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1.
David Y. Z. Chang Jon H. Van Gerpen Inmok Lee Lawrence A. Johnson Earl G. Hammond Stephen J. Marley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1996,73(11):1549-1555
The effects of using blends of methyl and isopropyl esters of soybean oil with No. 2 diesel fuel were studied at several steady-state
operating conditions in a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine. Fuel blends that contained 20, 50, and 70% methyl soyate
and 20 and 50% isopropyl soyate were tested. Fuel properties, such as cetane number, also were investigated. Both methyl and
isopropyl esters provided significant reductions in particulate emissions compared with No. 2 diesel fuel. A blend of 50%
methyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel provided a reduction of 37% in the carbon portion of the particulates and 25% in the
total particulates. The 50% blend of isopropyl ester and 50% No. 2 diesel fuel gave a 55% reduction in carbon and a 28% reduction
in total particulate emissions. Emissions of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons also were reduced significantly. Oxides
of nitrogen increased by 12%. 相似文献
2.
Osmano Souza Valente Márcio José da Silva Vanya Márcia Duarte Pasa Carlos Rodrigues Pereira Belchior José Ricardo Sodré 《Fuel》2010,89(12):3637-3642
This work investigates the impacts on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of a diesel power generator operating with biodiesel. Fuel blends with 5%, 20%, 35%, 50%, and 85% of soybean biodiesel in diesel oil, and fuel blends containing 5%, 20%, and 35% of castor oil biodiesel in diesel oil were tested, varying engine load from 9.6 to 35.7 kW. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) and the exhaust concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) were evaluated. The engine was kept with its original settings for diesel oil operation. The results showed increased fuel consumption with higher biodiesel concentration in the fuel. Soybean biodiesel blends showed lower fuel consumption than castor biodiesel blends at a given concentration. At low and moderate loads, CO emission was increased by nearly 40% and over 80% when fuel blends containing 35% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel were used, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. With the load power of 9.6 kW, the use of fuel blends containing 20% of castor oil biodiesel or soybean biodiesel increased HC emissions by 16% and 18%, respectively, in comparison with diesel oil. Exhaust CO2 concentration did not change significantly, showing differences lower than ±3% of the values recorded for diesel oil operation, irrespective of biodiesel type, concentration and the load applied. The results demonstrate that optimization of fuel injection system is required for proper engine operation with biodiesel. 相似文献
3.
Fuel properties and nitrogen oxide emission levels of biodiesel produced from animal fats 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
FAME of lard, beef tallow, and chicken fat were prepared by base-catalyzed transesterification for use as biodiesel fuels.
Selected fuel properties of the neat fat-derived methyl esters (B100) were determined and found to meet ASTM specifications.
The cold-flow properties, lubricity, and oxidative stability of the B100 fat-derived fuels also were measured. In general,
the cold-flow properties of the fat-based fuels were less desirable than those of soy-based biodiesel, but the lubricity and
oxidative stability of the fat-based biodiesels were comparable to or better than soy-based biodiesel. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission tests also were conducted with the animal fat-derived esters and compared with soybean oil biodiesel as 20 vol%
blends (B20) in petroleum diesel. The data indicated that the three animal fat-based B20 fuels had lower NOx emission levels (3.2–6.2%) than did the soy-based B20 fuel. 相似文献
4.
Methyl and ethyl soybean esters as renewable fuels for diesel engines 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
S. J. Clark L. Wagner M. D. Schrock P. G. Piennaar 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1984,61(10):1632-1638
The primary problems associated with using straight soybean oil as a fuel in a compression ignition internal combustion engine
are caused by high fuel viscosity. Transesterification of soybean oil with an alcohol provides a significant reduction in
viscosity, thereby enhancing the physical properties of the renewable fuel to improve engine performance. The ethyl and methyl
esters of soybean oil with commercial diesel fuel additives revealed fuel properties that compared very well with diesel fuel,
with the exception of gum formation, which manifested itself in problems with the plugging of fuel filters. Engine performance
using soybean ester fuels differed little from engine performance with diesel fuel. A slight power loss combined with an increase
in fuel consumption were experienced with the esters, primarily because of the lower heating value of the esters than for
diesel fuel. Emissions for the 2 fuels were similar, with nitrous oxide emissions higher for the esters. Measurements of engine
wear and fuel-injection system tests showed no abnormal characteristics for any of the fuels after the 200-hr tests. Engine
deposits were comparable in amount, but slightly different in color and texture, with the methyl ester engine experiencing
greater carbon and varnish deposits on the pistons.
Presented at the American Oil Chemists’ Society meeting, Chicago, May 1983. 相似文献
5.
