A new low-temperature methanol synthesis method: Mechanistic and kinetics study of catalytic process

Mechanism and kinetics of catalytic process for a new low-temperature methanol synthesis on Cu/ZnO catalysts from syngas (CO/CO₂/H₂) using catalytically active alcohol promoters were investigated by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). Two intermediate species, adsorbed formate species and alkyl formate species, were formed in this synthesis process. The adsorbed formate species easily reacted with ethanol or 2-propanol at 443 K and atmospheric pressure, and the reaction rate with 2-propanol was faster than that with ethanol. Alkyl formate was readily reduced to form methanol at 443 K and 1.0 MPa, and the hydrogenation rate of 2-propyl formate was found to be quicker than that of ethyl formate. As a promoter, 2-propanol exhibited a higher activity than ethanol in the reaction of the low-temperature methanol synthesis.     

Fractionation of partially stereoregular poly(propylene oxide)

Partially stereoregular poly(propylene oxide) samples were synthesized via reactions catalysed by a preformed analytically defined trimethylaluminium hydrolysate. These samples were fractionated into two contrastingly different fractions.

1. (i) D-polymers: This fraction constituted the major part (up to 90%). It mainly contained cyclic low molecular weight oligomers (MW < 1000). The linear chains found in D-polymers had hydroxyl end groups. No double bonds could be detected spectroscopically.

2. (ii) K-polymers: This fraction was high molecular weight stereoregular polymer. Stepwise thermal precipitation from dilute isooctane solution of K-polymers yielded a succession of fractions which differed in melting point. It appears that the phase equilibria during the thermal precipitations were not controlled by the molecular weights of species.

Hydrodenitrogenation of isoquinoline

To determine the formation and reactivity of addition compounds produced during hydrodenitrogenation (HDN), we investigated the HDN of isoquinoline for a sulfided Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst operated under a hydrogen pressure of 12 MPa (cold charge) in the temperature range 300–375°C. The reaction products were classified into five groups of compounds:

1. hydrogenated derivatives of isoquinoline (tetrahydroisoquinolines, decahydroisoquinolines, and their isomers);

2. nitrogen-containing ring-opened products (1-amino-2-(2-methylphenyl)ethane and 1-amino-1-(2-ethylphenyl)methane);

3. denitrogenated products (1-ethyl-2-methylbenzene, 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclohexane, and their isomers);

4. addition products (hydrocarbons with molecular weights of 238, 244, and 250 and nitrogen-containing compounds with molecular weights of 249, 251, and 257); and

5. cracked products (toluene, ethylbenzene, dimethylbenzenes, and their hydrogenated derivatives).

Most of the nitrogen-containing addition compounds appear to be substituted on the nitrogen atom. The HDN of isoquinoline was more than 10 times faster than the HDN of quinoline, whereas the hydrogenation of isoquinoline was difficult compared to the hydrogenation of quinoline. The reaction network for the HDN of isoquinoline is also presented.     

低温甲醇合成研究进展

日本学者Tsubaki等开创了一种全新的低温甲醇合成反应路径。该路径以含有二氧化碳的合成气为反应原料,使用单一低碳醇(包括甲醇)同时作为催化剂和溶剂,实现了反应原料一氧化碳在低温(443 K)条件下,一步转化率达到70%～100%。原位红外和多种表征手段证明,该反应能够在低温条件下进行,是由于催化剂上吸附的甲酸盐物种可以和多种低碳醇溶剂在低温条件发生酯化反应,生成相对应的甲酸酯。而生成的甲酸酯很容易在低温条件下,铜基催化剂表面,发生加氢反应,生成甲醇和相应的溶剂醇。该种全新的甲醇合成路径克服了常规甲醇合成过程中,甲酸盐必须在高温条件下才能发生加氢反应的关键步骤。同时,还介绍了适用于低温甲醇合成反应的金属Cu/ZnO催化剂制备方法的研究进展。全新的溶胶-凝胶-燃烧法、固相研磨-燃烧法以及甲酸辅助燃烧法直接制备高活性、纳米尺度、高分散的金属Cu/ZnO催化剂,而不需要额外的还原流程。     

Spectroscopic and Kinetic Analysis of a New Low-Temperature Methanol Synthesis Reaction

The spectroscopy and kinetics of a new low-temperature methanol synthesis method were studied by using in situ DRIFTS on Cu/ZnO catalysts from syngas (CO/CO₂/H₂) using alcohol promoters. The adsorbed formate species easily reacted with ethanol or 2-propanol at 443 K and atmospheric pressure, and the reaction rate with 2-propanol was faster than that with ethanol. Alkyl formate was easily reduced to form methanol at 443 K and 1.0 MPa, and the hydrogenation rate of 2-propyl formate was found to be faster than that of ethyl formate. 2-Propanol used as promoter exhibited a higher activity than ethanol in the reaction of the low-temperature methanol synthesis.     

