应变速率对粘土不排水抗剪强度的影响

由于流变特性的影响，饱和粘土的不排水抗剪强度与加载速率有关。应变速率对粘土不排水抗剪强度的影响程度通常采用应变率参数（应变速率增长10倍下不排水抗剪强度的增长率）来反映。国外大量的试验结果表明这个参数为8％～20％，而大部分在12％左右，并且超固结比、固结状态、试验类型对应变率参数P的影响并不明显。介绍了一个用来研究应变率参数P的各向异性弹粘塑性本构模型，在这个本构模型的基础上推导得出了应变率参数P的理论表达式。实际上，只要是采用滞后变形理论构建的流变本构模型，都可以推导得出这个公式。这个公式从理论上证明了应变率参数与固结状态、试验类型的无关性。众多试验结果表明，对于大多数粘土，压缩指数与次压缩指数的比值大都为0．03～0．05，代入公式中ρ的计算结果为7．2％～12．2％。试验中所得到的高达20％的数值与灵敏性土在结构破损明显阶段所具有较高的压缩指数与次压缩指数的比值有关。计算结果与一些试验结果的对比表明了这个表达式的可靠性。     

考虑时间效应的K_0各向异性UH模型

将所建立的考虑时间效应的超固结土统一硬化模型(时间UH模型)推广为能够考虑K0各向异性的弹黏塑性模型。基于广义非线性强度准则的变换应力三维化方法,将新模型扩展到三维应力状态。使用新模型预测K0固结土的一维和三轴等应变率加载试验,预测结果表明新模型能够合理反映应变率对K0固结土前期固结压力和应力应变曲线的影响。根据模型的基本方程,推导三轴压缩条件下不排水抗剪强度的理论公式,并将该公式的计算结果与试验结果进行对比,发现该公式能够反映不排水抗剪强度随超固结度和应变率的增大而提高的性质。     

饱和软黏土固结过程中的不排水抗剪强度特性

集成大直径固结仪和微型十字板剪切仪的功能,开发和研制了饱和软黏土固结过程中可以随时开展剪切试验的系统装置,考虑超孔压随时间和空间变化的不均匀性,在微型十字板剪切仪板头处的空心轴杆底端配置微型孔压计,并在大直径固结仪中配置微型土压力计,使其具备自动实时监测在十字板剪切试验测点处有效应力变化的功能。利用该系统装置,开展了饱和软黏土在不同固结压力作用下,固结过程中不同时点的十字板剪切试验,实时监测了固结过程中的变形和孔压变化过程,得到了十字板剪切试验测点处的有效应力和不排水抗剪强度,分析了固结过程中不排水抗剪强度和有效应力之间的相关关系。结果表明,在不同固结压力作用下,固结完成后的不排水抗剪强度与有效应力呈现出传统的线性关系,但是,在某一固结压力作用下,固结过程中的不排水抗剪强度却随有效应力的增长呈非线性增长,而且,在不同固结压力作用下,固结压力越大,固结过程中达到相同的有效应力时所对应的不排水抗剪强度越大。固结过程中的不排水抗剪强度并不仅仅取决于剪前固结有效应力,还与剪前孔隙比相关,孔压消散速率小于变形速率是导致固结初期、剪前固结有效应力较小时,不排水抗剪强度较快增长的主要原因。     

天然沉积结构性黏土的不排水强度性状

通过对福州天然沉积黏土原状样及不同初始含水率重塑样进行三轴固结不排水剪切试验,探讨土结构性对天然沉积黏土强度性状的影响规律及作用机理。研究结果表明：结构性对天然沉积土固结不排水抗剪强度的作用程度受固结压力大小影响可以分为3个阶段：固结压力小于屈服压力阶段,不排水抗剪强度主要由土结构性控制,与应力水平基本无关;土结构逐渐屈服阶段,固结压力大于屈服压力,不排水抗剪强度随固结有效应力的增大逐渐趋于重塑样的强度线;土结构性影响消失阶段,原状样的不排水抗剪强度随固结有效应力的增长规律与重塑样相同。     

