一种抑制脉冲噪声的边缘检测算法

提出了一种针对脉冲噪声图像的边缘检测算法,算法借鉴了中值滤波的思想,并采用十字型卷积模板计算图像梯度。首先,对参与图像中梯度计算的像素点进行阈值判断,如果是噪声点,该点像素值用3x3窗口中值滤波结果值替代,然后参与梯度计算,如果不是噪声点则直接参与梯度计算;其次对梯度图像进行细化和二值化以提取边缘图像。实验证明,本文算法对脉冲噪声污染图像边缘检测效果良好,较好地抑制了脉冲噪声的影响,而且提取的图像边缘较细,轮廓清晰。和传统的边缘检测算法及基于小波模变换的边缘检测算法相比,算法在抑噪能力上和边缘提取效果上均比较优秀。     

基于八方向卷积模板的边缘检测算法

针对传统图像边缘检测算法存在的边缘方向性不强及边缘较粗等问题,提出了一种基于八方向卷积模板的边缘检测算法。算法采用0°、22.5°、45°、67.5°、90°、112.5°、135°和157.5°八个方向的卷积模板进行边缘检测,模板权值根据中心像素点到邻域像素的距离及方向夹角的大小进行设定,充分考虑到了邻域内像素对中心点方向梯度的贡献大小,能够较好地检测出图像不同的方向边缘。对梯度图像采用了改进的非极大值抑制方法进行细化,可得到单像素的图像边缘。实验结果表明,该算法获取的边缘图像边缘较为完整,方向性强且边缘较细,整体效果明显优于传统Sobel算法。     

分区均值的自适应噪声图像边缘检测算法

针对边缘检测算法存在的检测精度与抑噪的矛盾,提出一种基于新的图像边缘检测算法。算法将检测窗口按照0o,45o,90o和135o四个不同方向分别划分为两个子区域,先统计每个检测窗口(3×3)内脉冲噪声点的个数,如果超过3个,则扩大检测窗口至5×5。对于检测窗口每个方向划分的两个子区域,分别计算区域内的非噪声点的平均灰度值,利用平均值差的绝对值作为窗口的方向梯度值,进而求得中心点的梯度。然后,对梯度图像采用改进的非极大值抑制方法进行细化,并提取边缘。实验结果表明,该算法检测的图像边缘方向性较强,边缘较细,不仅对不同程度脉冲噪声干扰图像具有较强的抑噪能力,而且对高斯噪声也具有一定程度的抑制效果,算法具有较强的适应性。     

一种基于改进Canny的边缘检测算法

鉴于传统Canny边缘检测算法在高斯滤波方差和高低阈值选取上需要人工干预,不具备自适应能力,以及其在梯度计算上的缺陷。提出了一种改进的Canny边缘检测算法。改进算法使用自适应平滑滤波代替高斯滤波,在平滑图像的同时锐化了边缘;使用水平、垂直、45°和135°四个方向梯度模板计算图像梯度,改善了传统Canny算法在计算梯度时对噪声的敏感性;引进Otsu算法自适应地根据图像灰度生成高低阈值,避免了人为设定高低阈值的难题。实验结果表明,改进算法在检测到更多边缘细节的同时,也具备较强的自适应性。特别地,在噪声环境中,改进算法比传统Canny算法检测效果更优。     

基于均值梯度的脉冲噪声图像边缘检测算法

为了有效地检测出受脉冲噪声污染图像的边缘,提出了一种基于均值梯度的图像边缘检测算法。算法将检测窗口根据水平和垂直方向分成上、下、左、右4个不同区域,先计算每个区域内非噪声点的平均灰度值,然后利用这些值的差分计算图像梯度,得出梯度图像,最后对梯度图像采用了改进的非极大值抑制方法对梯度图像进行细化并提取边缘。实验结果表明,该算法能够较好地检测出受较高密度脉冲噪声干扰的图像边缘,而且边缘较细,效果明显优于传统Sobel算法,具有较强的实用性。     

