Effect of high-gradient directional solidification on the structure and mechanical properties of high-strength VNS-72 and VKS-12 steels

The structure and mechanical properties of high-strength structural VKS-12 and corrosion-resistant VNS-72 steels have been studied after remelting in a vacuum induction furnace and high-gradient directional solidification (HGDS). The HGDS method is shown to give better results for both steels, since it provides a deformed structure having a very small grain size and high ductility and fracture-toughness characteristics at a high strength.     

超声波作用下不同添加剂对高碳钢凝固组织的影响

 主要研究了在超声波作用下不同添加剂对高碳钢凝固组织的影响。结果表明：在超声波作用下,高碳钢液中添加钛铁、铈可以明显细化其凝固组织,但是添加铝对其凝固组织的细化作用不明显。高碳钢凝固组织的细化是由于Ti（C,N）可以作为非均质形核的核心,促进高碳钢液凝固过程的形核,Ti（C,N）有效的钉扎晶界作用,阻止初生奥氏体晶粒的长大;超声空化作用下稀土氧化物、氧硫化物数量的增多,增加了高碳钢液凝固过程中非均质形核核心的数量。     

Mathematical Simulation of Process Parameters in the case of Rapid Solidification of Steel

Rapid solidification of steel was investigated experimentally under laboratory conditions by immersion of cold copper rods in steel baths. For a better understanding of the process parameters during rapid solidification, an explicit finite difference model was employed. In the calculation, a coefficient of heat transfer between a frozen steel shell and solid copper of α = 40 [KW/m²·K] is assumed in good agreement with experimental data derived from temperature measurements. The solidification parameters such as local time of solidification (LST), local time of the superheat reduction (LShRT), local solidification and cooling rates (LSR, LCR) and local heat flux density of solidification and superheat reduction (LSHFD, LShRHFD) can be calculated using the developed model, in dependence on the processing conditions. This influence of processing parameters, such as steel bath superheat, steel bath material, immersed body material, initial temperature of immersed body and immersed body geometry, were the subject of intensive investigations.     

Solidification in Soft-Contact Continuous Casting Mold with Alternating Electromagnetic Field

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Bonding Interface Formation between Mg Alloy and Steel by Liquid-phase Bonding using the Ag Interlayer

Liquid-phase bonding between a Mg alloy (AZ31) and low-carbon steel was attempted at 773 K (500 °C) using Ag as an interlayer that forms a eutectic melt with the Mg alloy at this temperature. On the AZ31 side, eutectic melting and subsequent isothermal solidification were observed, and it was confirmed that the solidification of the eutectic liquid was promoted by the diffusion of Ag into the AZ31 base metal. On the steel side, Al was transported from AZ31 during the eutectic melting and isothermal solidification. This transported Al was enriched at the steel surface and reacted with steel to form a uniform, thin Fe-Al intermetallic compound layer. After the isothermal solidification, strong bonding was achieved via the thin intermetallic compound layer between AZ31 and steel, and no Ag remained at the bonding interface. The strength of the joint was found to be higher than the yield strength of AZ31.     

40CrNiMo钢35 t 多边形铸锭凝固过程的数值模拟

运用三维铸造软件Procast建立了40CrNiMo合金钢(/%:0.37~0.44C,0.17~0.34Si,0.50~0.80Mn,≤0.035P,≤0.035S,0.60~0.90Cr,1.25~1.65 Ni,0.15~0.25Mo)35 t多边形铸锭凝固过程的数学模型,模拟铸锭的浇注(1313 s)、充型凝固(73942 s)过程铸锭的温度场和钢的凝固收缩率。结果表明,模拟计算得出铸锭完全凝固时间20.5 h与现场测量的凝固时间22 h基本一致;钢的凝固收缩率≤2.5%,铸锭无二次缩孔,疏松轻微。     

06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的DTA试验与组织分析

 根据铬当量、镍当量的计算结果推断了06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的凝固模式,并采用差热分析技术（DTA）对06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢在10和30℃/min的加热冷却速度下的凝固过程进行了研究,对DTA曲线中的吸热峰和放热峰进行了分析,并采用激光共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品进行了测定。分析结果表明：06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的实际凝固模式为FA型,即铁素体奥氏体型。随着冷却速率的增加,奥氏体形核率增大,残余的δ铁素体在形态上更加细小分散。该研究结果对实际生产中改善铸坯组织,提高铸坯质量具有着一定的意义。     

