蒸汽发生器优化设计后的运行特性研究

以秦山核电厂相关设备为原型,基于已开发的蒸汽发生器模型及优化计算程序,利用系统分析程序RELAP5验证该模型的准确性,并对优化设计所给出的蒸汽发生器的设计方案的稳态运行特性和负荷提升瞬态运行特性进行了模拟分析。结果显示：已开发的蒸汽发生器数学模型是合理的;在超负荷运行过程中,经优化设计的蒸汽发生器存在循环倍率过低问题;RELAP5可作为核动力设备优化设计方案的验证程序。     

基于RELAP5的螺旋管蒸汽发生器热工水力程序研发与验证

由于较高的换热效率和紧凑的结构设计,螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器（HCOTSG）在多种模块化小型堆的设计中得到了广泛应用。RELAP5作为广泛应用于反应堆热工水力特性分析的大型系统程序之一,采用的热工水力关系式仅针对直管模型开发,不适用于HCOTSG一次侧和二次侧。本文选用螺旋管及横掠管束的热工水力模型,基于RELAP5程序开发了HCOTSG模块。采用实验数据及程序对比等方式对螺旋管模块的流动和换热模型进行了单独验证,利用开发的RELAP5-HCOTSG程序针对国际革新安全反应堆（IRIS）的蒸汽发生器设计进行了整体的热工水力模拟,与原始RELAP5的计算相比,RELAP5-HCOTSG程序计算得到的热工水力参数与设计值符合良好,确认了本文开发的程序模块在HCOTSG热工水力分析中的适用性。     

卧式蒸汽发生器模型及稳态分析

研究了卧式蒸汽发生器稳态工况下的数学模型,在此基础上编制了稳态仿真程序HSG-S,并进行了稳态计算,计算结果正确并与RELAP5程序计算结果吻合良好。     

基于漂移流模型的蒸汽发生器稳态热工水力分析

为研究蒸汽发生器的稳态热工水力特性,建立了四方程漂移流模型,并开发了一维计算程序。对蒸汽发生器U型管管束空间考虑为由一次侧通道、二次侧通道和传热管构成,对一次侧通道和二次侧通道的过冷段采用单相流模型,二次侧通道的沸腾段采用四方程漂移流模型,建立基于交错网格的一阶迎风差分方程,通过热平衡-自然循环压降的交叉迭代计算得到稳态热工水力参数。利用程序计算了秦山300 MW核电厂100%、75%、50%、30%、15%功率稳定运行工况下的热工水力特性,并与RELAP5的计算结果进行比较,两组结果一致性较好。     

压水堆核电站堆芯物理/热工水力耦合特性研究

采用RELAP5-HD作为堆芯耦合计算程序,以秦山核电二期工程反应堆堆芯为研究对象,建立堆芯活性区的物理/热工水力耦合模型,在此基础上进行了稳态计算和掉棒事故仿真研究。结果表明,使用RELAP5-HD计算得到的结果与电厂实测值符合较好,获得的掉棒事故参数曲线能准确反映事故工况下的参数变化趋势。稳态和事故工况的计算结果均符合堆芯物理/热工水力反馈效应的理论分析,证实了所建立的堆芯耦合模型的准确性,为下一步进行核电站系统的仿真分析提供基础。     

补水箱水装量对非能动余热排出系统运行的影响分析

为了补充非能动余热排出系统运行过程中蒸汽发生器二次侧流体的损失量,设置了补水箱。采用RELAP5程序进行建模分析,评估不同补水箱初始水装量对非能动余热排出系统运行造成的影响。结果表明,设置补水箱有利于建立蒸汽发生器内部长期的稳定运行状态;补水箱初始水装量越高,在补水阶段对非能动余热排出系统的换热能力抑制效应越明显,但补水结束后的长期阶段,由前期补水对非能动余热排出系统运行所造成的影响不大。     

RELAP5-3D modeling of PWR steam generator condensation experiments at the Oregon State University APEX facility

This report describes modeling using RELAP5-3D of a series of six steam generator U-tube steam condensation (without non-condensable gas) tests conducted at the Oregon State University Advanced Plant Experiment Test Facility from 2005 through 2007. These tests were designed to evaluate steam condensation rates in a scaled pressurized water reactor steam generator at various primary and secondary side pressures and inlet steam mass flow rates. Comparisons between the experimental data and the RELAP5-3D model results are made to quantify the effectiveness of RELAP5-3D in handling steam condensation in U-tube steam generators. RELAP5-3D tends to over predict the condensation rate and heat transfer coefficient when compared against the experimental data when the code uses the laminar Nusselt correlation to determine the heat transfer coefficient. When RELAP5-3D results are used with the Shah correlation the comparison between the heat transfer coefficients is much improved.     