基于改进Canny算子的焊缝图像边缘提取研究

针对焊缝图像边缘提取过程中,由于工件材质表面特性和复杂光照环境影响产生噪声、伪边缘干扰的问题,提出一种基于改进Canny算子的焊缝边缘提取方法。在边缘检测阶段,首先采用应用改进的双边滤波器进行滤波降噪,降低噪声的同时保留焊缝边缘梯度信息;其次应用改进的Sobel算子,增加了45°、135°方向进行梯度幅值计算,以提高边缘的定位精度。在边缘连接阶段,通过融合Otus与梯度直方图分析法自适应获取双阈值对图像焊缝进行边缘连接。实验表明,该方法在检测精度等方面优于传统Canny算法,提取的中心曲线与相对于实际焊缝中心曲线标准误差降低了46%,平均绝对偏差降低了35%,能够准确地提取焊缝边缘,同时通过自适应获取双阈值,增强了算法自适应性。     

基于Sobel算子的改进边缘检测算法

提出了一种基于Sobel算子改进的边缘检测算法。该算法在传统Sobel算子模板基础上增加了45°方向和135°方向两个模板,提高了边缘定位的精度。在计算图像梯度时结合了方向拆分法,将每个方向梯度与两个子方向半个模板对应的像素点之和分别求比值,选择最大者作为该方向的梯度值,然后将四个方向梯度的最大值作为窗口中心点的梯度,最后对梯度图像进行阈值分割和细化,得到边缘图像。实验证明,算法获取的图像边缘与传统Sobel算法相比,具有定位准确、图像边缘较细的优点。     

基于Sobel算子的医学图像边缘检测研究

边缘检测是图像处理过程的关键技术.由于医学图像的特殊性,检测边缘的准确性对疾病的诊断和治疗有着重大的影响.针对传统Sobel算法存在定位不精确、提取边缘较粗等不足,提出了一种改进算法.算法在传统Sobel算子模板基础上增加了45°方向和135°方向两个模板,提高了边缘定位的精度,采取局部梯度均值作为阈值对初始梯度图像进行局部梯度筛选,局部弱边缘得到增强,然后对处理后梯度图像进行细化和提取,得到边缘图像.实验证明,算法获取的图像边缘与传统Sobel算法相比,具有定位准确、边连续性好和边缘较细等优点,在医学图像处理中具有一定的实用性.     

基于自适应滤波的单像素宽形态学边缘检测

为了进一步提高边缘检测算法的抗噪性和定位精度,提出了一种基于自适应滤波的单像素宽形态学边缘检测算法。首先,分别对图像进行中值滤波和加权均值滤波,并通过自适应调整中值滤波结果和加权均值滤波结果所占的权重抑制脉冲噪声和高斯噪声。然后根据不同取向的结构元素可以有效地检测出不同走向的边缘细节这一特性,定义了一种具有方向估计的形态学梯度,并利用其检测图像的边缘,最后沿梯度方向进行非极大值抑制以获取单像素宽边缘。实验结果表明,本文算法不仅能够准确地检测图像边缘,而且具有较好的抗噪性能,处理速度也较快。      

基于梯度卷积的激光光斑图像分割

为解决传统方法对存在背景噪声干扰的光斑图像分割效果不理想的问题,设计了一种基于梯度卷积的光斑图像分割算法。首先对光斑、背景、噪声的空间灰度分布特性进行分析。而后根据目标与干扰在空间灰度梯度分布特性的差别,构造适应目标尺度的梯度卷积模板,与光斑的梯度图进行卷积,从而在增强光斑特性的同时抑制了背景干扰及噪声。最后,在噪声抑制图像的基础上结合阈值分割和目标特性判别得到最终的分割结果。通过与传统光斑分割算法进行对比实验发现,该算法抗噪能力更强,有效解决了背景与噪声干扰下光斑目标的分割问题。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

A method for calculating the center position of collimated light

It is a key problem to accurately calculate beam spots＇ center of measuring the warp by using a collimated laser. A new method, named double geometrical center method （DGCM）, is put forward for the first time. In this method, a plane wave perpendicularly irradiates an aperture stop, and a charge couple device （CCD） is employed to receive the diffraction-beam spots, then the geometrical centers of the fast and the second diffraction-beam spots are calculated respectively, and their mean value is regarded as the center of datum beam. In face of such adverse instances as laser intension distributing defectively, part of the image being saturated, this method can still work well. What＇s more, this method can detect whether an unacceptable error exits in the courses of image receiving, processing and calculating. The experimental results indicate the precision of this method is high.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.