成分与冷却速率对高硅不锈钢凝固模式的影响

 高硅奥氏体不锈钢因其较高的Si元素含量所表现出的优异耐蚀性能而成为制酸行业普遍应用的一种特殊钢种。然而,高含量Si元素的加入会引发铸造缺陷和成分偏析加剧以及钢中析出相增多,热加工过程中易产生热裂纹等问题。高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程中δ铁素体的含量、形态和分布与合金化学成分和热加工历史紧密相关,其室温组织取决于析出相的析出顺序和随后的固态相变,因此,奥氏体不锈钢的凝固模式势必会影响合金的热塑性。为此通过调整高硅奥氏体不锈钢中Si元素与Cr元素的含量,采用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、JMatPro软件计算等方法,探究了合金成分变化与冷却速率对高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固模式的影响,并对经典铬镍当量算法进行了评估。结果表明,Schneider铬镍当量算法相较于Rajasekhar铬镍当量算法对大多数合金的凝固模式预测较为准确;随着合金中Si元素与Cr元素含量的提高,合金凝固模式由AF模式转变为FA模式,合金凝固过程中经历更多的“δ→γ”固态相变,其中质量分数为6.0%Si成分的合金对应的δ铁素体增幅减缓;随着质量分数为5.0%的Si铸锭冷却速率的提高,合金凝固模式由AF模式转变为A模式;Hammar and Svensson凝固路线判据可以准确预测高硅奥氏体不锈钢的初始析出相。研究为合理制定高硅奥氏体不锈钢的合金成分与成形工艺提供理论依据。     

包晶钢铸坯裂纹形成机理的实验研究

针对包晶钢在连铸生产中铸坯裂纹出现较严重,选用具有相似收缩特征的Ag-Zn合金作为研究对象,开展定向凝固实验.研究得出,包晶钢包晶相变过程中包晶转变(δ→γ)阶段引起的收缩是导致铸坯裂纹的主要原因.与过包晶钢相比,亚包晶钢因在包晶相变过程中有较多的δ铁生成量和较少富余液相的补缩,铸坯更容易出现裂纹.亚包晶钢铸坯裂纹较低碳钢严重,是因为低碳钢发生包晶转变的温度低,避开了钢的零强度和零塑性温度区.     

过热度对GCr15SiMn轴承钢钢锭宏观偏析的影响

针对GCr15SiMn钢锭易出现宏观偏析凝固缺陷的问题,研究了过热度对GCr15SiMn钢锭宏观偏析的影响规律,使用真空感应炉冶炼1 kg的GCr15SiMn钢锭,通过酸侵试验与OPA技术分别测定了钢锭的凝固组织与宏观偏析,并结合ProCAST软件分析了钢液流动的规律。结果表明,高过热度(70 ℃)时,中心下部出现一定程度的负偏析,中心上部形成了较严重的正偏析同时伴随疏松;中过热度(50 ℃)时,疏松范围较小,碳元素分布较均匀;低过热度(20 ℃)与极低过热度(-20 ℃)时,疏松范围扩大,凝固初期是严重负偏析,凝固末期是严重正偏析。过热度影响偏析的机理为,高过热度时,凝固过程热对流较强,溶质上浮,钢锭上部的正偏析严重;当过热度过低时,初期凝固大量形核并保留在钢锭底部,在底部形成严重的负偏析。     

430不锈钢凝固显微组织模拟的3D CAFE模型

在同时考虑传热、流动和溶质扩散基础上建立了预测铁素体不锈钢多元合金凝固组织的3D CAFE模型,揭示了430不锈钢凝固过程中温度、固相率及晶粒形貌的变化规律.模型中采用高斯分布描述形核密度与过冷度的关系,应用KGT模型描述枝晶的生长过程.根据Fe-C-17% Cr平衡相图确定了430不锈钢的凝固路径,在考虑凝固收缩的基础上预测了铸锭的疏松和缩孔分布.组织模拟结果与实际铸锭基本一致,二者的温度变化和组织结构特征也基本吻合.      