Analysis of the OECD/NEA ROSA Project experiment simulating a PWR small break LOCA with high-power natural circulation

OECD/NEA ROSA Project experiment with the large scale test facility (LSTF) in JAEA was conducted simulating a PWR 1% cold leg small break LOCA with an assumption of high-power natural circulation due to failure of scram and total failure of high pressure injection system. The core power curve for the LSTF experiment was obtained by PWR LOCA analysis using JAEA-developed coupled three-dimensional kinetics and thermal-hydraulics code SKETCH-INS/TRAC-PF1 with detailed core model. A post-test analysis was performed against the obtained data by using JAEA-modified RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code to validate the code predictability. The JAEA-modified RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code was used by incorporating a break model that employs maximum bounding flow theory with a discharge coefficient of 0.61 for two-phase break flow. In the experiment, flow in hot legs became supercritical during two-phase natural circulation, causing the hot leg liquid level to be quite low. Liquid accumulation in steam generator U-tube upflow-side took place during reflux condensation mode due to high vapor velocity. The RELAP5 code predicted reasonably well the overall thermal-hydraulic phenomena observed in the experiment. The code, however, overpredicted the break flow rate especially during two-phase flow discharge period probably because of the failure in the correct simulation of the cold leg liquid level due to late decrease in the primary loop flow rate.     

非能动余热排出系统数学模型研究与运行特性分析

利用某型核动力装置非能动余热排出系统1:10原理性试验的8个稳态工况、6个启动工况的试验数据,验证RELAP5/MOD3.2程序对本类型非能动余热排出系统的适用性。结果表明:垂直管内蒸汽凝结换热系数对两相流自然循环的流动与传热影响大;RELAP5/MOD3.2程序过低估算了垂直管内蒸汽流速对蒸汽凝结换热系数的影响,计算结果与试验结果偏差大。对RELAP5/MOD3.2程序垂直管内的蒸汽凝结换热模型进行修正,修正后的计算结果与试验值基本吻合;采用RELAP5程序对垂直管内两相流自然循环传热进行计算,须选择热前沿跟踪模型。对非能动余热排出系统的稳态与瞬态运行特性进行分析,理论计算与试验结果均表明:稳态工况下,系统可以实现稳定的两相流自然循环,系统排热能力受蒸汽发生器水位的影响大,冷却水入口温度与系统压力的影响相对较小;系统的启动特性良好,可快速地建立环路的自然循环,带走反应堆的衰变热。     

CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧三维稳态热工水力分析

采用三维稳态分析软件GENEPI,对CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧管束区进行了热工水力计算,利用多孔介质及局部阻力系数来表征传热管及各几何部件的复杂结构和压降影响,得到了二次侧管束区流场、温度场等的分布情况。计算结果表明:管束区最大干度为0.3;将典型传热管的动能数据提供给流致振动软件进行计算分析,结果显示在本工况下,传热管的流致振动在可接受范围内;对管板附近的流场及温度场进行分析,预测了此模型及工况下的泥渣沉积区域,为排污管的设计提供了输入数据。计算结果验证了CPR1000蒸汽发生器二次侧管束区设计的合理性。     

一体化压水堆非能动余热排出系统运行特性影响因素分析

根据一体化压水堆额定状态下的运行参数对其非能动余热排出系统进行设计计算,运用RELAP5/MOD3.4程序对该系统的运行特性及影响因素进行仿真计算和分析,通过分析不同换热器设计参数下系统的运行特性,对系统进行优化。计算结果表明：余热换热器换热面积越大、冷热芯位差越大,于自然循环的建立有利,但同时二回路压力峰值也越大。通过合理延长主蒸汽阀门关闭的延迟时间和在余热换热器上设置并联补水箱,可在不影响自然循环能力的前提下解决压力峰值过大的问题,从而优化了余热排出系统的设计。采用以上两种措施可使非能动余热排出系统在满足结构和安全的前提下具有较大的余热排出能力。     

Design and analysis of a thermal hydraulic integral test facility for Bushehr nuclear power plant

