煤沥青基功能碳材料的研究现状及前景

我国煤沥青资源丰富,但深加工技术落后,产品附加值低,实现煤沥青高附加值利用是亟待解决的重大课题。本文介绍了以煤沥青为原料合成高性能功能碳材料的主要技术,重点阐述了以煤沥青为原料制备中间相沥青、多孔碳材料、碳纤维、二维纳米碳材料及碳基复合材料的研究进展。分析表明,高芳香性和高缩合度分子结构所引起的强π-π相互作用是阻碍煤沥青基高性能功能碳材料设计合成的瓶颈问题。通过催化聚合、氧化、共热解等技术手段可有效改善煤沥青分子结构及其物理、化学性质。结合模板复制、物理/化学活化、界面诱导以及催化石墨化等技术可实现多种功能性碳材料结构设计与表面化学性质调控。发展煤沥青分子结构调控新技术作为改善煤沥青基碳材料性能的重要策略,需要系统深入研究。     

均四甲苯改性沥青组成与性能的关系

考察了不同压力体系中均四甲苯改性沥青的ＴＳ组分和ＰＩ组分与沥青软化点,焦化值及粘度三种性能参数之间相互关系,发现同一压力体系中所得沥青ＴＳ组分和ＰＩ组分与三种性能参数之间存在良好的线性关系;不同压力体系导致沥青化点波动较大,而焦化值变化相对较小。比较分析了三种压力体系中所得沥青的组成－性能关系。半封闭体系下的改性沥青,其ＴＳ组分和ＰＩ组分对沥青性能的影响较大。通过这些组成－性能关系。可以实现沥青的     

中间相沥青的研究及利用

中间相沥青是新型碳材料的前驱体,笔者对中间相沥青的生成机理、组成性质、影响中间相沥青形成的因素及中间相沥青的研究现状和最新应用进展等几方面进行了综述。     

Coal pitch as a binder

The relation between the properties, composition, and structure of pitch and its modification on carbonization is considered. The basic stages in carbonization are determined, and a step-by-step carbonization model is proposed on the basis of thermal analysis and data regarding the changes in pitch composition and properties. The properties of pitch as a binder must be characterized by two parameters: one characterizing the formation of the blank; and the other characterizing its sintering.     

改性沥青用作防水材料及铺路材料的工艺设计

本文阐述了利用废弃塑料(PE或PP)改性道路沥青材料和防水沥青材料的技术。分析了废弃塑料作为沥青的改性剂对沥青的软化点、脆性、针入度和延度等性能的影响。结果表明沥青的针入度和延度稍有降低，其软化点明显升高，拓宽了沥青的使用范围。     

Changing the Properties of Coal Pitch by Means of Additives

The influence of various additives—including nanoparticles—on coal pitch is investigated, with a view to improving its properties. Surfactants facilitate the formation of coal-pitch products but have little effect on their properties. Materials that react with the pitch components may increase the yield and microstructure of pitch coke. Nanoparticles increase the yield of pitch coke and its aggregate strength. Additives are classified in terms of their effects on the pitch.     

Sintering properties of composites consisting of carbon filler and binder

The sintering properties of composites consisting of coke and coal pitch are considered. The coke yield from pitch cannot be used to assess the sintering properties. The increase in coke yield from the pitch in the presence of filler is found to be correlated with increase in sintering properties and strength of the composite.     

萘系沥青树脂的制备和性质

以对苯二甲醇（PXG）为交联剂,萘为芳烃原料,在对甲苯磺酸的催化作用下,合成了沥青树脂。研究中考察了沥青树脂的多种性能参数。结果表明：沥青树脂是萘与对苯二甲醇结合而成的低聚体混合物,固化后具有良好的热稳定性,是一种新型的耐热树脂。     

利用废旧高分子材料制备改性石油沥青

利用废旧高分子材料、无机填料为改性剂，采用熔融共混方法制备了一系列性能优异的新型改性石油沥青，分析了改性剂类型和用量对石油改性沥青的软化点、脆化温度、针入度和延度等性能的影响。结果表明：改性石油沥青的针入度和延度稍有降低，但其软化点明显升高，脆化温度降低，拓宽了石油沥青的使用温度范围，综合性能提高。     

Production of petro/coal tar pitch by joint distillation of coal tar and heavy pyrolytic oil

The properties of petro/coal tar pitch and distillate fractions obtained in the joint distillation of coal tar and heavy pyrolytic oil from ethylene production are described. The petro/coal tar pitch is particularly reactive in heat treatment and air-blowing. The petro/coal tar pitch may be used as less carcinogenic binder and impregnating electrode pitch.     

由脱晶蒽油制备沥青树脂的研究

以脱晶蒽油为原料,苯甲醛为交联剂,在浓硫酸的催化作用下合成了沥青树脂.采用FT-IR和TCA分析手段研究了缩聚反应机理和热失重行为.试验过程中考察了合成条件对沥青树脂的结焦值、恩氏黏度和黏结强度等性能的影响.结果表明,脱晶蒽油与苯甲醛发生了阳离子聚合反应,与原料相比,沥青树脂的残炭值提高了24％,最大失重速率时的温度相对升高了143℃.改变合成工艺条件能调控沥青树脂的性能指标.     

