硅酮表面活性剂的性能讨论

<正> 一、引言硅酮表面活性剂是指分子中含有聚二甲基硅氧烷(通称硅酮)和聚氧代烷撑醚(通称聚醚)的特种表面活性剂。其中聚二甲基硅氧烷为疏水部分,聚氧代烷撑醚则为亲水部分。硅酮表面活性剂的结构示意式为: R′[(R_2SiO)_y]_a[(C_nH_(2n)O)_xR″]_b式中y,x各为硅氧烷和氧代烷撑单元数;n是氧代烷撑中的碳原子数;R,R′,R″为各种烃基。此类聚二甲基硅氧烷——聚氧代烷撑醚共聚物的品种甚多,其主要区别在于共聚物中聚醚部分的组成,硅酮和聚醚间的化学偶合性质,硅酮和聚醚的结构构型和分子量。当亲水的聚醚部分占较大比例时则呈水溶性,如增大硅酮部分的比例则成醇溶性。由于共聚物的分子具有二重性,故显示出较大的表面活性,通常广泛地用作消泡剂,聚氨酯泡末塑料匀泡剂,织物整理剂,润滑剂,脱模剂,矿石浮选剂,医药及化妆品添加剂等,是表面活性剂领域中比较活跃的部分。     

烯丙基聚醚与长链烷基共改性硅油的合成

聚醚改性硅油,是在硅氧烷链段上引入聚醚链段,使分子结构中含有疏水基团和亲水基团的一种特殊结构的聚硅氧烷化合物。其中聚硅氧烷部分赋予表面活性剂以耐候、低表面张力、抗静电、生理惰性等特点。通过调节聚醚的氧化乙烯（E沪）、氧化丙烯（PO-）的聚合度及其之比和不同封端，可以获得不同性能、不同用途的表面活性剂。在涂料工业、聚氨酯、农药、日化工业、纺织行业、消泡剂等有很重要的应用，是改性有机硅油中应用最广、品种最多的一类产品。     

皮肤清洁剂综述(待续)

综述了各种类型的皮肤清洁剂的专利和科学文献，讨论了各类应用于皮肤清洁剂中的表面活性剂及它们对皮肤的影响。     

聚醚的现状与预测

聚醚是由醚或环氧化合物经聚合而成的高分子化合物的总称，分子主链上含有醚键，主要有聚甲醛，聚环氧丙烷和聚氯醚。由环氧乙烷和环氧丙烷嵌段共聚而成的聚醚是工业非离子表面活性剂的第二大品种，分子量可达几千到几万，因而又称高分子表面活性剂，其亲水基和疏水基可根据需要而加长或缩短，产品形态随分子量不同而异，有液体，糊状和片状，具有消泡，破乳，分散，渗透，乳化等多种性能，用于各工业部门，如用于钻井泥浆，原油破乳，纸浆消泡和成品纸的涂饰等。聚醚系列低泡表面活性剂，专用于工业洗瓶机和汽车工业的清洗剂等，由于没有毒性，已推广应用于化妆品，牙膏，漱口剂和医药工业等领域。     

德固赛可生物降解聚醚装置投产

德固赛公司投资3000万美元的聚醚装置在美国赫佩维尔投产，该装置生产可生物降解聚醚1．4万t/a，该聚醚由环氧乙烷和(或)环氧丙烷与低相对分子质量醇类聚合生产，是表面活性剂的关键组分，它可使油／水乳化或气／液成泡，可与硅氧烷结合生成硅酮有机化合物。     

国内外氟碳表面活性剂发展概况

表面活性剂的应用已涉及到很多技术经济领域,它的制品已是人类日常生活中不可缺少的消费品。为此,表面活性剂工业在全世界范围内都得到迅速发展。从某种意义上来说,表面活性剂的产量和应用标志着一个国家工业发展的水平。世界表面活性剂的总用量70％左右是用于纤维工业和洗涤剂工业。其品种多达6,000种以上。表面活性剂的结构多半是由两部分组成,一部分为油溶性基团或叫疏水性基尾,另一部分为水溶性基团也称亲水性基头。如果油溶性基团中的氢原子大部分或全部为氟原子所取代,该     

硅改性聚醚密封胶和硅酮密封胶的耐高温性能研究

选取硅改性聚醚密封胶和硅酮密封胶2类产品,通过不同时间不同温度下的表面变化以及力学性能对比试验,考查硅改性聚醚密封胶和硅酮密封胶的耐高温性能,结果表明硅改性聚醚密封胶的耐高温性能远不如硅酮密封胶。     