负载型铟基催化剂二氧化碳加氢动力学研究

探讨了载体对铟基催化剂上CO₂加氢动力学的影响。通过浸渍法制备了不同载体的负载型In基催化剂,仅ⅣB族元素（Ti,Zr,Hf）氧化物负载的In基催化剂表现出明显的CO₂加氢活性,其中In₁/HfO₂和In₁/ZrO₂催化剂具有较高的甲醇选择性,而In₁/TiO₂催化剂主要起催化逆水气变换反应的作用。通过稳态动力学、高压原位漫反射红外和程序升温实验等动力学手段,证明反应条件下In₁/ZrO₂和In₁/HfO₂上的关键表面反应中间体是甲酸盐与甲氧基,甲醇主要通过表面甲酸盐的逐步加氢生成。In₁/HfO₂具有最强的氢解离与加氢能力,因此最有利于甲醇合成。In₁/TiO₂在CO₂加氢中表面无明显含碳中间物种,高CO选择性可能与界面氧空缺位点促进redox循环以及甲酸盐中间体分解相关。     

Rideal-type reaction of formate species with alcohol: A key step in new low-temperature methanol synthesis method

In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) was used to study the reaction mechanism of the formate adsorbed species with ethanol to form the ethyl formate on Cu/ZnO catalyst surface in a novel low-temperature methanol synthesis process. The results indicate that the formate adsorbed species were firstly formed by CO/CO₂/H₂ adsorbed on Cu/ZnO catalyst, followed by rapid reaction with ethanol to form ethyl formate. It was found that the species reacted with formate adsorbed species were ethanol in gas phase rather than adsorbed ethoxy species. The reaction of the adsorbed formate species with ethanol on Cu/ZnO catalyst surface proceeded according to Rideal-type mechanism, not Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism.     

Catalysis for fine chemicals: towards specificity with polyphasic media

Three examples of the work undertaken at the Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse for the selective preparation of fine chemicals in polyphasic media are presented and discussed:

1. diastereoselective hydrogenation of 1,2-disubstituted arenes to cyclohexyl derivatives,

2. chemoselective oxidation of anilines, and

3. regioselective alkoxycarbonylation of styrene derivatives to 2-arylpropionic esters.

Factors influencing the selectivity of these reactions are discussed in the light of concepts from molecular chemistry.     

吸附相反应技术制备Cu基催化剂在甲醇合成第一步反应中的活性

采用吸附相反应技术(APRT)制备了Cu基催化剂,并用XRD、HRTEM、H₂-TPR等表征手段进行了分析。结果表明催化剂中的Cu良好分散于载体表面,粒径在5～10 nm。在液相乙醇体系合成气制甲醇的反应中,该Cu基催化剂对第一步形成中间产物甲酸乙酯的催化活性远高于工业催化剂。APRT制备的催化剂与其他催化剂(包括工业催化剂)在液相合成气制甲醇的两步反应中表现出的显著差异,不仅说明APRT催化剂具有不同的结构特点,也表明甲酸乙酯的形成和进一步的加氢的活性位是不同的。     

Application of infrared ATR spectroscopy to in situ reaction monitoring

The infrared horizontal ATR technique was adapted to be applied for in situ reaction monitoring even at high pressure and high temperature. Different types of reactors and flow cells were built which can be used for recording IR ATR spectra at pressures up to 200 bar and temperatures up to 300°C.

The use of the horizontal ATR technique is shown by the following application examples:

• addition reaction of n-butyl isocyanate with butyric alcohol;

• investigation of the equilibrium of isocyanate, HCl and carbamic acid chloride at elevated pressure and temperature;

• monitoring the polycondensation of bifunctional alcohols and carbonic acids;

• recording spectra of polymer melts at 280°C.