沥青管道冲洗油的优选

通过试验对扬子石化选送的催化油浆、乙烯焦油和重芳烃油溶解沥青的能力以及与沥青形成的混合物的稳定性等方面作出综合评价 ,优选出乙烯焦油作为今后大化肥沥青管道的冲洗油     

反应温度对苯甲醛齐聚物及其中间相沥青性能的影响

以中温煤沥青为原料,通过苯甲醛/对甲苯磺酸交联合成出以次甲基相连接的齐聚物,进一步热解制备了中间相沥青,考察了反应温度对齐聚物及其中间相沥青性能的影响。结果表明,随着反应温度的提高,改性煤沥青的收率、软化点、残炭率和密度都呈现上升的趋势;反应温度适当,易于得到光学各向异性发达、软化点较低的优质中间相沥青。     

Influence of pitch composition and surface properties of petroleum coke on their interaction during the preparation of carbon/carbon composites

The influence of pitch composition and surface properties of petroleum coke on the interaction of pitch and coke in the composite is studied. The adsorption results and EPR data indicate that recombination of paramagnetic centers and interaction of oxygen functional groups occur during the preparation of the composite. As a result of interaction between petroleum coke and pitch, polar compounds are concentrated in the adsorption layer. The baking criterion is used for the characterization of the baking ability of the pitches obtained as a result of different oxidation treatments of commercial coal tar pitch. It is determined that physico-chemical properties of the obtained pitches influence the value of the “baking criterion”. The kind of thermo-oxidation treatment of the parent pitch should be chosen hence achieving the maximum value of the baking criterion. For this purpose, the maximal part of the pitch has to take part in the adsorption layer.     

A two-stage preparation of mesophase pitch from the vacuum residue of FCC decant oil

The preparation of mesophase pitch as a precursor for the high-performance carbon fiber from a vacuum residue of FCC-decant oil (FCC-DOVR) was studied, applying a two-stage heat treatment to improve the pitch yield as well as its liquid crystal properties. The present two-stage preparation consisted of the pressurized heat treatment (1–5 MP) of the first stage at 430–480°C and the successive heat treatment under 13–260 Pa at 430°C. Such a two-stage preparation increased the yield of the spinnable mesophase pitch of 100% domain texture with lower softening point to 45% from 22% by the single-stage one from the same feedstock. Spinning properties of the mesophase pitch were excellent to allow smooth spinning for longer than 15 min and random orientation of mesogen molecules in the tranverse section of the fiber perpendicular to the fiber axis. The chemistry of the two-stage preparation for the higher yield and better properties as the fiber precursor is briefly discussed.     

煤沥青材料的应用及其发展前景

煤沥青分为低温、中温、高温煤沥青。介绍了煤沥青的种类与性能,论述了中温煤沥青作为基础材料用作黏结剂、浸渍剂、碳纤维、涂料,道路沥青等的应用,讨论了煤沥青用作石墨电极、电炭、防腐材料、结构材料、燃料油以及在道路沥青方面的发展前景。     

高温改质煤沥青挤压成型工艺参数的研究

以高温改质沥青为粘结剂，在不同条件下挤压成型，经焙烧和石墨化得到样品，研究了成型工艺参数对制品性能的影响。结果表明：高温改质沥青有利于提高制品的体积密度。高温改质沥青的糊料的塑性范围较窄。对温度影响敏感。混捏温度制度的设定应依据粘温曲线中沥青的拐点范围，凉料温度和缸嘴温度应依据在保证压型速度的条件下，挤压压力尽可能低的原则制定。     

煤沥青作为筑路材料的研究进展

简述了煤沥青的组成和性质,综述了煤沥青改性后用作筑路材料、煤沥青和石油沥青混合料用作筑路材料的研究进展及其毒性防治,展望了筑路用煤沥青材料的研究新方向及应用前景。     

二次颗粒人造石墨负极材料的制备及储锂性能

以煤系针状焦生焦为原料、自制高性能煤沥青为黏结剂,对针状焦生焦进行造粒加工处理,制备了具有高能量密度和倍率性能的二次颗粒人造石墨负极材料,并研究了黏结剂沥青添加量分别为5%(质量分数,下同),8%和12%时二次颗粒人造石墨负极材料的理化指标和电化学性能。结果表明:当黏结剂沥青添加量为8%时,造粒工艺效果最为理想,形成的二次颗粒人造石墨负极材料大小较均匀,振实密度为1.10 g/cm³,在0.1 C电流密度下首次充电比容量为345.7 mAh/g,首次库伦效率为95.6%,高于其他黏结剂量下制备的二次颗粒人造石墨负极材料的首次充电比容量和首次库伦效率,在倍率性能测试方面也展现出优异的高倍率充放电能力。     

中间相沥青熔纺异形纤维的工艺研究 Ⅰ.中间相沥青的性质与异形喷丝板的设计

讨论了用于纺制异形纤维的两种中间相沥青的性质，并根据中间相沥青熔体的模口膨化比等性质，设计制造了用以纺制中空、条形、Ｙ形等异形纤维的喷丝板。异形喷丝孔的当量直径、截面积、孔长等特征尺寸决定了熔体在喷丝孔中的流变行为，建议采用当量异形度作为纤维的异形度指标。