有机硅表面活性剂聚醚的生产技术工艺

一、概况环氧化物聚合物(简称聚醚)与聚硅氧烷反应,得到的低分子量线性聚合物是一种具有广泛用途的高分子表面活性剂。有机硅-Si-O-链具有很低的表面张力(0.018～0.20N/m),极性很弱,以聚硅氧烷作为疏水基团,在其链段中接入含亲水基的聚醚,可得到比一般聚醚型表面活性剂表面张力低又具     

纤维素基表面活性剂的研究进展及在造纸工业中的应用

纤维素基表面活性剂具有可生物降解、无污染等特性,具有广泛的应用前景。表面活性剂具有双亲结构,纤维素基表面活性剂通过各种化学改性的方法在纤维素骨架上引入亲水端和疏水端,使整个分子具有表面活性。文章综述了离子型和非离子型纤维素基表面活性剂的合成,以纤维素或其衍生物为原料,通过取代、聚合等方法引入长链烷基等作为疏水基团,离子结构或聚醚结构作为亲水基团,合成的表面活性剂表现出良好的表面性能,并具有高分子表面活性剂的特性。纤维素基表面活性剂在造纸工业中的助留剂和涂料分散剂方面有一定的应用,并有望用于白水处理和废纸脱墨工段。而进一步降低产品的成本并开发更高效、功能更多样的纤维素基表面活性剂将成为未来的研究方向。     

Degussa公司生产可生物降解聚醚

Degussa公司投资3000万美元的聚醚装置在美国赫佩维尔投产,该装置生产可生物降解聚醚1．4万t／a,这种聚醚通过环氧乙烷和(或)环氧丙烷与低相对分子质量醇类聚合生产。该聚醚是表面活性剂的关键组分,它可使油／水乳化或气／液成泡,可与硅氧烷结合生成硅酮有机化合物。     

Carbohydrate-Modified Silicone Surfactants

Silicone surfactants have been widely used in our daily life and many industrial fields on the basis of their unusual properties. Only in the past decades has the use of silicone as a hydrophobic building block for the preparation of surfactants become common. The recent trend to combine silicone, polyoxyalkylene and carbohydrate moieties in the same molecule has resulted in a plethora of new compounds with new properties. The generic structure and surface activity of silicone surfactants are reviewed in this article. Especially, the preparation, properties and application of carbohydrate-modified silicone surfactants such as glucosamide-containing and glycoside-containing silicone surfactants are described in detail. In addition, the future development of silicone surfactants is discussed.     

用于家庭及工业和公共设施的两性表面活性剂

论述了两性表面活性剂的温和性、去污性以及高润湿、低发泡和在碱性或酸性条件下稳定的特性。其良好的亲水性和耦合能力使其广泛应用于家庭、工业和公共设施的清洁产品中。这些表面活性剂在个人护理用品产业中应用广泛，同时也给家用产品制造商提供了丰厚的利润，这种应用态势正呈现出增长的趋势。     

对中国入世后洗涤剂工业形势及相关问题的分析 --国内外业界高层人士访谈

中国加入WTO后，中国洗涤用品行业面临着新的机遇与挑战，中国洗涤用品市场将面临更加激烈的竞争。由于环保的呼声越来越高，中国已开始在部分地区禁磷。中国洗涤用品工业将如何发展，其前景如何，专家的看法又如何，就这些问题本刊专访了有关人士。     

Renewable Surfactants for Biochemical Applications and Nanotechnology

Surfactants find applications in almost every chemical industry, such as household and industrial cleaning, paper, inks, agrochemicals, and personal care or pharmaceuticals. However, their production and use can have a negative impact on the environment and health. Increasing environmental concerns and the strong interest in renewable resources have led to the development of innovative and environmentally friendly surfactants produced by clean and/or sustainable technologies. The aim of this review is to explore the different types of surfactants and their architectures. Then, it will describe the two categories of renewable surfactants: biosurfactants obtained by fermentation, and bio-based surfactants containing either a bio-sourced polar head group or a bio-sourced hydrophobic tail. Finally, this review will focus on highly specialized applications of surfactants (protein crystallization, transfection, and nanotechnology), which are closely related to the ability of surfactants to organize themselves in supramolecular architectures.     

