Selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene catalyzed by Ru supported catalysts: Influence of the alkali promoters on kinetics, selectivity and yield

The selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene in the presence of Ru supported catalysts has been investigated in a tetraphase slurry reactor at 423 K, at 5 MPa of pressure, in the presence of two liquid phases: benzene and an aqueous solution of ZnSO₄ (0.6 mol l⁻¹). A study of the influence of the transport phenomena on the reactivity of the catalyst has been carried out. But no correlation between Carberry and Wheeler–Weisz numbers and the selectivity of the catalysts has been found. The main features of the catalysts are the strong dependence between the catalysts preparation procedure and their activity and selectivity. The best results have been observed with Ru/ZrO₂ catalysts. The influence of the bases employed in the precipitation of the catalysts precursor has also been investigated. KOH is the most effective, yield of 41% and initial selectivity of 80% of cyclohexene has been observed.     

Oxidation of benzene to phenol on supported Pt-VOx and Pd-VOx catalysts

Gas-phase oxidation of benzene using a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen has been carried out on silica-supported vanadium oxide catalysts modified with platinum or palladium. Catalyst activity and phenol selectivity were studied as a function of the precious metal used, the vanadium oxide loading as well as of temperature. The binary catalysts have been characterized by TPR and TEM. Pt-VO_x/SiO₂ catalysts were more active than Pd-VO_x/SiO₂ catalysts. By using platinum catalysts benzene conversion amounted to 1.0% (S_phenol=97%) at 413 K, whereas palladium catalysts reached a conversion of only 0.2% (S_phenol=86%) for the same contact time and temperature. The most active catalyst for the oxidation of benzene to phenol was a low vanadium loaded 0.5 wt.% Pt–3 wt.% V on silica catalyst. At temperatures above 413 K phenol selectivity decreased strongly because of enhanced total oxidation. Active catalysts need both components: a dispersed transition metal oxide such as VO_x as well as small precious metal particles such as platinum. The activity of the catalysts arises from a close interaction between the redox-active compound VO_x and the electron mediator and hydrogen activator platinum as was confirmed by correlation of catalytic results and catalyst properties. Highly dispersed platinum particles are exclusively located on the vanadium oxide covered surface as demonstrated by TEM investigations. TPR studies showed and enhanced reducibility of a part of vanadium(V) oxide indication a close neighborhood of VO_x and platinum.     

Production of hydrogen for fuel cells by steam reforming of ethanol over supported noble metal catalysts

The catalytic performance of supported noble metal catalysts for the steam reforming (SR) of ethanol has been investigated in the temperature range of 600–850 °C with respect to the nature of the active metallic phase (Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd), the nature of the support (Al₂O₃, MgO, TiO₂) and the metal loading (0–5 wt.%). It is found that for low-loaded catalysts, Rh is significantly more active and selective toward hydrogen formation compared to Ru, Pt and Pd, which show a similar behavior. The catalytic performance of Rh and, particularly, Ru is significantly improved with increasing metal loading, leading to higher ethanol conversions and hydrogen selectivities at given reaction temperatures. The catalytic activity and selectivity of high-loaded Ru catalysts is comparable to that of Rh and, therefore, ruthenium was further investigated as a less costly alternative. It was found that, under certain reaction conditions, the 5% Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst is able to completely convert ethanol with selectivities toward hydrogen above 95%, the only byproduct being methane. Long-term tests conducted under severe conditions showed that the catalyst is acceptably stable and could be a good candidate for the production of hydrogen by steam reforming of ethanol for fuel cell applications.     