剪切应变速率对淤泥土力学性状影响试验研究

为研究剪切应变速率对高含水量淤泥土力学性状的影响,运用SPAX-2000真三轴测试系统进行了不同周围压力和不同应变速率的固结不排水剪切试验,分析了淤泥土不排水抗剪强度和孔隙水压力随应变速率的变化规律。试验结果表明,高含水量淤泥具有“应变速率软化”现象。在剪切过程中(应变速率为10^-6/s～10^-2/s),淤泥土不排水抗剪强度随剪切应变速率增长而增长,符合指数变化规律;根据试验数据,建立了经验方程式,并求得其应变速率参数η_e1为0.130 5,η_e2为0.131 9;当变率增长10倍时,淤泥土的不排水抗剪强度增长率为13.12%。不同于强结构性黏土,淤泥土的强度随剪切应变速率呈渐进性变化,未出现明显临界速率转折点。在加载初期,孔隙水压力增长和最大孔隙水压力受应变速率影响较明显;在试验过程中,孔隙水压力变化具有一定波动性和滞后性。     

循环荷载后原状与重塑饱和粉质黏土不排水强度性状研究

为研究循环荷载作用后原状土与重塑土不排水强度发展规律,针对天津典型粉质黏土做了一系列动、静力三轴试验。结果表明,振后原状土样不排水抗剪强度会发生衰减,当振后轴向应变大于 3% 时,衰减度 β 随动轴向应变增加呈现先增大后稳定的趋势;最大孔压比处于 0.5 ～ 0.7 之间时,不排水强度衰减较小,最大孔压比高于 0.7 时,振后强度开始迅速衰减;振后饱和粉质黏土不排水剪应力路径表现出超固结性质,随着 β 的增加,应力路径由正常固结向轻似超固结,再向重似超固结发展。对于重塑土,循环荷载作用后其不排水抗剪强度变化较小。     

软粘土抗剪强度参数试验研究

从软粘土的抗剪强度参数试验出发 ,一方面通过三轴UU剪切试验 ,得出了试样饱和度对软粘土抗剪强度参数的影响关系 ;另一方面通过大量的固结快剪试验 ,得出软粘土在不同先期固结压力Pc、不同固结度U下的强度变化规律。可为在软粘土上的工程设计和稳定性分析提供依据     

反压对土体强度特性的影响试验研究及其影响机理分析

为提高试样饱和度,室内试验普遍采用反压饱和法,但现行规范中对其反压大小未做具体规定。该文利用竖向-扭转双向耦合剪切仪及全自动真三轴仪,针对福建标准砂(相对密实度30%、58%、70%)及细砂,进行了不同反压下单调排水与不排水剪切试验,分析不同反压下砂土的应力-应变关系、超静孔隙水压力发展规律。试验结果表明：反压对剪胀性砂土的固结不排水剪切强度具有显著影响,且剪胀性越大,其影响更显著;反压对剪缩性砂土的不排水抗剪强度影响不显著;反压对砂土固结排水抗剪强度的影响相对较小;反压对砂土有效抗剪强度指标基本没有影响。本文认为反压对剪胀性砂土的固结不排水抗剪强度产生影响的原因是：反压不同时,土体中的气液混合体的体积模量并不相同,因此相同的体胀趋势或相同的体积回弹下所引起的超静孔隙水压力不同,进而直接影响有效围压及其砂土抗剪强度;而土体发生剪缩时,气液混合体越接近刚体,其体积模量对反压的依赖性越小,因此,相同的剪缩趋势或相同的体积压缩量下,所产生的超静孔隙水压力与反压的大小没有显著的依赖关系,因此在剪缩状态下,反压对砂土的应力-应变关系及抗剪强度没有显著的影响。在固结排水试验中无论反压设定多大,不存在超静孔隙水压力,有效围压与反压大小无关,因此反压对砂土排水抗剪强度没有显著影响。     

饱和黏性土抗剪强度的试验方法

饱和黏性土的工程特性,与其应力状态密切相关。自然状态的地基土固结应力状态以及工程设计工况的应力状态,是确定地基土抗剪强度试验方法必须考虑的问题。通过原状土的土工试验,分析研究饱和黏性土抗剪强度试验方法及对其抗剪强度指标的影响,提出现场取得的不扰动土样,在试验室进行抗剪强度试验,必须进行恢复土样初始应力状态的预处理;应针对实际工程问题需要,确定固结压力及排水条件进行土样的剪切试验;资料整理时应区分工程应用的应力条件,小于前期固结压力的压力段和大于前期固结压力的压力段分别进行统计分析,确定抗剪强度指标。     