甲醇和乙醇合成异丁醛La-V/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂的制备及其催化性能

以V_2O_5为活性组分,通过对催化剂活性组分、载体结构和助剂等因素的研究,制备La-V/TiO_2-SiO_2催化剂,在n(甲醇)∶n(乙醇)=4∶1、空速1.5 h-1、氮气流量120 m L·min~(-1)、反应温度360℃和常压条件下,乙醇转化率84%,异丁醛选择性67%。     

碳毡负载Sn气体扩散电极CO2电化学还原性能

针对CO₂电化学还原中气体扩散电极可强化CO₂的传质,基于碳毡制备了负载锡-石墨烯催化层的新型气体扩散电极,研究了CO₂反应条件、电极厚度、催化剂载量及反应电位对CO₂电化学还原性能的影响。实验结果表明：与溶解态CO₂反应条件相比,采用气相CO₂反应条件电化学还原性能更好;一定范围内增加电极厚度和催化剂载量可以增加气-液-固三相反应界面,提升CO₂电化学还原性能;随着电解电位负移,甲酸产量增加,电流效率先增大后减小;实验中使用厚度为5 mm、载量为5 mg·cm^-2的电极,在-1.8 V（vs Ag/AgCl）条件下进行电化学还原时,平均电流密度为（12.79±1.27） mA·cm^-2,甲酸电流效率达到最佳为41.55%±2.50%。     

不同载体负载Pd双功能催化剂制备及其液相甲醇催化一步合成甲酸甲酯

以γ-Al_2O_3、ZrO_2、Bentonite(膨润土)、MIL-53(Al)和MIL-53(Fe)为载体,采用浸渍法制备负载Pd双功能催化剂,利用XRD、BET和NH3-TPD等表征催化剂结构,在微型高压反应器中评价催化剂的液相甲醇一步催化转化合成甲酸甲酯的反应性能,考察反应条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明,不同载体负载Pd催化剂未观察到Pd的XRD特征峰,表明催化剂表面的Pd是高分散状态。不同载体负载Pd催化剂的比表面积、酸强度和酸量差别较大,并且酸强度和酸量对甲醇转化率和产物选择性有较大影响。具有较多中强酸的2%Pd/Bentonite、2%Pd/MIL-53(Al)和2%Pd/MIL-53(Fe)催化剂比中强酸较少的2%Pd/γ-Al_2O_3和2%Pd/ZrO_2催化剂具有更高的甲醇转化率和甲酸甲酯选择性。2%Pd/Bentonite催化剂在每摩尔甲醇Pd用量为0. 030 mmol、反应温度150℃、O_2压力2 MPa和反应时间5 h条件下,液相甲醇一步催化转化合成甲酸甲酯反应中,甲醇转化率56. 08%,甲酸甲酯选择性55. 85%。     

环保增塑剂环氧脂肪酸甲酯催化合成工艺优化

以甲酸、过氧化氢和脂肪酸甲酯为原料,通过改变工艺条件合成环氧脂肪酸甲酯。考察过氧化氢浓度、甲酸用量、反应温度、反应时间、过氧化氢滴加时间以及过氧化氢用量对环氧化产品环氧值和碘值的影响。经单因素实验得到最佳工艺条件：甲酸用量为脂肪酸甲酯质量的6%,反应温度80 ℃,反应时间4 h,过氧化氢滴加时间30 min,50%过氧化氢用量为脂肪酸甲酯质量的32%。与传统工艺相比,新工艺条件降低了甲酸用量,提高了过氧化氢浓度与反应温度,缩短了反应时间。     

Effective synthesis of ethanol from CO2 on polyfunctional composite catalysts

Synthesis of ethanol by hydrogenation of carbon dioxide has been investigated by developing the novel composite catalysts. The three different kinds of elementary reaction functions for ethanol synthesis were undertaken. The catalytic functions are partial reduction of CO₂ to CO, C–C bond formation, and –OH group insertion. For this purpose, supported Rh catalyst, Fe-based modified Fisher–Tropsch catalyst, and Cu-based modified methanol synthesis catalyst were combined by different ways. As a result, high space–time yields of ethanol as high as 0.8–0.9 kg/l h were obtained.     

