1-(4-硝基苯基)-3-(3,5-二溴吡啶)三氮烯的合成及其与铜的显色反应

合成了显色剂1-(4-硝基苯基)-3-(3,5-二溴吡啶)三氮烯(NPDBPDT),并研究了其与铜的显色反应。在pH11.0的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲溶液介质中,表面活性剂OP存在下,铜与NPDBPDT生成组成比为1∶4的络合物。该络合物在460nm处有最大正吸收峰,540nm处有最大负吸收峰,以540nm为参比波长,460nm为测量波长进行双波长测定络合物的吸光度。体系表观摩尔吸光系数为2.02×105L.mol-1.cm-1,铜量在8～480μg/L范围内符合比尔定律,方法检出限为7.43×10-9g/mL。所拟方法用于铜矿和铝合金样品中铜的测定,结果与原子吸收光谱法相吻合,相对标准偏差分别为1.63%和1·56%。     

1-(5-硝基-3-苯并异噻唑)-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]- 三氮烯的合成及与钴(Ⅱ)的显色反应

合成了新显色剂1-(5-硝基-3-苯并异噻唑)-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯(NBPT-PAPT),并研究了该试剂在非离子表面活性剂Tween-80存在下与钴的显色反应。在pH10.54的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲溶液介质中,钴与该试剂形成摩尔比为1∶2的黄绿色络合物,其表观摩尔吸光系数ε=1.22×105L.mol-1.cm-1,钴在0～240μg/L范围内符合比尔定律。用双峰双波长光度法测定了水样中微量钴,结果满意。     

1-（4-硝基苯基）-3-（4，6-二甲基-2-嘧啶）-三氮烯的合成及与镉的显色反应

报道了1-(4-硝基苯基)-3-(4,6-二甲基-2-嘧啶)-三氮烯(NPDMPMT)的合成及其与镉(Ⅱ)的显色反应.在非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100存在下,于pH 11.5的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲介质中,镉(Ⅱ)与NPDMPMT形成1:3的橙黄色络合物,在454 nm处有一最大正吸收,在530 nm处有一最大负吸收,建立了以530 nm为参比波长,454 nm为测量波长的双峰双波长分光光度法测定镉(Ⅱ).25 mL溶液中,镉(Ⅱ)量在0～15μg范围内符合比尔定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数为2.41×105L·mol-1·cm-1,方法的检出限为6.69×10-9g/mL.方法用于废水中微量镉的测定,相对标准偏差在2.9%～3.4%之间,测定结果与原子吸收光谱法相符.     

1-(4-安替比林)-3-(对苯磺酸)三氮烯的合成及其与汞Ⅱ的显色反应

合成并鉴定了一种新的三氮烯试剂1-(4-安替比林)-3-(对苯磺酸)三氮烯(ASTA),研究了该试剂与HgⅡ的显色反应条件,建立了一个测定汞(的光度分析新方法。实验结果表明,在Tween-80溶液存在下,在硼砂-氢氧化钠介质中,ASTA与汞(发生灵敏的显色反应,生成络合比为2∶1的橙红色络合物。络合物的最大吸收峰位于488 nm,表观摩尔吸收系数为1.7×105L.mol-1.cm-1,在10 mL显色溶液中,汞(量在0.5～15μg之间符合比尔定律,检出限为0.16 mg/L。该显色反应用于铅锌矿样品中汞(的测定,测定结果与原子吸收光谱法相一致,加标回收率约为104%,相对标准偏差(n=6)≤4.4%。     

1-吡啶-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯与汞的显色反应及其应用

在Triton X-100存在下的pH 10的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲介质中,研究了1-吡淀-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯(PYPAPT)与汞离子(Hg2 )的显色反应,建立了微量汞的测定方法。Hg2 与PYPAPT形成1∶2的红色络合物,络合物最大吸收波长位于518 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.42×105L.mol-1.cm-1,Hg2 质量浓度在0~0.64 mg/L范围内符合比尔定律。方法用于铅锌矿样中微量汞的测定,RSD小于2.6%,测定结果与AAS法相符。     

1-(6-硝基-2-苯并噻唑)-3-(5-溴-8-喹啉)-三氮烯的合成及其与镍的显色反应

报道了新试剂1-(6-硝基-2-苯并噻唑)-3-(5-溴-8-喹啉)-三氮烯(NBTBQT)的合成、纯化、结构鉴定及性质,并研究了其与镍的显色反应.在pH 9.5的硼砂-氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,在表面活性剂CTMAB存在下,试剂与镍形成2:1蓝色络合物,络合物最大吸收波长位于633 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.16×105 L·mol-1·cm-1,镍的质量浓度在9～240μg/L范围内符合比尔定律,检出限为2.70×10-9g/mL.方法应用于铝合金中镍的测定,相对标准偏差在1.2%～1.7%之间,测定结果与认定值相符.     