Experimental Study on Foam Properties of Mixed Systems of Silicone and Hydrocarbon Surfactants

Silicone surfactants are inevitably involved in industrial applications in combination with hydrocarbon surfactants, but properties of the mixtures of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants have received little attention, especially foam properties of the mixtures. In this study, aqueous solutions of respective binary mixtures of a nonionic silicone surfactant with anionic, cationic, and nonionic hydrocarbon surfactants were prepared for evaluation of their foam properties. Surface tension of aqueous solutions of the mixtures were measured with the maximum bubble pressure method. Foaming ability and foam stability of the mixtures were then evaluated with the standard Ross–Miles method. The findings show that the addition of the silicone surfactant results in a decrease in surface tension for aqueous solutions of the hydrocarbon surfactants. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the hydrocarbon surfactants is also changed by the additive silicone surfactant. Additionally, clear foam synergistic effects were observed in the mixtures of silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants, regardless of the ionic types of the hydrocarbon surfactant. The foam stability of the hydrocarbon surfactant was shown to generally improve with the increasing concentration of the silicone surfactant. Even so, aqueous solutions of different ionic hydrocarbon surfactants in the presence of the silicone surfactant will give different foam stabilities. The results of the present study are meant to provide guidance for the practical application of foams generated by the mixtures of the silicone and hydrocarbon surfactants.     

有机硅密封胶的研究与发展

概述了有机硅密封胶的制备工艺和应用,重点介绍了其改性研究。     

表面活性剂在印刷工业中的应用

介绍了表面活性剂在印刷工业各个领域中的应用。其中包括在胶版印刷过程、制版过程、PS版的回收再生以及各种油墨和印刷用清洗用品中的应用 ,并介绍了若干相关的配方     

Compatibility of nonionic surfactants with membrane materials and their cleaning performance

Membranes applied in industrial processes, such as for the desalination of seawater as well as for dairy and beverage industry are subjected to fouling resulting in a decline of their performance. In order to regain the flux of the membranes, cleaning procedures are conducted, whereby inorganic scale is often removed with acids and organic matter with surfactants under alkaline conditions. Currently, either ionic surfactants or alkylphenol ethoxylates are utilised to clean membranes of organic matter. Other nonionic surfactants (i.e. fatty alcohol ethoxylates) are not applied, due to the assumption that they irreversibly adhere to the membrane surface and thereby clog the pores. At BASF we have studied the adsorption of a wide range of nonionic surfactants to membrane materials. It was shown, that the affinity of nonionic surfactants critically depends on their structure. Linear alkyl ethoxylates irreversibly adsorb to the membrane surfaces, whereas branched alkyl ethoxylates do not. In a second step, we tested the cleaning performance of nonionic surfactants. Similar to the results for adsorption, a structure-performance relationship was discovered where several branched alkyl ethoxylates showed excellent cleaning results. In a third step, combinations of nonionic surfactants, chelating agents and enzymes were tested in terms of cleaning efficiency. All tested combinations showed excellent cleaning performance on bacterial fouling layers.     

洗涤剂配方中表面活性剂和助剂的研究进展

Surfactants and builders are the two most important ingredients in laundry, household and personal-care cleaning products. They play a key role in washing processes. The development of various surfactants （e.g., anionic, nonionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and silicone surfactants） and builders （inorganic, organic and polymeric builders）used in the detergent compositions are reviewed and their detergency performance and biodegradability are discussed. In the future, the development of the surfactants and builders used in detergent compositions should be based on economic and environmental considerations. The use of the eco-friendly surfactants and builders derived from inexpensive renewable resources （e.g., alkyl polyglucosides and bio-based polyesters） in detergent compositions is the developing trends in detergent industry.     

Effects of the ethylene oxide distribution on nonionic surfactant properties

Detergent-range primary alcohols are readily converted into nonionic surfactants by reaction with ethylene oxide. Optimum performance properties for these surfactants generally are attained by varying the number of moles of ethylene oxide reacted with each mole of alcohol or by altering the structure of the primary alcohol. However, variations in the ethoxylate-adduct distribution also affect surfactant properties in such a way that products with relatively narrow distributions possess features which are highly desirable in many household and industrial applications. For a given cloud point narrow-range ethoxylates have lower molecular weights and therefore lower pour points than broad-range surfactants. Because narrow-range ethoxylates contain less unreacted alcohol and other water-insoluble species, they are capable of forming aqueous solutions with much lower cloud points than their broad-range counterparts. Aqueous solutions of narrow-range products have lower viscosities, exhibit lower gel temperatures and remain fluid over a wider concentration range than solutions of broad-range surfactans. While the foams obtained with narrow-range surfactants in the Ross-Miles test are higher initially, they are less stable than those produced by conventional nonionic surfactants. Draves wetting data show that narrow-range products wet cotton substrates more efficiently than normal-distribution materials. Narrow-range ethoxylates exhibit higher aqueous surface tension and higher polyester adhesion tension values than their broad-range counterparts. In addition, narrow-range surfactants reduce the interfacial tension against paraffin oil more efficiently and more effectively than broad-range products. These results, along with laboratory detergency data, suggest that the use of narrow-range ethoxylates may lead to cleaning systems with improved performance and/or physical properties.