In this paper, design and analysis of a thermal hydraulic integral test facility for Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is presented. The Bushehr Integral Test Facility (BITF) is a test facility designed to model the thermal-hydraulic behaviours of the Bushehr NPP (VVER-1000) pressurized water reactors currently in use in IRAN. These reactors have unique features that differ from other PWR designs. The BITF simulates the major components and systems of the reference NPP, making it possible to examine postulated small and medium break a loss of coolant accidents (LOCAs) and operational transients. The BITF is a volume-scaled model (1:1375). To ensure that gravitational forces remain equal to those in the reference reactor, the major components and systems in the BITF preserve 1:1 elevation equivalence to the reference reactor. The facility has four loops (each one consists of a hot leg, a steam generator, a loop seal, a main circulation pump and a cold leg), a pressurizer connected via two surge line to the hot leg of the loops 2, 4, the emergency-core-cooling system (ECCS) which is provided by an active pump simulating high and low pressure injection systems, and four hydro-accumulators. The report also contains a comparison between experimental data of PSB test facility and RELAP5 calculations of BITF facility under steady state condition of the reactor power 15% from the nominal.     

Animation model of Krško nuclear power plant for RELAP5 calculations

Today most software applications, also in the nuclear field, come with a graphical user interface. The first graphical user interface for the RELAP5 thermal-hydraulic computer code was called the Nuclear Plant Analyzer (NPA). Later, Symbolic Nuclear Analysis Package (SNAP) was developed. The purpose of the present study was to develop SNAP animation model of Krško nuclear power plant (NPP) for RELAP5 calculations with the aim to help analyze the results. In addition, the reference calculations for Krško full scope simulator validation were performed with the latest RELAP5/MOD3.3 Patch 03 code and compared to previous RELAP5 versions to provide verified source data, needed to demonstrate animation model. In total six scenarios were analyzed: two scenarios of the small-break loss-of-coolant accident, two scenarios of the loss of main feedwater, a scenario of the anticipated transient without scram, and a scenario of the steam generator tube rupture. The use of SNAP for animation of Krško nuclear power plant analyses showed several benefits, especially better understanding of the calculated physical phenomena and processes. It can be concluded that an animation tool was created, which enables to analyze very complex accident scenarios. The graphical surface helps keeping the overview and focusing on the main influences. Also, the use of such support tools to system codes may significantly contribute to better quality of safety analysis.     

Coupled calculation of the radiological release and the thermal-hydraulic behaviour of a 3-loop PWR after a SGTR by means of the code RELAP5

To enable a more realistic and accurate calculation of the radiological consequences of a steam generator tube rupture (SGTR), a fission product transport model was developed. As the radiological releases strongly depend on the thermal-hydraulic transient, the model was included in the RELAP5 input decks of the Belgian Nuclear Power Plants. This enables the coupled calculation of the thermal-hydraulic transient and the radiological release. The fission product transport model tracks the concentration of the fission products in the primary circuit, in each of the SGs as well as in the condenser. This leads to a system of six coupled, first order ordinary differential equations with time dependent coefficients. Flashing, scrubbing, atomisation and dry out of the break flow are accounted for. Coupling with the thermal-hydraulic calculation and correct modelling of the break position enables an accurate calculation of the mixture level above the break. Pre- and post-accident spiking in the primary circuit are introduced. The transport times in the FW-system and the SG blowdown system are also taken into account, as is the decontaminating effect of the primary make-up system and of the SG blowdown system. Physical input parameters such as the partition coefficients, half life times and spiking coefficients are explicitly introduced so that the same model can be used for iodine, caesium and noble gases.     

PARCS稳态两相热工水力程序PATHS的开发与耦合

本工作开发了PARCS的先进热工水力求解器PATHS,可对沸水堆进行热工水力稳态模拟。与RELAP5的计算结果进行验证,结果表明,PATHS的计算结果与RELAP5的基本一致。将PATHS与PARCS进行耦合,对SMART反应堆及Peach Bottom 2 OECD Turbine Trip基准题进行计算,结果表明,PARCS/PATHS耦合程序计算结果准确有效,能用于沸水堆的稳态物理热工耦合计算。     