1-(2-羟基3,5-二硝基苯基)-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯与镍的显色反应及其分析应用

研究了新合成的 1-( 2-羟基-3,5- 二硝基苯基 )- 3-[4 -(苯基偶氮 )苯基 ] - 三氮烯 (HDNPAPT)试剂与镍的显色反应。在Na2 B4 O7 NaOH介质中 (pH10. 0～ 10. 6)及乳化剂OP存在下 ,镍与HDNPAPT形成稳定的 1:1红色络合物 ,λmax=5 45nm ,表观摩尔吸光系数ε545=1.45× 10 5,镍浓度在 0～ 8μg/2 5mL范围内符合比尔定律。拟定的新方法已应用于铝合金中微量镍的测定 ,结果满意     

1-(2,6-二溴-4-羧基苯基)-6-硝基-苯并噻唑-三氮烯的合成及其与钯(Ⅱ)的显色反应

以氨基苯甲酸为原料先合成2,6-二溴-4-羧基苯胺,重氮化后与2-氨基苯并噻唑的硝化产物偶联,得到1-(2,6-二溴-4-羧基苯基)-6-硝基-苯并噻唑-三氮烯(BCPNBT),产物中的元素分析值与理论值相吻合,经红外吸收光谱鉴定确认为目标产物.在非离子表面活性剂OP存在下和在pH 11.15的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲溶液中,钯与试剂形成摩尔比为1 ∶ 2的稳定络合物,络合物的最大吸收峰位于422 nm,试剂的最大吸收峰位于368 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为9.2×104 L·mol-1·cm-1.Pd(Ⅱ)的浓度在0.010～1.00 μg/mL,范围内符合比尔定律.用该方法测定了催化剂中钯的含量,结果与原子吸收光谱法相一致.     

1-(2-苯并咪唑)-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯的合成及其与镍(Ⅱ)的显色反应

合成了试剂1-(2-苯并咪唑)-3-[4-(苯基偶氮)苯基]-三氮烯(PIPAPT)并研究了其与镍(Ⅱ)的显色反应。在非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100存在下,于pH 9.60的H3BO3-KCl-NaOH缓冲介质中,试剂与镍(Ⅱ)形成4∶1的橙红色络合物,在539 nm处有一最大吸收峰,镍的质量浓度在0~0.50μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数为7.74×104L.mol-1.cm-1。方法用于铝合金标准样品中镍的测定,结果同认定值相一致,相对标准偏差为3.2%和2.9%。     

1-偶氮苯-3-(5-溴-2-吡啶)-三氮烯的合成及其与镍的显色反应

合成了新试剂1-偶氮苯-3-(5-溴-2-吡啶)-三氮烯(ABBPTA),并研究了它与镍的显色反应。在pH 10.5的Na2B4O7-NaOH缓冲溶液中,Triton X-100表面活性剂存在下,该显色剂与镍生成摩尔比为4∶1的红色络合物,络合物的最大吸收峰位于540 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.11×105L.mol-1.cm-1。在25 mL溶液中,镍量在0~12μg范围内符合比尔定律,相关系数r=0.999 7。该体系有良好的选择性,大多数常见离子有较高的允许量,用拟定方法测定铝合金中微量镍,回收率为98.2%~102.8%,相对标准偏差为2.1%~2.4%。     

Absence of metabolism of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) by flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO)

The N-nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent lung carcinogen present in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Carbonyl reduction, alpha-carbon hydroxylation (activation) and N-oxidation of the pyridyl ring (detoxification) are the three main pathways of metabolism of NNK. In this study, metabolism of NNK was studied with lung and liver microsomes from F344 rats, Syrian golden hamsters and pigs and cloned flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMOs) from human and rabbit liver. Thermal inactivation at 45 degrees C for 2 min reduced FMO S-oxygenating activity but did not affect N-oxidation of NNK, leading to the conclusion that FMOs are not implicated in the detoxification of NNK. Detoxification of NNK was not increased by n-octylamine or by incubation at pH 8.4, supporting the conclusion that FMOs are not involved in the metabolism of NNK. SKF-525A (1 mM) significantly reduced N-oxidation and alpha-carbon hydroxylation, suggesting that these two pathways were catalyzed by cytochromes P450. Metabolism of NNK was lower with lung microsomes than with liver microsomes. Inhibition of metabolism of NNK by SKF-525A was also observed with rat lung microsomes, leading to the conclusion that cytochromes P450 are involved in pulmonary metabolism of NNK. Cloned FMOs did not metabolize NNK. In conclusion, cytochromes P450 rather than FMOs are involved in N-oxidation of NNK. The high capacity of hamster liver microsomes to activate NNK does not correlate with the resistance of this tissue to NNK-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.     