Deactivation of metal catalysts in liquid phase organic reactions

The paper gives a general survey of the factors contributing to the deactivation of metal catalysts employed in liquid phase reactions for the synthesis of fine or intermediate chemicals. The main causes of catalyst deactivation are particle sintering, metal and support leaching, deposition of inactive metal layers or polymeric species, and poisoning by strongly adsorbed species. Weakly adsorbed species, poisons at low surface coverage and solvents, may act as selectivity promoters or modifiers. Three examples of long term stability studies carried out in trickle-bed reactor (glucose to sorbitol hydrogenation on Ru/C catalysts, hydroxypropanal to 1,3-propanediol hydrogenation on Ru/TiO₂ catalysts, and wet air oxidation of paper pulp effluents on Ru/TiO₂) are discussed.     

Ultrahigh temperature water gas shift catalysts to increase hydrogen yield from biomass gasification

Noble metal (Rh, Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, and Ag) and Ni catalysts supported on CeO₂–Al₂O₃ were investigated for water gas shift reaction at ultrahigh temperatures. Pt/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ and Ru/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ demonstrated as the best catalysts in terms of activity, hydrogen yield and hydrogen selectivity. At 700 °C and steam to CO ratio of 5.2:1, Pt/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ converted 76.3% of CO with 94.7% of hydrogen selectivity. At the same conditions, the activity and hydrogen selectivity for Ru/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ were 63.9% and 85.6%, respectively. Both catalysts showed a good stability over 9 h of continuous operation. However, both catalysts showed slight deactivation during the test period. The study revealed that Pt/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ and Ru/CeO₂–Al₂O₃ were excellent ultrahigh temperature water gas shift catalysts, which can be coupled with biomass gasification in a downstream reactor.     

用催化剂表面修饰以进行苯选择加氢制环己烯的研究

1 前言常规的气相苯催化加氢反应,苯环大π键一经打开就全部加氢到底,产物中只能获得环己烷而极难得到选择加氢产物环己烯。生成环己烷的反应从热力学上看远比生成环己烯的反应容易进行很多,并且环己烯也非常容易进一步加氢生成环己烷。但催化剂的表面经修饰剂作用后可根本改变其性能,从而改进催化活性及选择性,或实现常规方法不可能实现的反应,获得不易得到的产物。在经表面修饰的催化剂上进行苯加氢反应可获得选择加氢产物环     

Activation of carbon dioxide on Fe-catalysts

Development and evaluation of novel catalysts capable of activating CO₂ especially in CO₂ hydrogenation have been investigated. Several catalysts have been prepared, and characterized by CO₂ TPD. Their performance has been evaluated at 300 °C and 10 bar. All catalysts were active in CO₂ hydrogenation reaction with conversions of approximately 15–30% at 24 h time on stream. Potassium was found to enhance chain growth and to decrease the formation of methane. Ru promoter did not provide any benefit in activity or selectivity. Zr-promoted catalyst materials exhibited enhanced CO₂ adsorption and improved hydrocarbon yields.     

Ignition of methanol partial oxidation over supported platinum catalyst

Supported platinum catalysts were prepared by precipitation of H₂PtCl₆ on powders of different metal oxides. Catalytic activity of the prepared catalysts was tested with reaction of partial oxidation of methanol (POM) for hydrogen production. Most of the prepared catalysts can ignite POM at the ambient temperature. The conversion of methanol and the selectivity of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, however, increased with the reaction temperature and varied with the kind of support and platinum loading. A 1 wt% Pt/ZnO catalyst exhibited optimized methanol conversion and selectivity at a low reaction temperature of 150 °C. The reactor may reach this temperature within 2 min after a start of the exothermic reaction.     

Solvent-free oxidation of benzyl alcohol using titania-supported gold–palladium catalysts: Effect of Au–Pd ratio on catalytic performance

The oxidation of benzyl alcohol with molecular oxygen under solvent-free conditions has been investigated using a range of titania-supported Au–Pd alloy catalysts to examine the effect of the Au–Pd ratio on the conversion and selectivity. The catalysts have been compared at high reaction temperature (160 °C) as well as at 100 °C, to determine the effect on selectivity since at lower reaction temperature the range of by-products that are formed are limited. Under these conditions the 2.5 wt.% Au–2.5 wt.% Pd/TiO₂ was found to be the most active catalyst, whereas the Au/TiO₂ catalyst demonstrated the highest selectivity to benzaldehyde. Toluene, formed via either a hydrogen transfer process or an oxygen transfer process, was observed as a major by-product under these forcing conditions.     