Temperature-dependent kinematic viscosity of selected biodiesel fuels and blends with diesel fuel 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The kinematic viscosities of four biodiesel fuels—two natural soybean oil methyl esters, one genetically modified soybean
oil methyl ester, and one yellow grease methyl ester—and their 75, 50, and 25% blends with No. 2 diesel fuel were measured
in the temperature range from 20 to 100°C in steps of 20°C. The measurements indicated that all these fuels had viscosity-temperature
relationships similar to No. 2 diesel fuel, which followed the Vogel equation as expected. A weighted semilog blending equation
was developed in which the mass-based kinematic viscosity of the individual components was used to compute the mixture viscosity.
A weight factor of 1.08 was applied to biodiesel fuel to account for its effect on the mixture viscosity. The average absolute
deviation achieved with this method was 2.1%, which was better than the uncorrected mass average blending equation that had
an average absolute deviation of 4.5%. The relationship between the viscosity and the specific gravity of biodiesel fuels
was studied. A method that could estimate the viscosity from the specific gravity of biodiesel fuel was developed. The average
absolute deviation for all the samples using this method was 2.7%. The accuracy of this method was comparable to the weighted
mass-based semilog blending equation. 相似文献
6.
Mustafa E. Tat Paul S. Wang Jon H. Van Gerpen Thomas E. Clemente 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2007,84(9):865-869
Biodiesel is a fuel comprising mono-alkyl esters of medium to long-chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal
fats. Typically, engines operated on soybean-based biodiesel exhibit higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) compared
with petroleum diesel. The increase in NOx emissions might be an inherent characteristic of soybean oil’s polyunsaturation,
because the level of saturation is known to affect the biodiesel’s cetane number, which can affect NOx. A feedstock that is
mostly monounsaturated (i.e. oleate) helps to balance the tradeoff between cold flow and oxidative stability. Genetic modification
has produced a soybean event, designated 335-13, with a fatty acid profile high in oleic acid (>85%) and with reduced palmitic
acid (<4%). This high-oleic soybean oil was converted to biodiesel and run in a John Deere 4045T 4.5-L four-stroke, four-cylinder,
turbocharged direct-injection diesel engine. The exhaust emissions were compared with those from conventional soybean oil
biodiesel and commercial No. 2 diesel fuel. There was a significant reduction in NOx emissions (α = 0.05) using the high-oleic soybean biodiesel compared with regular soybean oil biodiesel. No significant differences were
found between the regular and high-oleic biodiesel for unburned hydrocarbon and smoke emissions. 相似文献
7.
There is increasing interest in India for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. This search has led to
mahua oil (MO) as one alternative for diesel fuel in India. Mahua oil methyl esters (MOME) were prepared by transesterification
using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) testing was done to determine the conversion
of vegetable oil to biodiesel (MOME). The properties of MOME were close to those of diesel oil. Engine testing was conducted
using a single-cylinder 4-stroke direct-injection, constant-speed compression-ignition diesel engine using MO, MOME and B20
as fuels. The engine ran smoothly with MOME and B20, but heavy smoke emissions were observed when MO was used as fuel. 相似文献
8.
Biodiesel is a renewable, domestically produced fuel that has been shown to reduce particulate, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions from diesel engines. Under some conditions, however, biodiesel produced from certain feedstocks has been shown to cause an increase in nitrogen oxides (NOx). This is of special concern in urban areas that are subject to strict environmental regulations. Although soy-based biodiesel may increase the emission of nitrogen oxides, it is the most easily accessible in North America. We investigated two routes to reformulate soy-based biodiesel in an effort to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. In one of these, soy-oil methyl esters were modified by conversion of a proportion of the cis bonds in the fatty acid chains of its methyl esters to their trans isomers. In the other approach, polyol derivatives of soybean oil were transesterified to form soy methyl polyol fatty acid esters. The NOx emissions of these modified biodiesels were then examined, using a Yanmar L100 single cylinder, four stroke, naturally aspirated, air cooled, direct injection diesel engine. Using either isomerized methyl oleate or isomerized soy biodiesel, at 20% blend level in petroleum diesel (‘B20’), nitrogen oxide emissions were elevated by between 1.5 and 3 percentage points relative to the combustion of a B20 blend of commercial biodiesel. Nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced in proportion to blend level during the combustion of polyol biodiesel, with a 20% blend in petrodiesel resulting in a reduction of about 4.5 percentage points relative to the emissions of a comparable blend of commercial soy biodiesel. 相似文献
9.