Promotional effects of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) on N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP)-initiated carcinogenesis in hamsters

The effects of administration of low doses of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific nitrosamine, were investigated in hamsters treated with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). Female Syrian golden hamsters were given a single sc injection of BOP at a dose of 10 mg/kg and then administered 2 or 5 ppm NNAL in their drinking water for 52 wk. Additional groups of animals received the BOP injection alone, or only the 2 or 5 ppm NNAL treatments as BOP-negative controls. At wk 53 of the experiment, all surviving animals were killed and the development of proliferative lesions was assessed histopathologically. The total incidence of combined carcinomatous and dysplastic lesions of the exocrine pancreas was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the BOP/NNAL 5 ppm group than in the BOP alone group, although there was no statistically significant influence of NNAL on the development of either pancreatic adenocarcinomas or dysplastic lesions viewed singly. The treatments with NNAL alone did not induce any proliferative lesions of the exocrine pancreas. No significant intergroup differences were found in either incidence or multiplicity of islet cell proliferative lesions. Immunohistochemical examination of islet cell proliferative lesions (hyperplasias and adenomas) found in the BOP-treated animals showed no significant differences in pancreatic hormone production between NNAL-treated and -untreated groups. The NNAL treatment did not exert any influence on lung, liver or kidney tumorigenesis. Thus, the results suggest that NNAL enhances BOP-induced exocrine but not endocrine pancreatic tumorigenesis in hamsters when given in the post-initiation phase.     

Structural optimization affording 2-(R)-(1-(R)-3, 5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluoro)phenyl-4- (3-oxo-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methylmorpholine, a potent, orally active, long-acting morpholine acetal human NK-1 receptor antagonist

Structural modifications requiring novel synthetic chemistry were made to the morpholine acetal human neurokinin-1 (hNK-1) receptor antagonist 4, and this resulted in the discovery of 2-(R)-(1-(R)-3, 5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluoro)phenyl-4-(3-ox o-1 ,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methyl morpholine (17). This modified compound is a potent, long-acting hNK-1 receptor antagonist as evidenced by its ability to displace [125I]Substance P from hNK-1 receptors stably expressed in CHO cells (IC50 = 0.09 +/- 0.06 nM) and by the measurement of the rates of association (k1 = 2.8 +/- 1.1 x 10(8) M-1 min-1) and dissociation (k-1 = 0.0054 +/- 0.003 min-1) of 17 from hNK-1 expressed in Sf9 membranes which yields Kd = 19 +/- 12 pM and a t1/2 for receptor occupancy equal to 154 +/- 75 min. Inflammation in the guinea pig induced by a resiniferatoxin challenge (with NK-1 receptor activation mediating the subsequent increase in vascular permeability) is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the oral preadmininstration of 17 (IC50 (1 h) = 0.008 mg/kg; IC90 (24 h) = 1.8 mg/kg), indicating that this compound has good oral bioavailbility and peripheral duration of action. Central hNK-1 receptor stimulation is also inhibited by the systemic preadministration of 17 as shown by its ability to block an NK-1 agonist-induced foot tapping response in gerbils (IC50 (4 h) = 0.04 +/- 0.006 mg/kg; IC50 (24 h) = 0.33 +/- 0.017 mg/kg) and by its antiemetic actions in the ferret against cisplatin challenge. The activity of 17 at extended time points in these preclinical animal models sets it apart from earlier morpholine antagonists (such as 4), and the piperidine antagonists 2 and 3 and could prove to be an advantage in the treatment of chronic disorders related to the actions of Substance P. In part on the basis of these data, 17 has been identified as a potential clinical candidate for the treatment of peripheral pain, migraine, chemotherapy-induced emesis, and various psychiatric disorders.     