前驱体对Ru/CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂CO选择性甲烷化的影响

以CeO_2-ZrO_2-Al_2O_3复合氧化物为载体,采用分步等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ru负载量及不同Ru前驱体的催化剂,并考察了这些因素对催化剂CO选择性甲烷化活性及为燃料电池供氢操作温度窗口的影响。结果表明,Ru负载量为1%的催化剂具有较好的CO选择性甲烷化活性及最宽的操作温度窗口;以Ru(NO)(NO_3)_3为前驱体制备的催化剂,Ru金属分散度较差,低温CO甲烷化活性较低,高温CO甲烷化选择性较差,操作温度窗口仅为15℃;以RuCl_3·xH_2O为前驱体制备的催化剂具有良好的CO选择性、甲烷化活性及60℃操作温度窗口,且水洗除氯操作对催化剂性能影响不明显。     

合成方法对Ru-Zn/ZrO2苯部分加氢催化剂的影响

分别采用水热-共沉淀法和机械混合法制备Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂,并用于苯部分加氢制环己烯反应体系.通过XRD、SEM、TEM等对催化剂的组成、结构和形貌进行表征,对比不同方法合成的催化剂对苯部分加氢反应的影响.结果表明,水热-共沉淀法制备的Ru-Zn/ZrO2催化剂上的Ru分散度高,晶粒尺寸小,催化剂表面苯加氢位点多...     

丁腈橡胶催化加氢反应研究

氢化丁腈橡胶具有良好的耐油性和耐氧性,广泛应用于汽车和石油行业,通过丁腈橡胶溶液均相催化加氢制得,采用铑类和钯类均相催化剂。考察不同溶剂、催化剂及m(Ru)∶m(丁腈橡胶)对丁腈橡胶加氢的影响。采用红外光谱法和核磁法对氢化丁腈橡胶的结构进行分析,筛选出价廉、活性高和选择性高的催化剂。结果表明,在丁腈橡胶加氢反应中,丁酮可作为溶剂,Ru(PPh3)3Cl2催化剂具有高活性和高选择性。在丁酮200 m L、丁腈橡胶5 g、Ru(PPh3)3Cl2催化剂、m(Ru)∶m(丁腈橡胶)=0.000 20∶1、反应温度140℃、氢压8.0 MPa和反应时间4 h条件下,加氢度和选择性均达到100%,具有与Rh(PPh3)3Cl相当的催化性能。     

Changes in the selective hydrogenation of citral induced by copper addition to Ru/KL catalysts

Bimetallic Ru–Cu catalysts supported on KL zeolite have been prepared by coimpregnation with ionic precursors and characterized by several methods, such as temperature-programmed reduction, CO and hydrogen chemisorption, nitrogen adsorption, infrared spectroscopy of chemisorbed CO and microcalorimetry of CO adsorption. The catalytic behavior of the samples was analyzed in the selective hydrogenation of citral in the liquid phase, at 323 K and 5 MPa. The presence of bimetallic entities as well as of segregated copper species was recognized by the TPR measurements. The CO-FTIR and microcalorimetry results evidence that the higher the Cu/Ru atomic ratio the larger the surface heterogeneity, with formation of Cu^δ+ species. Bimetallic catalysts are more active than the monometallic ruthenium catalyst in the hydrogenation of citral, but this activity decreases with the increasing of copper concentration. In addition, selectivity towards citronellal decreases as the copper content increases, in opposite trend to the selectivity toward geraniol and nerol. For low copper loading (Cu/Ru ≈ 0.4) formation of a surface alloy is discussed. This surface structure is particularly active for hydrogenation of the conjugated CC double bond of citral. For Cu/Ru = 0.8 and Cu/Ru = 1.2 samples, three-dimensional islands of segregated copper seem to cover, in part, the surface alloy. This latter surface structure is less active than the preceding one for hydrogenation of the CC double bond, but more selective for hydrogenation of the CO group of citral.     

