辅助型北斗定位技术及其应用

随着在微弱卫星信号环境下应用需求的增长以及对首次定位时间和定位精度的要求,一种高性能的卫星定位技术——辅助型全球卫星导航系统(A-GNSS)定位技术成为导航领域的研究热点。文中针对中国自主开发的北斗导航系统,探讨了辅助型北斗定位(A-Beidou)的技术原理、操作方法和需要攻克的难题;以手持终端设备为例说明A-Beidou技术的具体应用及发展前景。     

辅助北斗技术的捕获空间计算和误差分析

结合辅助北斗定位技术的辅助信息类型,提出了北斗GEO和NGEO卫星在星历辅助条件下的卫星信号载波频率和码相位的估计方法,在此基础上重点研究了估计得到的载波频率和码相位的不确定度,并针对粗时间和精时间这两种典型的辅助定位技术进行了算例分析。研究结果表明:粗时和精时辅助能有效减少捕获搜索空间;引起载波频率搜索范围不确定度的因素是时钟频偏和接收机动态,而引起码相位搜索范围不确定度的因素是辅助时间精度和辅助位置误差。     

基于北斗系统的伪码捕获技术的研究

北斗卫星导航定位系统是我国自主研发的有源三维卫星定位与通信系统.北斗卫星信号的捕获是北斗用户接收机的关键技术之一,捕获性能的优劣直接影响着北斗导航系统的精度和实时性要求.本文基于北斗系统,在FFT并行捕获算法的基础上研究分析了一种相位补偿和同步块累加的伪码捕获算法,并对该算法的性能进行了分析.理论分析和仿真结果表明,该方案能够大大提高信噪比,提高信号的捕获效率.     

北斗导航信号捕获系统的硬件设计与实现

北斗卫星导航系统是我国自主研制的全球卫星导航系统,是继美国的GPS以及俄罗斯的GLONASS之后的第三个成熟的卫星导航系统。北斗卫星导航系统的卫星信号采用了二次编码技术,限制了相干积分的时间,给北斗导航信号的捕获带来了挑战,因此本文提出了基于4ms的遍历并行码相位搜索的卫星捕获算法,用来解决这个问题,提高卫星捕获的灵敏度,提高卫星捕获的性能。     

一种获取北斗卫星信号新方法的研究

北斗导航卫星系统作为兼容、独立、开放和全球的导航系统,被设计用于执行导航和控制任务。该系统在现实环境中的成功运行必须克服众多挑战,其中主要是提高北斗卫星信号的捕获成功率。旨在减轻调制码处理方式带来的混叠伪像,提高北斗定位接收机定位性能,提高捕获成功率,文中提出了一种使用信号平方的捕获卫星信号的方法。实验结果表明,相对于传统方法,该方法具有更好的北斗信号捕获性能。     

北斗辅助定位的终端协议一致性测试TTCN-3代码设计

随着LTE网络的大规模商用,为了配合国内LTE多模终端支持我国自行研制的北斗卫星导航系统的需求,3GPP Release 12在原有A-GNSS定位技术的基础上引入了辅助的北斗定位技术A-BDS并完成了A-BDS相关的终端一致性测试标准代码的开发工作。主要介绍了A-BDS的LTE多模终端协议一致性的测试模型和TTCN-3代码的设计。     

直射通道辅助的北斗弱反射信号捕获算法

针对利用北斗卫星信号进行海面非协同探测系统中微弱反射信号的捕获问题,提出了一种利用直射通道辅助反射通道进行信号捕获的算法。在短时匹配滤波器-快速傅里叶变换（STMF-FFT,Short-Term Matched filtering-Fast Fourier Transform）和差分相干积累（SDCI,Simplified Differentially Coherent Integration）的信号捕获算法的基础上加入直射通道辅助信息,缩短搜星时间和频移-码相位二维搜索范围,提高了反射信号捕获灵敏度,缩短了信号捕获时间。仿真结果表明,基于直射通道辅助的北斗弱反射信号捕获算法能够捕获-151.3dBm的弱反射信号,相较无辅助算法,捕获灵敏度提高3.1dB,平均捕获时间缩短39.5s。      

基于北斗空基伪卫星信号的低空飞行目标检测技术

北斗区域卫星导航系统已经建成和投入运行,扩展和丰富北斗卫星导航系统在不同领域的应用成为一项重要任务。针对战场环境下重点目标面临的低空突防威胁,提出了一种用于低空目标检测的基于北斗伪卫星信号的双基地雷达系统模型,给出了系统的信号处理流程、功率预算和检测概率分析过程。为了有效地从接收信号中提取目标信号,提出了一种基于最小方差的信号处理算法,并通过ECA(Effective Cancelation Algorithm)算法衰减参考信号泄漏,通过二维网格平均CFAR方法提取目标信号。仿真结果表明,该系统模型可以有效地对低空目标进行检测。     

基于USRP平台的高灵敏度GNSS接收机算法研究

全球卫星导航系统正在不断发展,卫星接收机性能直接影响着导航定位的精确度。针对传统硬件接受机算法固定,灵活性不足的问题,文中进行了基于USRP(Universal Software Radio Peripheral)平台的全球卫星导航系统接收机研究。通过USRP平台对卫星信号进行中频采样及模数转换,然后在MATLAB软件中实现信号的捕获、跟踪和定位。针对微弱信号难以捕获的问题,在捕获算法中进行了信号的叠加操作,改进捕获判定方式,优化了傅里叶细化频率的方法。由于USRP无法产生整数倍码率的采样频率,导致相位误差产生进而影响伪距估计,所以对伪距估计算法进行了优化以提高定位精度。通过卫星定位实验对接收机性能进行验证,MATLAB中的实验结果表明,接受机灵敏度得以提高,定位精度满足要求。     

四分法和差分相干结合的北斗弱信号捕获算法

针对弱信号条件下传统卫星信号捕获算法无法满足用户需求的问题,在对接收信号进行傅里叶变换的基础上,提出了一种利用四分法估计导航数据比特跳变位和差分相干累加方法相结合的北斗弱信号捕获新算法。与基于FFT的半比特交替和相干累加结合的捕获方法比较可知,该算法数据利用率高,对噪声有良好的抑制效果。仿真结果表明,该算法可实现-38 dB信噪比条件下的北斗弱信号捕获,并可进一步提高软件接收机灵敏度。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.