全风化凝灰岩抗剪强度特性综合试验研究

北坑水库坝址区分布全风化凝灰岩,其作为大坝基础的可行性是项目投资与工程安全的重要影响因素。针对全风化凝灰岩开展了原位大型直剪、室内直剪和三轴压缩试验,以研究其抗剪强度特性,为坝基稳定分析提供抗剪强度参数取值的依据。对比分析不同试验方法、不同含水状态的试验值,揭示出全风化凝灰岩剪切变形、强度特征如下：(1)随剪应力增加,剪切刚度降低、剪应变加速增长;法向变形随剪应力增加而增长,呈剪缩特征。(2)内摩擦角随含水率增加而降低。(3)原位直剪实际为不固结不排水剪,其内摩擦角试验值低于室内固结快剪。(4)受原岩结构影响,原位直剪的黏聚力显著大于室内直剪和三轴剪。     

由于应力释放引起的深水土样扰动性研究(英文)

从深水海底取得的土样要经受很大的应力释放。模拟孔隙水中溶解有不同含量气体的深水黏土取样过程 ,对Lierstranda黏土进行了一系列三轴和高压固结试验。试验结果表明 ,自重应力下的孔隙比变化与孔隙水中的气体饱和度 η 成线性增长关系。其它测得的土性参数 ,如不排水强度、峰值应力下的应变、剪胀系数和先期固结压力等均随着 η 有规律地变化 ,显示土样的扰动性也随着 η 的增加而增加。据此 ,本文提出了对可能含有气体的深水土样的最佳贮藏与处置方案。     

K0固结软黏土的弹黏塑性本构模型

在修正剑桥模型基础上综合考虑了软黏土的各向异性及率相关性,建立了适用于K0固结软黏土的弹黏塑性本构模型。模型借鉴过应力理论的基本思想,定义了与动态加载面相对应的参考屈服面,应用径向映射准则将两者联系起来,流动函数通过分析一维情况下土体的体积蠕变速率得到。以黏塑性体积应变为硬化参数,将一维情况扩展到三维应力状态,直接用次固结系数描述土体黏性强弱,所有参数可通过压缩试验及三轴不排水剪切试验得到。分别计算了代表性等向和K0固结黏土的三轴不排水等应变率加载、不排水剪切蠕变及蠕变破坏过程,与试验结果进行对比,验证本文模型的有效可行性。     

Undrained shear strength of clays as modified by pH variations

The undrained shear strength of clays is an important geotechnical parameter used during construction processes. Several laboratory tests were performed on kaolinite and smectite mixed with pore fluids with different pH values. Vane shear tests were carried out and it was found that the undrained shear resistance for clays increased considerably if the pore fluid had a high or a low pH. A possible explanation could be the dissolution of Al³⁺ which acts as a coagulant, increasing the internal shear resistance. Geochemical computations, Al measurements and ζ-potential experiments were performed to confirm this theory. The research suggests varying the pH may make a useful contribution to soil improvement techniques.     

Basic parameters governing the behaviour of cement-treated clays

Although extensive research has been conducted on the mechanical behaviour of Portland cement-treated soft clays, there has been less emphasis on the correlation of the observed behaviour with clay mineralogy. In this study, experimental results from the authors have been combined with the data found in the literature to investigate the effect of parameters such as curing time, cement content, moisture content, liquidity index, and mineralogy on the mechanical properties of cement-treated clays. The findings show that undrained shear strength and sensitivity of cemented clays still continue to increase after relatively long curing times; expressions are proposed to predict the strength and sensitivity with time. This parametric study also indicates the relative importance of the activity of the soil, as well as the water–cement ratio, to the mechanical properties of cementitious admixtures. Two new empirical parameters are introduced herein. Based on the results of unconfined compression, undrained triaxial, and oedometer tests on cement-enhanced clays, expressions that use these parameters to predict undrained shear strength, yield stress, and the slope of the compression line are proposed. The observed variations in the mechanical behaviour with respect to mineralogy and the important effect of curing time are explained in terms of the pozzolanic reactions. The possible limitations of applying Abrams׳ law to cement–admixed clays are also discussed.     