Hydraulic characterization of the full scale divertor cassette prototype

In the frame of the activities related to ITER divertor R&D, ENEA C.R. Brasimone was in charge by Fusion For Energy (F4E) to perform the assembly, the hydraulic tests and the theoretical simulation of the hydraulic behavior of the full scale divertor cassette prototype. The objective of these activities was aimed at the investigation of the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the full-scale divertor cassette both under steady state condition and during draining and drying operational transient. In particular, the steady state tests were focused on finally check whether the hydraulic design of the divertor components is able to ensure a uniform and proper cooling for the plasma facing components, with an acceptable pressure drop; whilst the transient ones were aimed at defining proper procedures for draining and drying the divertor cassette as well as for refilling it with water.This paper presents the results of the steady state and transient hydraulic experimental test campaigns performed at ENEA C.R. Brasimone as well as the relevant numerical analysis performed at the Department of Nuclear Engineering of the University of Palermo adopting the RELAP5 Mod3.3 thermal-hydraulic system code.     

基于节点法的轴流式预热蒸汽发生器稳态热工水力分析

基于一维流动假设、传热假设和两相热平衡假设等,采用集总参数法和分布参数法相结合,建立了轴流式预热蒸汽发生器的一维稳态热工水力分析模型。采用C++语言编程,将计算结果与某典型轴流式预热蒸汽发生器热工水力参数的设计值进行对比,结果表明大部分总体参数计算结果的相对误差都在3%以内,验证了模型的合理性;蒸汽发生器中温度、空泡份额、压力等参数沿一次测流体流动方向的变化趋势,符合热工水力学及定性机理分析结果,说明所建立的模型和求解方法能够较准确预测轴流式预热蒸汽发生器稳态热工水力参数分布。      

Thermal-Hydraulic System Study of the Helium Cooled Pebble Bed （HCPB） Test Blanket Module （TBM） for ITER Using System Code RELAP5

The HCPB concept has been a European DEMO reference concept for nearly one decade. Detailed thermal-hydraulic study on the control behavior of the whole system is one of the important parts of this development. The thermal-hydraulic effect of the TBM-combined cooling circuit during a cyclic operation in ITER has been studied using the system code RELAP5. The RELAP5 is based on an one-dimensional, transient two-fluid model for the flow of a two-phase steam-water mixture that can contain noncondensable components like Helium. The RELAP5-models are modified to take the cyclic operation of the circulator, heat exchanger, bypass, valves etc in to account. A sequence of operational phases is investigated, starting from the cold state through the heating phase that brings the system to a stand-by condition, followed by typical power cycles applied in ITER. The results show that the implemented control mechanisms keep the inlet temperature to the TBM and the total mass flow rate at the required values through all phases.     

Safety analysis of reactivity insertion accidents in a heavy water nuclear research reactor core using coupled 3D neutron kinetics thermal-hydraulic system code technique

Nuclear power plant Safety analysis using coupled 3D neutron kinetics/thermal-hydraulic codes technique is increasingly used nowadays. Actually, the use of this technique allows getting less conservatism and more realistic simulations of the physical phenomena. The challenge today is oriented toward the application of this technique to the operating conditions of nuclear research reactors. In the current study, a three-Dimensional Neutron Kinetics and best estimate Thermal-Hydraulic model based upon the coupled PARCS/RELAP5 codes has been developed and applied for a heavy water research reactor. The objective is to perform safety analysis related to design accidents of this reactor types. In the current study two positive reactivity insertion transients are considered, SCRAM protected and self-limiting power excursion cases. The results of the steady state calculations were compared with results obtained from conventional diffusion codes, while transient calculations were assessed using the point kinetic model of the RELAP5 code. Through this study, the applicability and the suitability of using the coupled code technique with respect to the classical models are emphasized and discussed.     

面向冷却剂温度控制的铅基冷却反应堆热工水力系统传递函数建模方法

反应堆瞬态计算程序RELAP5-HD的仿真模型主要采用偏微分方程进行描述,可用于冷却剂温度系统的仿真验证。然而,利用控制理论无法直接对偏微分方程组建立的系统进行稳定性、稳态特性、动态特性分析,从而对冷却剂温度系统的控制器设计缺乏了一种有效的优化手段。为解决上述问题,采用热工水力学第一性原理与空间离散化方法,建立了一套用于分析冷却剂温度系统特性的铅基冷却反应堆热工水力传递函数模型。该模型与RELAP5-HD模型的对比计算结果表明,当控制变量发生阶跃时,传递函数模型与RELAP5-HD模型的输出特性能较好地吻合,准确反映了系统的动力学特性,能够利用控制理论对铅基冷却反应堆冷却剂温度系统的特性进行分析研究。