重轨钢连铸凝固末端位置研究及工艺优化

根据武钢第一炼钢厂重轨钢连铸生产条件,建立380 mm ×280 mm方坯凝固传热数学模型,并采用射钉法验证及修正。模拟结果表明,U71Mn和U75V钢的凝固末端各自位于距结晶器液面16.96～21.68 m和16.50～21.17 m;减弱二冷强度或增大拉速,U71Mn和U75V钢凝固终点均会明显后移。根据计算结果,二冷制度由弱冷(0.346 L/kg)改为超弱冷(0.218 L/kg),拉速采用0.7 m/min,应用1～4~#机架轻压下,压下量为5～7 mm,U71Mn和U75V钢凝固终点延长至21 m以上。连铸工艺优化后,重轨钢大方坯中心疏松Ⅰ级内平均合格率由89.64%提高到99.50%。     

Study on Improving Solidification Structure of Rare Earth Al-Si Alloys with Electropulse Acting on Liquid Alloy

Electropulse modification (EPM) process, a new physical field method for improving the solidification structure of metals was introduced.Different from other research, EPM is only acting pulse current on melt under liquid state.The solidification structure of Al-Si alloys, A1-Cu alloys,cast iron and steel can be modified obviously with this method: the solidification structure of ZL101 alloy presented the Na and Sr modification and the mechanical properties were enhanced; a large number of primary silicon appeared in the microstructure of ZL109 alloy; the equiaxed grain zone was expanded and the grains were fined in Al-5.0wt% Cu alloy; the graphitization took place in solidification process of molten cast iron; the grain sizes of solidification structure of T8 steel were reduced significantly and the shape of steel pearlites also changed; the equiaxed grain zone increased to 88% from original untreated 19%, the equiaxed grains were fined and the intercrystalline crack was avoided in concasting billet by continuously treating liquid electrical sheet steel in tundish.Effects of rare earths on casting Al-Si alloys were also summarized.The method of modifying the solidification structure of rare earth Al-Si alloys with EPM in producing the alloys was proposed.     

基于多重分形研究脉冲磁场周期对凝固组织的影响

为了研究脉冲磁场对凝固组织的影响,采用自发研制的脉冲磁场发生装置将脉冲磁场非接触式地施加到钛处理低碳钢的凝固过程中,利用金相显微镜和实验室设计的多重分形软件研究了不同周期的脉冲磁场对凝固组织的影响。结果表明,该钢种的凝固组织具有分形特征;随着脉冲磁场周期的延长,Δα和Δf(α)呈现为先减小后增大的规律,在脉冲磁场周期为0.5 s时,组织最为均匀。由此可以推断脉冲磁场周期对凝固组织的影响存在一个最佳值。     

铁素体不锈钢凝固组织的影响因素

 铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中形成的柱状晶会影响钢的成形性,减少甚至避免铸坯柱状晶的形成,促进等轴晶的形成,对铁素体不锈钢来说尤为重要。采用连铸和模铸的试验方法浇铸了铁素体不锈钢430,以分析影响其凝固结构的因素。结果表明,电磁搅拌对430不锈钢连铸坯等轴晶的形成作用显著。无论模铸试验还是连铸试验,冷却强度对430铸坯柱状晶的形成都有明显的影响。在模铸试验条件下,碳、氮含量越高,越有利于其凝固时等轴晶的形成;在连铸试验条件下,由于温度梯度大,碳、氮含量对凝固组织的影响被削弱,但如果对钢液进行搅拌,碳、氮含量的变化对凝固组织仍然有明显的影响。     

Ti-IF钢凝固过程中TiN的析出机理和规律

结合冶金热力学和凝固偏析模型分析了Ti-IF钢凝固过程中TiN的析出特点.Ti-IF钢凝固前期钢液中TiN夹杂无法生成,固相中TiN源自低温固相析出;凝固固相分数达到0.64时,Ti、N组元在凝固前沿富集程度增加,凝固前沿固相中开始有TiN析出;凝固末期,Ti和N的富集程度进一步增大,固液相中均能有TiN析出.采用扫描电镜分析了TiN在铸坯中的分布,从铸坯表层到中心TiN数量和尺寸存在显著变化:从铸坯表层向中心方向TiN尺寸不断增大,平均尺寸从1-2μm增大到5μm,在距离表层70-80 mm处尺寸达到最大;在铸坯厚度中间位置,TiN尺寸较大,平均尺寸为5μm左右;在铸坯中心TiN尺寸又有所变小,平均尺寸为3μm左右;在铸坯表层TiN密集程度较高,在铸坯中间和中心TiN数量密集程度显著降低.IF钢铸坯中TiN析出时机及其尺寸和数量与Ti、N组元偏析和凝固冷却速度关系密切.      