Comparing two new routes for benzene hydroxylation

The vapour phase hydroxylation of benzene to phenol by two different methods has been investigated. In the first, a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen using a Pd membrane tubular reactor with and without second catalyst was used. Hydrogen dissociated on the palladium layer and reacted with oxygen to give active oxygen species, which reacted with benzene to produce phenol. The slow step in the overall reaction is the formation of usable hydrogen peroxide. Using a second catalyst changed the productivity, and conversion of benzene was increased by changing the length and diameter of porous reactor tubes. Low phenol productivity and selectivity was observed and showed that hydroxylation of benzene using a Pd membrane reactor is a far from economic method. In the second, selective oxidation of benzene with N₂O on iron zeolite of different SiO₂/Al₂O₃ composition, with concentration of iron rating from 50 to 2000 ppm was investigated. The effects of temperature, reactant mole ratio, and contact time were investigated. Phenol was formed with near 97% selectivity and average productivity of 5 mmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹.     

Hydrogenation of naphthalene on NiMo- Ni- and Ru/Al2O3 catalysts: Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic modelling

The importance of the hydrodearomatisation (HDA) is increasing together with tightening legislation of fuel quality and exhaust emissions. The present study focuses on hydrogenation (HYD) kinetics of the model aromatic compound naphthalene, found in typical diesel fraction, in n-hexadecane over a NiMo (nickel molybdenum), Ni (nickel) and Ru (ruthenium) supported on trilobe alumina (Al₂O₃) catalysts. Kinetic reaction expressions based on the mechanistic Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model were derived and tested by regressing the experimental data that translated the effect of both naphthalene and hydrogen concentration at a constant temperature (523.15 and 573.15 K over the NiMo catalyst and at 373.15 K over the Ni and Ru/Al₂O₃ catalysts) on the initial reaction rate. The L–H equation, giving an adequate fit to the experimental data with physically meaningful parameters, suggested a competitive adsorption between hydrogen and naphthalene over the presulphided NiMo catalyst and a non-competitive adsorption between these two reactants over the prereduced Ni and Ru/Al₂O₃ catalysts. In addition, the adsorption constant values indicated that the prereduced Ru catalyst was a much more active catalyst towards naphthalene HYD than the prereduced Ni/Al₂O₃ or the presulphided NiMo/Al₂O₃ catalyst.     

助剂对苯加氢Ru系催化剂催化性能的影响

以三氯化钌(RuCl3)、硫酸锌(ZnSO4)和硫酸亚铁(FeSO4)为原料,采用共沉淀法制备Ru-Zn及Ru-Fe-Zn催化剂,研究了苯选择加氢制环己烯过程中助剂Zn和Zn/Fe对Ru系催化剂催化加氢性能的影响,并利用透射电镜等对催化剂进行表征。结果表明:Ru-Zn催化剂粒子清晰较为分散,Ru-Fe-Zn催化剂粒径变大,比表面积变小;Ru系催化剂中加入助剂Zn,Ru/Zn摩尔比为7时,环己烯选择性较高,加入第三组分Fe,Zn/Fe摩尔比为10,环己烯选择性进一步提高;Ru-Fe-Zn催化剂具有很好的催化活性和稳定性,苯转化率达54.9%,环己烯选择性达81.8%。     

Effect of the support on the selective hydrogenation of benzeneover ruthenium catalysts. 1. Al2O3 and SiO2

The effect of the support on the liquid phase selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene over Ru catalysts was studied. Catalysts were prepared using RuCl₃ as precursor and characterized by hydrogen chemisorption, XPS and TPR. The reaction was carried out at 373 K and 2 MPa using a stirred tank reactor. It was found that the catalytic activity is not influenced by the Ru dispersion. More electron-deficient Ru species are present on Al₂O₃ than on SiO₂. The electronic state of Ru affects the selectivity to cyclohexene.     