Some relations among fall cone penetration,liquidity index and undrained shear strength of clays considering the sensitivity ratio

This note describes some relations among fall cone penetration, d, liquidity index, LI, and undrained shear strength s_u, of clays. Fall cone tests are used to assess the liquidity index considering also the sensitivity ratio of undisturbed and remoulded soils, based on the cone penetration. Considering the British and the Swedish cones, it is possible to observe some differences between d values. Because the cone penetration amount is dependent on the undrained shear strength and that undrained strength of clays can be related to LI, a relation correlating LI based on the fall cone method and the cone penetration amount d for remoulded soils was obtained. It was observed that in remoulded soils, the LI−d relationship for each cone is unique irrespective of the soil type, testing equipment and operators. The correlation between liquidity index and undrained shear strength is provided considering new data and literature values taking into consideration the sensitivity ratio as well. From the LI−s_u−S_t relationship, it is possible to obtain a general overview about the strength characteristics of soils. Sensitivity ratio can also be extrapolated by liquidity index values considering a coefficient ‘a’ which might be related to the sedimentary environment (e.g. salt content), mineralogical composition and structure of clays, which however must be confirmed by further research. Finally, the predicted sensitivity ratio S_t^* is evaluated against the measured one within a range of (0.5-2)S_t.

     

低应力条件下海洋粉土的不排水强度特性及其在海底浅层滑坡分析中的应用

 针对浅层滑坡等海底地质灾害,设计并实施一系列的十字板试验和三轴试验,对低应力条件下典型海洋粉土的不排水强度特性进行研究探讨。试验结果显示：固结度对粉土的十字板强度有明显影响,十字板强度随着超孔隙水压力的升高而降低。剪切应变速率对粉土的固结不排水三轴强度影响很小,而超固结比和剪切围压则影响较大;三轴试验中各个试样都能够达到临界状态,临界状态强度随着超固结比和剪切围压的增大而增大。分析波浪作用下海床土剪切滑动的渐进特性,指出临界状态是滑坡发生时滑带土所能达到的最终状态。采用平均有效应力,对十字板强度和三轴临界状态强度进行归一化处理,两种强度显示较好的一致性,得到低应力条件下海洋粉土的临界强度线。最后,应用所得的临界强度线,对风暴潮作用下黄河水下三角洲粉土海床浅层滑坡及“复活”进行很好地分析和解释。     

Effect of initial water content on undrained shear strength of K0 consolidated clay

This study investigates the effect of initial water content on the pore pressure response and undrained shear behavior of K₀ consolidated reconstituted clay. A series of K₀ consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted on reconstituted Lianyungang clay. Results were compared to those obtained by isotropic consolidated undrained triaxial tests. The testing results showed that the K₀ consolidated undrained strength envelope of reconstituted soil content is a straight line passing through the origin regardless of the initial water content. The initial water content would affect the undrained strength of K₀ consolidated clay as decreased normalized undrained shear strength was observed with clay at higher initial water content. The slope C of normalized pore pressure and stress ratio is affected by the consolidation method, where C is found to be a soil constant for K₀ consolidated clay and the value would be higher with clay under K₀ consolidation. The pore pressure increases with increasing initial water content at a certain axial strain under given consolidation pressure, and the difference in excess pore pressure increases with the increasing consolidation pressure. Pore pressure coefficient at failure (A_f) increases as the initial water content increases, where a trendline can be well fitted between the pore coefficient at failure and the ratio of initial water content to the liquid limit of clay. The undrained strength indexes, i.e., effective cohesion and effective internal friction angle have decreasing tendency with increasing initial water content; however, changes in the total strength indexes of soil in this study are insignificant with varying initial water content.     

重金属污染土物理性质强度定量关系试验研究

通过室内试验研究土体孔隙液中重金属离子影响土体物理力学性状的机理,采用不同浓度的重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+掺入高岭土、伊利石类黏土和钠基膨润土,研究土体界限含液率、不排水抗剪强度随重金属离子浓度的变化规律。试验结果表明:以高岭石、伊利石为主要黏土矿物的低活性土的液限、塑性指数随离子浓度的增加而增大,钠基膨润土则表现出相反的变化规律;低活性黏土的不排水抗剪强度随离子浓度增加而增大,高活性黏土强度则随之减小;基于已有的无污染土体物理力学性状定量联系,分析重金属污染土的不排水抗剪强度与液性指数的定量关系,发现重金属离子引起的不排水抗剪强度的变化可以归结于重金属离子引起的液塑限变化,表明重金属Cu2+、Zn2+、Pb2+污染过程基本没有产生化学反应,其物理力学定量关系与已有的无污染土经验关系式一致。