Solidification Behavior and Weldability of Dissimilar Welds Between a Cr-Free,Ni-Cu Welding Consumable and Type 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel

The solidification behavior of a Cr-free welding consumable based on the Ni-Cu system was evaluated in conjunction with Type 304L stainless steel. The weld metal microstructure evolution was evaluated with optical and secondary electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, button melting, and thermodynamic (CALPHAD-based) modeling. Solidification partitioning patterns showed that higher dilutions of the filler metal by Type 304L increased segregation of Ti, Cu, and Si to interdendritic regions. Button melting experiments showed a widening of the solidification temperature range with increasing dilution because of the expansion of the austenite solidification range and formation of Ti(C,N) via a eutectic reaction. The model predictions showed good correlation with button melting experiments and were used to evaluate the nature of the Ti(C,N) precipitation reaction. Solidification cracking susceptibility of the weld metal was shown to increase with dilution of 304L stainless steel based on testing conducted with the cast pin tear test. The increase in cracking susceptibility is associated with expansion of the solidification temperature range and the presence of eutectic liquid at the end of solidification that wets solidification grain boundaries.     

激光诱导击穿光谱原位分析仪和电子探针在CrMo耐磨铸钢元素偏析分析中的联合应用

CrMo耐磨铸钢是重要的耐磨钢铁材料,凝固过程中的溶质元素偏析是影响CrMo耐磨铸钢组织和性能的重要因素,了解凝固过程中的溶质元素偏析对于CrMo耐磨铸钢的工业化生产具有重要的借鉴意义。宏观偏析和微观偏析是衡量材料偏析程度的两个指标,准确的测量其偏析状况是研究溶质元素偏析的基础。实验以CrMo耐磨铸钢为研究对象,采用激光诱导击穿光谱原位分析仪(LIBSOPA)和电子探针(EPMA)分析钢锭不同部位的宏观偏析和凝固组织中的微观偏析,结果发现,Cr、V和Mn元素在CrMo耐磨铸钢铸锭中宏观偏析程度较小,偏析比接近1,而Mo元素宏观偏析程度较大,其最大宏观偏析比超过1.20;Cr、Mo、V和Mn元素在CrMo钢凝固组织中均存微观偏析,且随着冷却速度的增加,Cr、Mo、V和Mn微观偏析程度也随之增加,其最大微观偏析比分别为1.39、2.63、3.47和1.83。LIBSOPA与EPMA在CrMo耐磨铸钢元素偏析分析中的联合应用,对全面了解CrMo钢铸锭元素偏析,优化铸造以及后续的热加工工艺具有重要借鉴意义。     

基于氧化物冶金技术的管线钢凝固脱氧热力学

通过X100管线钢(%:0.03～0.05C、1.70～1.90Mn、0.15～0.25Si、≤0.001S、≤0.002P)凝固过程脱氧热力学研究,确定了在凝固过程中的固液两相区析出Ti₂O₃夹杂的最佳钢液组成。研究表明,为使X100管线钢在凝固前沿的固液两相区中析出细小的Ti₂O₃夹杂颗粒,关键在于控制钢液中钛含量≤0.01%,铝含量≤0.002%,氧含量≤0.001%,氮含量≤0.004%。     

板坯连铸充型过程流场温度场耦合数值模拟

利用CFD商用软件Flow-3d,对内外复合冷却结晶器内钢水充型过程流场温度场耦合作用下的 流动和凝固状况进行数值模拟,得到了流场温度场的分布图和充填过程中自由表面的位置和形状图。分析了 板坯连铸充型过程中流场温度场对钢水凝固的影响。结果表明内冷却器可改善钢水的流动,有利于钢液中的 夹杂物上浮,加快结晶器内钢液的凝固