Mustafa E. Tat Jon H. Van Gerpen Seref Soylu Mustafa Canakci Abdul Monyem Samuel Wormley 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2000,77(3):285-289
Biodiesel, an alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids from vegetable oils and animal fats,
can be used in existing diesel engines without modification. However, property changes associated with the differences in
chemical structure between biodiesel and petroleumbased diesel fuel may change the engine's injection timing. These injection
timing changes can change the exhaust emissions and performance from the optimized settings chosen by the engine manufacturer.
This study presents the results of measurements of the speed of sound and the isentropic bulk modulus for methyl and ethyl
esters of fatty acids from soybean oil and compares them with No. 1 and No. 2 diesel fuel. Data are presented at 21±1°C and
for pressures from atmospheric to 34.74 MPa. The results indicate that the speed of sound and bulk modulus of the monoesters
of soybean oil are higher than those for diesel fuel and these can cause changes in the fuel injection timing of diesel engines.
Linear equations were used to fit the data as a function of pressure, and the correlation constants are given. 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
Titipong Issariyakul Ajay K. Dalai Prabhat Desai 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2011,88(3):391-402
Biodiesel was produced from mustard oil utilizing transesterification with methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol to evaluate
the characteristics of mustard biodiesel as an additive to regular diesel. Mustard oil was transesterified with alcohol at
6:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio, using KOH as a catalyst at 1 wt%. The maximum ester content achieved by this method was only
66%. Distillation was then used to purify the ester, raising the ester content to 99.8%. Alternatively, mustard oil methyl
ester (MME) can be mixed with esters derived from canola oil or soybean oil to achieve an ASTM quality biodiesel. Biodiesel
derived from mustard showed great potential as lubricity additive for regular diesel fuel. With an addition of 1% MME, lubricity
of diesel fuel was improved by 43.7%. It is also found that methyl ester is the best lubricity additive among all esters (methyl-,
ethyl-, propyl-, and butyl-ester). MME can be used at −16 °C without freezing whereas monounsaturated compounds (oleic, eicosenoic,
and erucic esters) largely present in esters derived from mustard oil can tolerate −42 to −58 °C. Monounsaturated esters derived
from higher alcohols such as butyl alcohol demonstrated a superior low temperature tolerance (−58 °C) as compared to that
derived from lower alcohol such as methyl alcohol (−42 °C). 相似文献
13.
Jürgen Krahl Jürgen Bünger Olaf Schröder Axel Munack Gerhard Knothe 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2002,79(7):717-724
Exhaust emissions and their effects on the environment and human health, such as mutagenicity of particulate matter (PM) and
ozone-forming potential, must be considered when using an alternative fuel. In the present work, a test engine and two agricultural
tractors ran on rapeseed oil methyl ester (biodiesel) or conventional diesel fuel as well as blends thereof. The objective
was to detect any disproportionately positive or negative effects depending on blend levels, because conventional diesel fuel
and biodiesel can be blended in every ratio. Generally, emissions of regulated compounds changed linearly with the blend level.
The known positive and negative effects of biodiesel varied accordingly. Overall, no optimal blend was found. Increasing biodiesel
content of the fuel caused a linear increase in benzene emissions in the agricultural five-mode engine test, an effect that
may be explained from previous studies on precombustion chemistry. In using the test engine, it was found that PM from biodiesel
significantly reduced mutagenic potential compared with that from diesel fuel, although in this work PM masses were found
to be reproducibly higher for biodiesel from rapeseed oil compared with conventional diesel fuel. Ozone precursors increased
10–30% when using biodiesel compared with conventional diesel fuel. Emissions of aldehydes and alkenes are mainly responsible
for this effect. N2O emissions increased when using a catalytic converter. 相似文献
14.
15.
Engine performance and emission comparisons were made between the use of soy, Canola and yellow grease derived B100 biodiesel fuels and an ultra-low sulphur diesel fuel in the high load engine operating conditions. Compared to the diesel fuel engine-out emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), a high-cetane number (CN) biodiesel fuel produced comparable NOx while the biodiesel with a CN similar to the diesel fuel produced relatively higher NOx at a fixed start of injection. The soot, carbon monoxide and un-burnt hydrocarbon emissions were generally lower for the biodiesel-fuelled engine. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was then extensively applied to initiate low temperature combustion (LTC) mode at medium and low load conditions. An intake throttling valve was implemented to increase the differential pressure between the intake and exhaust in order to increase and enhance the EGR. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and soot was achieved when the ignition delay was prolonged by more than 50% from the case with 0% EGR at low load conditions. Furthermore, a preliminary ignition delay correlation under the influence of EGR at steady-state conditions was developed. The correlation considered the fuel CN and oxygen concentrations in the intake air and fuel. The research intends to achieve simultaneous reductions of NOx and soot emissions in modern production diesel engines when biodiesel is applied. 相似文献
16.