Sea water desalination by reverse osmosis in chigasaki laboratory

For the purpose of constructing a reverse osmosis [RO) sea water desalination plant of 800 m³/day capacity, a series of tests on the following themes have been carried out in the Chigasaki Laboratory:

1. Performance and durability of 8B modules made in Japan

2. Simplification of pretreatment system

3. Establishment of energy recovery system.

Domestic modules showed good and stable performance during long term operation, and water recovery ratio of these modules have been raised to 40%.

In-line coagulation and filtration system has been established for the pretreatment of feed sea water, instead of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration system.

The energy recovery equipment is consisted of a high-pressure pump, a motor and a hydraulic turbine on a common base. Recovered energy from pressurized brine is used for the auxiliary motive power of the high-pressure pump. The experimental data show that about 20% of required power for the pump was recovered.     

Comparative study of synthesis of methylamines from carbon oxides and ammonia over Cu/A12O3

Methylamines have been synthesized from carbon dioxide, hydrogen and ammonia using Cu/Al₂O₃ catalysts with different copper loading. The reaction was performed in a fixed-bed micro reactor in the temperature range 473–573 K and at 0.6 MPa total pressure. The product amines were mono-, di- and trimethylamine (MMA, DMA, TMA). The distribution of the amines depended mainly on the reaction temperature and the NH₃/CO₂ ratio in the feed gas. At elevated temperatures and higher NH₃ concentrations methanol synthesis is suppressed and MMA is the main amine product, reaching a ratio of MMA:DMA:TMA of 1:0.23:0.07. Conversion and product distribution were compared to that of the corresponding reaction starting from CO or methanol instead of CO₂. With CO conversion was lower but the selectivity to MMA was higher. If CO₂ was replaced by methanol, conversion increased and TMA was the main product. In all experiments a change of space velocity had relatively little influence on both conversion and distribution of amines.     

Methanol synthesis from CO2-rich syngas over a ZrO2 doped CuZnO catalyst

ZrO₂-doped CuZnO catalyst prepared by successive-precipitation method was investigated by ICP-AES, BET, TEM, XRD, EXAFS, H₂-TPR and CO/CO₂ hydrogenation. The active phase of copper in CuZnO catalyst prepared by co-precipitation method was well-crystallized. The presence of ZrO₂ led to a high copper dispersion, which was distinctive from CuZnO. Though the activity for carbon monoxide hydrogenation was little lower than that of CuZnO catalyst, ZrO₂-doped CuZnO catalyst showed much higher activity and selectivity towards methanol synthesis from carbon dioxide hydrogenation. Moreover, ZrO₂-doped CuZnO catalyst showed high performance for methanol synthesis from CO₂-rich syngas.     

CO_2制备甲醇催化剂研究进展

通过将CO2有效转化为甲醇,真正实现"跨越油气时代"进入"甲醇时代"。通常CO2加氢合成甲醇所用催化剂主要是铜基催化剂,添加其他金属元素或助剂以提高铜基催化剂催化性能。介绍CO2制备甲醇催化剂早期的研究,综述近年来有关CO2制备甲醇催化剂研究进展,新研发的镍-镓结构催化剂可在低压(常压)下将CO2转化为甲醇,比传统的铜-锌-铝催化剂更有效,更多产甲醇。介绍CO2与水反应合成甲醇反应所用催化剂以及光催化还原CO2生成甲醇的新思路和新途径。     

氯化锌催化甲醇和甲醛合成聚甲氧基二甲醚

聚甲氧基二甲醚（PODE_n）是一种环保、友好、高效的柴油添加剂,具有非常广阔的应用前景。以甲醇与甲醛为原料,氯化锌为催化剂合成了PODE_n,探讨了其合成机理,考察了反应温度、时间、催化剂用量和原料配比等条件对反应的影响,并将氯化锌、强酸性大孔树脂和氯化锌改性树脂进行比较。实验结果表明,氯化锌对甲醇和甲醛反应合成PODE_n具有一定的催化活性,其较优的反应条件为：甲醇与甲醛质量比2：（3~4）、催化剂用量3.0%（质量分数）、反应温度105℃,反应时间300 min;氯化锌改性树脂具有更高的催化活性,产物含量较氯化锌提高10个百分点以上,同时降低了反应温度。