructure, phases, microhardness and wear resistance. Results indicate that the alloyed layers had dense, pore and crack free and homogeneous structures, as well as a metallurgical bonding with the substrates. With the increase of scanning speed, volume of retained austenite in the alloyed layer increased, microhardness and wear resistance increased and the microstructure refined. Wear results indicated that the wear resistance of the alloyed layer was enhanced by 7.8 times compared with that of the cast steel substrate. The improvement in wear resistance was attributed to the combined results of the grain refining effect, the solution strengthening effect, the tough γ-Fe matrix of the layer, the distribution of the hard Cr₇C₃, Fe₃C and martensite phases, and the good bonding between these hard phases and the matrix.     

热处理对激光选区熔化成型高速钢组织和力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

基于激光选区熔化(selective laser melting,SLM)技术,采用加热打印基板和低功率慢扫描的打印策略,制备了近全致密、低缺陷的高速钢样品;对比分析了固溶淬火及1~4次高温回火等热处理工艺对高速钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:SLM极高的熔融/冷却速率产生了细晶奥氏体组织,解决了高速钢中常见的粗大莱氏体组织和网状碳化物问题。固溶淬火处理后高速钢组织由马氏体和残余奥氏体组成。随后在数次高温回火过程中,高速钢逐渐向回火马氏体转变,并析出大量微米级和纳米级MC型碳化物。在马氏体相变强化和MC型碳化物沉淀强化作用下,固溶淬火+3次回火的Tempered-Ⅲ样品硬度60HRC,抗弯强度3621 MPa,弯曲断裂应变为10.1%,获得硬度、强度和韧性匹配较佳的综合性能。继续增加回火次数则导致部分碳化物长大,使得高速钢弯曲断裂应变有所降低。通过SLM技术结合固溶淬火+高温回火,能够充分发挥细晶强化、相变强化和沉淀强化效果,为高强高韧复杂形状高速钢零件的快速制备提供了新途径。     

高速轮轨钢超声振动辅助激光熔覆涂层的滚动摩擦磨损性能

目前有关高速轮轨钢超声振动辅助下的激光熔覆研究鲜有报道。在高速轮轨钢表面施加超声振动辅助激光熔覆制备了铁钴基复合涂层来改善其耐磨性能,借助扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)等手段分析熔覆层的微观结构、物相成分和元素分布,采用GPM-30轮轨滚动接触疲劳试验机对比研究轮轨钢超声振动辅助作用下激光熔覆前后涂层的滚动摩擦磨损性能。结果表明:熔覆层主要由Fe-Cr的马氏体组织、Co-Cr的γ相固溶体、Fe-Ni固溶体以及弥散析出的含MxCy(M=Cr、W)的碳化物、硼化物、硅化物等硬质相组成;超声激光熔覆强化处理后,轮轨表面的平均显微硬度分别为539 HV3 N和582 HV3 N,磨损速率分别降低59.1%,37.3%,轮轨试环熔覆层的抗磨损性能大幅提高,磨损机制由剥落磨损和严重的疲劳磨损转变为轻微的磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE的真空低压渗碳

对航空齿轮钢16Cr3NiWMoVNbE进行真空低压渗碳热处理,研究了真空渗碳、淬火、冰冷处理以及回火工艺对材料的组织和性能的影响。结果表明：实验钢经渗碳淬火处理后,从表面到心部的组织可分为碳化物区、碳化物与针状马氏体混合区、针状马氏体区和心部板条马氏体区。在碳化物区的晶界有大量的块状Cr碳化物析出,在析出位置Ni元素较少。在针状马氏体和板条马氏体基体中细小的析出物为Nb、V、Mo微合金元素的碳化物。从渗碳钢表面到心部,随着碳浓度的降低硬度曲线呈现先升高后降低的趋势,渗层深度为0.95 mm。冰冷处理使残余奥氏体进一步转化为马氏体,使实验钢的硬度大幅度提高。     

Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Ductile Cast Iron Laser Clad with Ni-Ti-Co-C

1.IotroductionThereareanumberofcastironcomponentsbe-ingdamagedfromweareveryyearI1~3].Therefore,thesurfacetreatmentssuchascarburizing,nitriding,inductionhardeningandionimplantationaswellasthermalsprayingareoftenemployedtoimprovethewearresistanceofcastirons.Laserstirfaceprocess-ingcanbringaboutsomespecialphaJsesduetorapidheatingandcooling.Forexample,literaturel4]re-vealedbyTEMpearlite-likeeutecticinalasermeltedAl-SialloyandliteratureI5]stackingfaultinthesamealloy.Subsequently,theseuniquephas…     

45钢磨削硬化的试验研究

在平面磨床上,采用干磨削方式对45钢进行了磨削硬化处理,研究了磨削硬化层的组织与性能.结果表明,在磨削温度场和应变场的综合作用下,完全硬化区马氏体相呈现"细-粗-细"的变化规律,且相对粗大马氏体相出现在次表层;而过渡区组织的形成主要在于磨削热循环温度场的作用.磨削深度或原始组织对显微硬度无显著影响,硬度值均在700～750HV之间;但磨削硬化层深度随着磨削深度的增加或原始组织均匀性的提高,从0.9mm增大到1.4mm.     

