大同煤不同显微组分富集物焦与CO2反应性研究

用热重分析仪考察了大同煤惰质组和镜质组富集物焦与 CO2 的气化反应活性 .发现在 95℃～ 1 1 0 0℃范围内 ,大同煤不同显微组分富集物焦与 CO2 的气化反应活性次序为惰质组 >镜质组 ,特别是当气化温度在 1 0 5 0℃～ 1 1 0 0℃时 ,二者之间差异更显著 .分析认为 ,单纯从活化能不能正确描述煤岩显微组分富集物的气化行为 ,必须考虑热解和气化过程中孔结构及比表面的变化 ;不同显微组分富集物焦与 CO2 的反应性和煤的黏结性有关     

高温下灰熔融对神府煤焦反应活性的影响

采用慢速和快速两种升温速率,在热解温度为950℃～1500℃范围内制得各种神府煤焦,通过酸洗脱灰处理制得相应的脱灰焦,并采用扫描电镜对原煤焦及其脱灰焦表面灰熔融状况进行观察,结果发现：慢速和快速两种热解条件下,随热解温度提高,灰的熔融状况不同;对原焦样酸洗脱灰处理只能除去表面的部分矿物质;同时,采用等温热重分析法,在反应温度为950℃～1400℃条件下,分别考察了灰未熔融热解煤焦（RP950和SP950）和灰熔融热解煤焦（SP1400和RP1400）脱灰前后的CO2气化反应性．对于灰未熔融热解煤焦脱灰后,其反应活性变化不大,在低反应温时略有下降,而在高反应温度时略有增加．对于灰熔融热解煤焦脱灰后,在整个反应温度范围内,反应活性明显增加,增加的程度取决于反应温度．灰熔融和未熔融热解煤焦及其脱灰焦的气化反应过程都是从低温的化学控制转变到高温的扩散控制．     

一种褐煤热解煤焦的CO2气化反应特性

针对褐煤的热解-部分气化-残炭燃烧梯级利用工艺,以宁夏石沟驿褐煤为原料,采用水平管式炉在700℃～950℃温度范围内分别制备快速和慢速热解煤焦,考察了煤焦微晶结构和比表面积随制焦条件的变化.利用热重-质谱联用技术研究煤焦CO2气化反应特性,并采用不同评价指标对煤焦气化活性进行了表征.结果表明:气化温度每升高50℃,煤焦CO2气化反应速率增加50％以上;热解温度升高,虽然煤焦微晶结构的有序化程度加深,比表面积减小,但煤焦CO2气化反应活性主要受气化温度影响;快速热解煤焦的CO2气化反应活性高于慢速热解煤焦,二者的差异随着气化温度升高而增大;表征煤焦CO2气化活性的平均比气化速率和反应性指数存在线性关系.     

滴管炉内不同煤阶煤焦水蒸气气化反应特性

在滴管炉内对煤焦与水蒸气气化反应进行了实验研究,考察了煤阶、气化温度、水蒸气与进料煤焦质量比(气焦比)对气化气体产物释放特性以及煤焦转化率的影响。实验温度为1100、1200、1300和1400℃,气焦比分别为0.4:1、0.6:1和1:1。研究发现:滴管炉内不同煤焦的水蒸气气化气体产物以H2含量最高,CH4含量最低。不同煤阶热解焦、气化温度以及气焦比的变化影响滴管炉内水蒸气气化产物气体组成和转化率的高低。随气化温度的升高,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦气化气体产物中H2和CO产率不断增大,H2/CO的比值则逐渐减小,碳转化率有不断增加的趋势。在气化温度大于1200℃的条件下,当气焦比从0.4:1增至0.6:1,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦的碳转化率变化幅度不大(5%以内);当气焦比从0.6:1增至1:1,北宿煤焦的碳转化率略微降低,而神府煤焦的碳转化率增幅则在15%以上。     

滴管炉内不同煤阶煤焦水蒸气气化反应特性

在滴管炉内对煤焦与水蒸气气化反应进行了实验研究,考察了煤阶、气化温度、水蒸气与进料煤焦质量比（气焦比）对气化气体产物释放特性以及煤焦转化率的影响。实验温度为1100、1200、1300和1400℃,气焦比分别为0.4：1、0.6：1和1：1。研究发现：滴管炉内不同煤焦的水蒸气气化气体产物以H₂含量最高,CH₄含量最低。不同煤阶热解焦、气化温度以及气焦比的变化影响滴管炉内水蒸气气化产物气体组成和转化率的高低。随气化温度的升高,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦气化气体产物中H₂和CO产率不断增大,H₂/CO的比值则逐渐减小,碳转化率有不断增加的趋势。在气化温度大于1200℃的条件下,当气焦比从0.4：1增至0.6：1,神府煤焦和北宿煤焦的碳转化率变化幅度不大（5%以内）;当气焦比从0.6：1增至1：1,北宿煤焦的碳转化率略微降低,而神府煤焦的碳转化率增幅则在15%以上。     