Catalytic wet air oxidation of ammonia over M/CeO2 catalysts in the treatment of nitrogen-containing pollutants

Ammonia, a well-known by-product of chemical, fertiliser and metallurgy industries, is also the most refractory product of nitrogen-containing compound oxidation. Consequently, NH₄⁺ is a key component of waste disposal of conventional processes like anaerobic digestion or nitrification/denitrification. Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) process, able to eliminate organic matter with non toxic by-product formation, was investigated for ammonium ions removal from wastewater. Oxidation of aniline and of ammonia were carried out on mono- and bimetallic noble metal catalysts (Pt, Ru, Pd, etc.) prepared by impregnation and supported on cerium oxides. In liquid phase, at high temperature (150–250 °C) and high pressure of oxygen (20 bar), a Ru/CeO₂ catalyst is able to achieve the elimination of refractory nitrogenous organic products like aniline. The greatest interest of CWAO compared to the classical biological one, is that the selectivity towards molecular nitrogen is much higher (>90%). Indeed, in this process, ammonium ions give essentially N₂, via hydroxylamine and below 200 °C. At higher temperatures the rate of conversion is extremely high but nitrite and nitrate ions appear in the effluent. On a RuPd/CeO₂ catalyst, the optimal temperature for ammonia conversion is then 200 °C. In these conditions, the N₂ selectivity is up to 90%.     

Study on liquid‐phase hydrogenation of paranitrotoluene over Ru‐based catalysts

This paper presented a study on the role of yttrium addition to Ru‐based catalysts for liquid phase paranitrotoluene hydrogenation reaction. An impregnation‐precipitation method was used for preparation of a series of yttrium doped Ru/NaY catalysts with yttrium content in the range of 0.0026–0.0052 g/g. Properties of the obtained samples were characterized and analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), H₂‐TPR, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ICP atomic emission spectroscopy, and Nitrogen adsorption‐desorption. The results revealed that catalytic activity of NaY supported Ru catalysts increased with the yttrium content at first, then decreased with the further increase of yttrium content. When yttrium content was 0.0033 g/g, a Ru‐Y/NaY² catalyst showed the most excellent performance of paranitrotoluene hydrogenation reaction (paranitrotoluene conversion and the selectivity toward P‐methyl‐cyclohexylamine reached 99.9 % and 82.5 %, respectively). In addition, to compare with the performance of Ru‐Y/NaY catalysts, the active carbon supported Ru catalysts were prepared using the same method in view of its higher surface area and adsorption capacity. Finally, the effect of solvent on the reaction over Ru‐Y/NaY² catalyst has been investigated, it was found that the best performance of paranitrotoluene hydrogenation reaction took place in protic solvents (isopropanol and ethanol). This was mainly ascribed to their polarity and hydrogen‐bond accepting capability.

     

氨分解制氢催化剂研究进展

随着环保法规日趋严格,清洁氢能的生产和应用引起关注,氨分解制氢是其中重要途径之一。综述Ru、Ni和Fe等氨分解催化剂的研究进展,Ru催化剂具有较高的催化活性,但由于资源有限和价格昂贵等因素使其在工业应用方面受到限制。以Fe和Ni为代表的非贵金属催化剂资源丰富,价格低廉,氨分解反应转化率高,具有潜在的工业应用前景。我国独创的新一代Fe_(1-x)O基新型熔铁催化剂是目前世界上活性最高的氨合成催化剂,根据微观可逆性原理,新型熔铁催化剂也是氨分解反应活性最好的制氢催化剂。