(R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-Synadenol: synthesis, absolute configuration, and enantioselectivity of antiviral effect

Synthesis of (R)-(-)- and (S)-(+)-synadenol (1a and 2a, 95-96% ee) is described. Racemic synadenol (1a + 2a) was deaminated with adenosine deaminase to give (R)-(-)-synadenol (1a) and (S)-(+)-hypoxanthine derivative 5. Acetylation of the latter compound gave acetate 6. Reaction with N, N-dimethylchloromethyleneammonium chloride led to 6-chloropurine derivative 7. Ammonolysis furnished (S)-(+)-synadenol (2a). Absolute configuration of 1a was established by two methods: (i) synthesis from (R)-methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acid (8) and (ii) X-ray diffraction of a single crystal of (-)-synadenol hydrochloride. Racemic methylenecyclopropanecarboxylic acid (10) was resolved by a modification of the described procedure. The R-enantiomer 8 was converted to ethyl ester 13 which was brominated to give vicinal dibromides 14. Reduction with diisobutylaluminum hydride then furnished alcohol 15 which was acetylated to the corresponding acetate 16. Alkylation-elimination procedure of adenine with 16 yielded acetates 17 and 18. Deprotection with ammonia afforded a mixture of Z- and E-isomers 1a and 19 of the R-configuration. Comparison with products 1a and 2a by chiral HPLC established the R-configuration of (-)-synadenol (1a). These results were confirmed by X-ray diffraction of a single crystal of (-)-synadenol hydrochloride. The latter forms a pseudosymmetric dimer with adenine-adenine base pairing in the lattice with the nucleobase in an anti-like conformation. Enantiomers 1a and 2a exhibit varied enantioselectivity toward different viruses. Both enantiomers are equipotent against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). The S-enantiomer 2a is somewhat more effective than R-enantiomer 1a in herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) assays. By contrast, enantioselectivity of antiviral effect is reversed in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assays where the R-enantiomer 1a is preferred. In these assays, the S-enantiomer 2a is less effective (EBV) or devoid of activity (HIV-1).     

Metabolism of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) in isolated rat lung and liver

PURPOSE: Assessment of sustained voluntary contraction of the external sphincter is helpful in evaluating the patient who has a defecation disorder on presentation. A new index of external sphincter function is described. METHOD: A prospective registry of patients referred for computerized anal manometry using standard protocols was reviewed. Patients were grouped by primary symptoms; those with overlapping complaints were excluded. The rate of fatigue, defined as the change in stationary squeeze over a 40-second period of voluntary contraction, was calculated by linear regression analysis. Fatigue rate index, a calculated measure of time necessary for the external sphincter to become completely fatigued, was determined to permit comparison of external sphincter fatigue in patients with different complaints. RESULTS: Twenty-six healthy volunteers (15 women; mean age, 45 years), 33 patients with a primary complaint of anal seepage (13 women; mean age, 53 years), 75 patients with gross incontinence (61 women; mean age, 53 years), and 49 patients with severe constipation (41 women; mean age, 45 years) were evaluated. Mean resting and squeeze pressures were 55 mmHg and 107 mmHg for volunteers, 37 mmHg and 97 mmHg for patients with seepage, 30 mmHg and 49 mmHg for incontinent patients, and 56 mmHg and 93 mmHg for constipated patients. Pudendal neuropathy, as evidenced by a prolonged pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (> 2.4 ms), was identified in 13 percent of volunteers, 32 percent of patients with seepage, 54 percent of incontinent patients, and 38 percent of constipated patients. Mean fatigue rate index was 3.3 minutes for volunteers, 2.3 minutes for seepage patients, 1.5 minutes for incontinent patients, and 2.8 minutes for constipated patients. Compared with volunteers and patients with seepage, the incontinent patients had a significantly shorter fatigue rate index (P < 0.05; Student's t-test), which was independent of the variations in resting pressure (P < 0.05; two-way analysis of variance). CONCLUSION: The external anal sphincter is normally subject to fatigue. Patients with worsening degrees of incontinence have a predictably lower fatigue rate index. Fatigue rate index is a simple measure of external sphincter integrity, which may be used in assessment of sphincter function and future treatment protocols.     