用气流床对煤进行快速热解的研究

本文利用气流床快速热解装置，在常压氮气气氛下，考察了东胜、神府和小龙潭煤的热解焦性质。结果表明，随着热解终温的升高，气相产率增加，液相产率存在一最大值，固相产率均大于５０％。气化速率与煤化程度、碱金属离子含量及孔隙结构有关。     

神经网络预测煤焦高温气化反应速率研究

神华大柳塔煤和兖州北宿煤都是气流床气化的优良煤种.通过三种算法的比较,采用BP神经网络的L-M算法,分析煤的制焦终温与制焦升温速率、气化反应温度、Vdaf和煤焦H/C原子比等不同因子对煤焦气化反应速率模型预测精度的影响,建立了基于Matlab下神华大柳塔单煤种四因子和神华-兖州双煤种五因子煤焦高温气化反应速率神经网络预测模型,得到比较满意的结果,其相对误差分别是0.167和0.264.     

秸秆灰对煤焦气化反应性的影响

钾、钙对煤焦气化反应性具有重要影响,秸秆灰中含有丰富的钾、钙。以神木煤为制焦原料,通过STA409PC同步热分析仪研究了秸秆灰对煤焦气化反应性的影响,并通过测定煤焦的碘吸附值对其比表面积及孔隙结构进行了分析。结果表明：煤与玉米秸秆共焦化所得煤焦的气化反应性明显优于单独煤焦,且与玉米秸秆的添加比例有关;采用脱灰玉米秸秆与煤共焦化所得煤焦的气化反应性与单纯煤焦相近;将与玉米秸秆等效的秸秆灰添加到煤焦中,煤焦的气化效果明显优于等效玉米秸秆与煤共焦化所得煤焦。煤焦碘吸附值测定结果表明,脱灰秸秆与煤共焦化所得煤焦的碘吸附值最大,单纯煤焦的碘吸附值最小,说明玉米秸秆及秸秆灰对煤焦的比表面积及孔隙结构具有重要的影响,与煤焦的气化反应性评价结果基本一致。     

热解条件对煤焦结构及气化反应活性的影响

在不同热解条件下制得5种煤焦,考察了热解温度、升温速率对煤焦结构性质及CO2气化反应活性的影响.其中4组煤焦由神木煤和华亭煤在1 100℃和1 500℃常压沉降炉中快速热解制得,还有1组煤焦在固定床中以10℃/min加热到900℃,并停留30 min得到.慢速热解煤焦孔隙结构不发达,BET比表面积仅为1.58 m2/g,而快速热解煤焦存在大量的微孔和中孔结构,得到的比表面积要大得多,但随热解温度的增大而减小.煤焦与CO2在0.1 MPa和3.1 MPa系统压力下的反应速率均随热解终温的升高而减小,但与慢速热解煤焦的结构性质无法直接关联.热解温度对煤焦炭微观结构及矿物质催化性能的影响导致了反应活性的下降.     

制焦温度和停留时间对煤焦气化反应性的影响

煤焦的制备对煤焦的气化反应性有着明显的影响．研究了新汶煤在温度分别为800℃，700℃，600℃和停留时间分别为60min，30min，20min，10min下制得的焦样与C02进行（在终温为1200℃下）不等温气化反应性．通过比较发现，在终温为800℃，700℃，600℃下停留时间为60min时煤焦的气化转化率都是最高的，分别为0．982，0．977和0．998，可见停留时间为60min，制焦温度分别为800℃，700℃，600℃对于新汶煤焦的气化转化率的影响并不是很明显．同时也发现半焦的气化反应性呈现先增后减的趋势，在停留时间为60min时到达最大，并且在800℃时气化反应性是最高的，可见在800℃下停留时间为60min制焦是合适的．用扫描电镜实验手段观察了新汶煤焦形貌结构，发现有较多的“斑点”和微孔，这些“斑点”和微孔在气化中起着活化中心的作用．     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。