Low-temperature property and engine performance evaluation of ethyl and isopropyl esters of tallow and grease 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
Wen-Hsin Wu Thomas A. Foglia William N. Marmer Robert O. Dunn Carroll E. Goering Thomas E. Briggs 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(12):1173-1178
Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and
evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in
No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature
flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value,
and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties,
as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends
were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate
had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl
tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Presented in part at the 88th Annual Meeting of American Oil Chemists’ Society, Seattle, WA, May 1997. 相似文献
17.
Wen-Hsin Wu Thomas A. Foglia William N. Marmer Robert O. Dunn Carroll E. Goering Thomas E. Briggs 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(9):1173-1178
Three monoalkyl fatty acid esters derived from tallow and grease were prepared by lipase-catalyzed transesterification and
evaluated as prospective diesel engine fuels. The low-temperature properties of the esters, both neat and as 20% blends in
No. 2 diesel fuel, were evaluated. Those properties included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature
flow test, and crystallization onset temperature. Other properties of the esters, such as kinematic viscosity, heating value,
and calculated cetane number, also were determined. All three esters had acceptable physical and low-temperature properties,
as well as acceptable fuel properties at the 20% level in diesel blends. Engine performance and emissions for the ester blends
were determined in a direct-injection, matched two-cylinder diesel engine. Among the monoalkyl esters studied, ethyl greasate
had better properties and engine performance characteristics than the two tallow esters. For the latter esters, isopropyl
tallowate had better properties than ethyl tallowate.
Presented in part at the 88th Annual Meeting of American Oil Chemists’ Society, Seattle, WA, May 1997. 相似文献
18.
Non-edible filtered high viscous (72 cSt at 40 °C) and high acid value (44 mg KOH/gm) polanga (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil based mono esters (biodiesel) produced by triple stage transesterification process and blended with high speed diesel (HSD) were tested for their use as a substitute fuel of diesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. HSD and polanga oil methyl ester (POME) fuel blends (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) were used for conducting the short-term engine performance tests at varying loads (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%). Tests were carried out over entire range of engine operation at varying conditions of speed and load. The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) were calculated from the recorded data. The engine performance parameters such as fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and exhaust emissions (CO, CO2, HC, NOx, and O2) were recorded. The optimum engine operating condition based on lower brake specific fuel consumption and higher brake thermal efficiency was observed at 100% load for neat biodiesel. From emission point of view the neat POME was found to be the best fuel as it showed lesser exhaust emission as compared to HSD. 相似文献
19.
Predicting Solid–Liquid Equilibrium of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester and Monoglyceride Mixtures as Biodiesel Model Fuels 下载免费PDF全文
Shinichiro Yoshidomi Yuitsu Sugami Eiji Minami Noriko Shisa Hitoshi Hayashi Shiro Saka 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2017,94(8):1087-1094
Fatty acid methyl esters from plant oils are the main component of biodiesel and used as a substitute for petroleum diesel. Biodiesel generally contains a small amount of monoglycerides as intermediate compounds, which have high melting points and often solidify and clog fuel filters. The prediction of the cold-flow property of biodiesel is of great importance for practical application. In this study, a thermodynamic study was conducted for mixtures of monoglycerides and fatty acid methyl esters. Temperatures of the solid–liquid equilibrium for the mixtures were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and visual observation, while the theoretical values were calculated using the modified Universal Quasi-chemical Functional-group Activity Coefficients (UNIFAC) model (Dortmund). The theoretical and experimental results were in good agreement, especially for binary mixtures of monoglycerides and methyl esters. The importance of monoglycerides on the cold-flow properties of biodiesel was determined, and the effects could be well described by the modified UNIFAC model (Dortmund). 相似文献
20.
Biodiesel production from pomace oil and improvement of its properties with synthetic manganese additive 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Renewable energy sources are attracting more attention due to lower cost and lower pollution relative to fossil fuels. The aim of this experimental work is the production of renewable and clean methyl ester from pomace oil as an alternative fuel. This oil was obtained from pomace which is the waste of olive oil plants. Optimum producing conditions were determined experimentally. The maximum yield was obtained at 30% of methanol/oil ratio, 60 °C temperature for 60 min with NaOH catalyst. The properties of the biodiesel thus obtained were compared with diesel fuel requirements. An organic based Manganese additive improved the biodiesel properties. Doping the fuel at a ratio of 12 μmol/l oil methyl ester led to a 20.37% decrease in viscosity, 7 °C fall in the flash point and reduced the pour point from 0 °C to −15 °C. This blend of pomace oil methyl ester-diesel fuel with manganese additive was tested in a direct injection diesel engine. The maximum effect of the new fuel blend and diesel fuel on engine performance was obtained at 1400 rpm. 相似文献