Biliary excretion of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone in the rat

The tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a potent pancreas carcinogen in rats. The biliary excretion of NNK was therefore studied in anesthetized female Sprague-Dawley rats following i.p. administration of 0.7 mumol/kg [carbonyl-14C]NNK. The concentration of radioactivity peaked within 30 min and decreased thereafter exponentially. Cumulative excretion of radioactivity reached a plateau at 6-9% of the total dose. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butyric acid (hydroxy acid), 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)-butyric acid (keto acid), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butyl beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid (NNAL Glu), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and NNK. NNAL Glu was the major metabolite contributing 34 +/- 4% of total radioactivity in bile at 30 min and 58 +/- 4% at 5 h. The percentage of acidic metabolites remained constant at approximately 20%. In contrast, the percentage of NNK and NNAL decreased within the first 2 h to < 5% and < 10% respectively. The elimination kinetics of NNK and its metabolites fitted into a one-compartment model with a half-life of 37 min for NNK, 52 min for NNAL and 110 min for NNAL Glu and acidic metabolites. In three rats dosed with 240 mumol/kg NNK i.p., the concentration of radioactivity peaked after 1-2 h and decreased very slowly thereafter. After 5-8 h a total of 12-17% of the dose has been excreted in the bile with no indication of a plateau. At all time points NNAL Glu was the major metabolite contributing up to 95% of total radioactivity in bile. The percentage of acidic metabolites was < 5% throughout the experiment. Whereas NNK contributed one-third of the radioactivity at 30 min and decreased rapidly, the percentage of NNAL in bile remained rather constant at approximately 5-10%. In conclusion, the detection of NNK, NNAL and NNAL Glu gives support to the hypothesis that tobacco-specific carcinogens could reach the pancreas retrograde from the bile, especially at high NNK concentrations.     

Pharmacokinetics and amoebicidal activity of (+-)-(E)-3-(4- methylsulphinylstyryl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (BTI 2286E) and its sulphone metabolite (BTI 2571E) in the golden hamster, Mesocricetus auratus

We studied, clinically and experimentally, hypertrophy of the part of the liver not embolized after portal vein embolization (PVE). The subjects of the clinical study were 29 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who underwent embolization of the right first portal branch; 19 patients had cirrhosis, and 10 did not. The volume of the liver was calculated from computed tomograms obtained before PVE and 2 weeks after. In all patients, the volume of the nonembolized (left) lobe increased significantly. For the experimental study, we used male Wistar rats. Normal rats were untreated, and in the other rats cirrhosis was induced with carbon tetrachloride. The portal branch that supplies 70% of the total volume of the liver was embolized. The rats underwent one of four procedures: 70% PVE, 70% portal vein ligation, 70% hepatectomy, or laparotomy only. Rats wre killed at different times after surgery, and the livers were removed and weighed. The mitotic index and DNA synthesis were measured in the nonembolized lobe (PVE group), in the lobe not supplied by the ligated branch (ligation group), or in the remaining liver (hepatectomy group). The liver weight, mitotic index, and DNA synthesis were high in the PVE, ligation, and hepatectomy groups for both normal rats and rats with cirrhosis. PVE caused cell proliferation and hypertrophy in the nonembolized part of the liver in the normal rats and even in those with cirrhosis. We concluded that PVE can extend the surgical indications for patients with HCC and underlying cirrhosis.     

Inhibition of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced mouse lung tumor formation by FGN-1 (sulindac sulfone)

The sulfone derivative of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sulindac, has been reported to inhibit mammary and colon tumor formation in rodent models of chemically-induced carcinogenesis. Unlike its parent compound, this metabolite lacks cyclo-oxygenase inhibitory activity. A tumor induction protocol, consisting of NNK administration in the drinking water over several weeks to model chronic human exposure, was used to test whether the sulfone (called FGN-1) could inhibit the formation of primary lung tumors in mice. A total of 150 female, AIN76A-fed, A/J mice received 9 mg of NNK each. Concentrations of FGN-1 that had been previously determined not to affect body weight gain were added to the food at levels of 0, 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg of diet (30 mice/group) starting 2 weeks before NNK administration and continuing for 22 weeks. At that time pleural surface tumors were counted. Tumor incidence decreased significantly from 96 % in the control diet and 93% in the 250 FGN-1 mg/kg diet to 63 and 67% in the 500 and 750 mg FGN-1/kg diet groups, respectively (P < 0.001 by chi-square analysis). Lung tumor multiplicity decreased from 18.1+/-3 tumors/ mouse (mean+/-SEM, control diet) to 12.3+/-3 (250), 5.3+/-1 (500) and 2.1+/-1 (750) (P < 0.0005 by post hoc ANOVA). In previous studies using this carcinogenesis protocol, the maximum tolerated dose of sulindac inhibited lung tumor multiplicity by no more than 50% with no effect on incidence. This dose-dependent reduction in tumorigenesis by a non-toxic dose of FGN-1 indicates a strong chemopreventive activity against experimental induction of lung carcinogenesis. The greater potency of the sulfone over sulindac and its lack of toxic side effects because of its inability to affect cyclo-oxygenase activity suggests that clinical testing in individuals at high risk for lung cancer should be considered.