Laser surface hardening of AISI 01 tool steel and its microstructure

Abstract

The effects of laser surface hardening on AISI 01 tool steel samples were studied by changing the laser operating parameter combinations and the initial steel microstructure. Both melted and solid state transformed regions were produced, and then studied using optical microscopy, analytical electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and measurements of micro hardness to investigate the hardening mechanisms and the development of compressive residual stresses. The results indicate that hardened case depths up to 0·6 mm can be obtained using a laser beam operated at a power of 500 W and a scan rate of 2·1 mm s^?1, but that different amounts of retained austenite and undissolved carbides are observed for different beam powers. Quenched and tempered AISI 01 steel samples, with initial hardness values in the range 30–40 HRC, are better suited for laser surface hardening compared with the samples with initial hardness of 48–50 HRC, because the formation of an over tempered region adjacent to the hardened zone can be avoided.

MST/901     

Laser surface alloying of 1045 AISI steel using Ni–CrB2 powder

Abstract

Laser surface alloying is a process whose purpose is to improve the surface properties by incorporating alloying elements into the surface. The advantages of using laser for surface treatment are: formation of a non-equilibrium or amorphous phase as well as homogenisation and refinement of the microstructure, all without affecting the substrate properties. Powder (50 wt-%Ni–50 wt-%CrB₂) was injected into a melt pool created by a CW–CO₂ laser on AISI1045 steel plates. In order to alloy the entire surface, the sample was scanned at scan speeds in the range of 600–6000 mm min^–1 and the laser power was in the range of 1750–2500 W. The powder feed rate was 1·6 g min^–1, the laser beam was 2 mm in diameter, with 60% overlap between successive laser paths. Metallographic cross-sections were made of the samples. For each sample the following properties were characterised: layer depth, microhardness (HV), layer microstructure and composition. It has been found that the scan speed and the laser power affect the depth of the melt pool, the microstructure, the hardness and the treated layer composition. The laser boronised surface exhibits better wear resistance than D2 tool steel hardened to 59 ± 1 HRC. This will be discussed based on numerical analysis of the laser/material interaction.     

Laser Hardening of Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI)*

Austempered ductile cast iron (ADI) has emerged as a major engineering material in recent years. In addition to high strength and relatively light weight (compared to steel), it has high ductility, good wear resistance and good damping capacity. It has many potential applications such as automotive components (e.g. crank shafts and gear boxes) as well as aircraft components (landing gears).

In many structural applications, (e.g. aircraft landing gear) it is often required that the material be hardened at the surface while the interior of the material must remain soft or ductile. The higher hardness at the surface layer imparts excellent wear resistance while the soft inner core provides higher toughness and fracture resistance. The conventional methods of surface hardening such as carburizing and nitriding or shot peening have several limitations, e.g. retained austenite, massive carbide formations and insufficient case depth. In recent years, there has been significant interest in use of laser in surface treating of materials. Surface hardening by means of laser is a very useful technique because of self quenching and minimum of distortion. Laser hardening can also improve significantly the surface properties such as wear and fatigue resistance.     

感应淬火对曲轴扭转疲劳性能的影响

目的研究感应淬火对曲轴扭转疲劳性能的影响,为曲轴的设计和制造工艺调整提供技术参考。方法开展淬火曲轴和未淬火曲轴的扭转疲劳强度试验,利用升降法得到疲劳试验结果,从试验数据和微观组织等方面开展分析和讨论。结果未经过淬火的曲轴在99.9%存活率下的扭转疲劳极限为967.6N·m,经过感应淬火的曲轴在99.9%存活率下的扭转疲劳极限为1361.2N·m。感应淬火后曲轴的表面形成深度约3.5 mm的淬火层,平均硬度为HV0.5600,金相组织为细针状马氏体。曲轴的失效情况均为连杆颈油孔处开裂。结论 38MnVS6非调质钢曲轴在感应淬火后的扭转疲劳极限提升了约41%,曲轴油孔内壁的加工缺陷是形成裂纹源的主要原因,对曲轴淬火层区域的油孔内壁进行一定的表面处理,可进一步提高曲轴的扭转疲劳强度。     

Laser hardening of aluminum bronzes

The susceptibility of two-phase aluminum bronzes to harden by quenching is well known. This work deals with the features of hardening from liquid or solid phases of several bronzes with 9-11% Al under the action of CO₂ continuous wave laser beam with a power of 1300 W coupled with a table in x-y-z coordinates digitally controlled. In order to determine the hardening conditions, the influence of the processing parameters on the geometry of the hardened layer and surface hardness was analyzed. By the microstructural analysis of the hardened layer, the hardening degree measured by the microhardness meter and structural changes were correlated. The microhardness profile on the depth of the heat-affected zone was traced. The range of the analyzed bronzes points out the influence of the initial condition and of the Ni, Fe, and Mn alloy elements contents on the microstructure, size, and hardness of the hardened layer. The effect of subsequent tempering was investigated.