煤中微量有害元素洗选洁净的研究进展

阐述了煤中微量有害元素的赋存状态和洗选脱除机理,指出微量有害元素在选煤过程中的迁移行为取决于其赋存状态和有机亲和性,以无机态或矿物质结合态为主的有害元素大部分能被脱除,总结概括了常规洗选方法脱除煤中微量有害元素的研究状况,指出常规洗选方法一定程度上脱除煤中微量有害元素,重点分析了磁选脱除煤中有害微量元素的研究进展.     

大同侏罗纪10-11#煤中微量元素分布赋存特征

讨论了大同 1 0 - 1 1 #煤中 36种微量元素的含量分布 ,通过浮沉试验及煤岩组分定量统计 ,运用 Salori方法 ,计算了 1 4种有害微量元素在大同煤不同煤岩组分中的分布 ,进而分析了其赋存状态及其在煤炭洗选过程中的脱除潜力 .结果表明 ,大同煤中大部分微量元素含量较低 ,但As,Hg,Cr,Sb等元素的有机组分含量偏高 ;大部分微量元素主要分布于矿物中 ,而 B,Be,Cd,Co,Ni和 Sb等有害元素含量偏高 ;同时 ,相对而言 ,As,B,Ba,Cd,Co,Cr,Mn和 Ni等元素在镜质组中含量较高 ,而 Be,Li,Pb和 Sb等元素在丝质组中含量较高 .浮沉试验表明 ,微量元素在煤炭洗选过程中的迁移、脱除行为主要受其赋存特征影响     

煤炭洗选脱除煤中有害微量元素的实验研究

利用浮沉试验研究了通过煤炭洗选技术脱除煤中有害微量元素的可能性。结果表明,煤中有害微量元素在选煤过程中的行为取决于其有机亲和性。大多数煤中As、Cr、Hg、Mn、Ga、Ta、Ti、W、Cs等元素均可得到较高的理论脱除率,而B、Mo、Y等元素理论脱除率在各种煤中均较低。Be、Se、Pb等元素理论脱除率在不同煤中变化幅度较大,主要是由于其在不同煤中赋存状态不同而造成的。     

陇东南地区5号煤中微量元素赋存特征

通过对陇东南地区5号煤层煤样的显微煤岩组分分析、工业分析以及微量元素分析统计,得出该研究区内镓元素含量与灰分产率、煤灰中Al2O3和SiO2呈正相关,由于受陆源碎屑影响,主要以无机态赋赋存于粘土矿物之中;砷含量随煤中全硫增长而增大,以有机结合态存在;磷元素以无机态为主,与煤中全硫、砷元素含量正相关。     

陇东南地区5号煤中微量元素赋存特征

通过对陇东南地区5号煤层煤样的显微煤岩组分分析、工业分析以及微量元素分析统计,得出该研究区内镓元素含量与灰分产率、煤灰中Al2O,和SiO2呈正相关,由于受陆源碎屑影响,主要以无机态赋赋存于粘土矿物之中;砷含量随煤中全硫增长而增大,以有机结合态存在;磷元素以无机态为主,与煤中全硫、砷元素含量正相关。     

煤中重金属赋存对其释放行为影响的研究进展

为解决煤中重金属释放对环境污染和人类健康的危害,分析了煤中重金属的赋存形式及迁移行为对煤炭分选、燃烧、气化和热解过程的影响。研究表明,与矿物质赋存的重金属在分选过程中随灰分降低可大幅脱除,而以有机相赋存的重金属不易被脱除;煤高温转化过程中,有机结合态重金属比矿物结合态重金属更易挥发,后者挥发性受与之赋存的矿物种类影响。重金属在煤中赋存形式的研究手段主要有直接和间接2种方法,各有优缺点,可组合使用多种方法。研究重金属的赋存和迁移行为有助于从源头控制煤中重金属对环境造成的污染,热解过程有助于揭示有机态重金属元素的赋存状态。     

低阶煤筛分过程中汞及硫元素在不同粒度中的分布规律

燃煤是大气汞污染的主要排放源之一,针对目前煤炭洗选过程中重金属元素迁移脱除研究的不足,选用内蒙古低阶高硫煤和低硫煤样进行筛分试验,通过测汞仪、化学逐级提取、X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线荧光分析（XRF）及扫描电镜等测试方法研究汞元素在煤中的赋存形式及在不同粒度级煤中分布规律。试验结果表明,汞元素在煤中的分布不仅和赋存形式相关,还与矿物质在煤中的组成形式和矿物本身的矿物学性质相关。由逐级化学提取可知,高硫煤与低硫煤中汞主要以二硫化物结合态存在。两种煤中的汞和硫在不同粒度区间的富集和迁移趋势一致;高硫煤中汞含量与灰分在6～13mm粒度区间均为最高,说明汞主要与此粒度区间密度较大的黄铁矿伴生;低硫煤在粒度<0.074mm区域内,灰分及汞的含量较高,因为部分汞在以黏土矿为主的小颗粒中富集。     

煤中有害微量元素及其在加工转化中的行为研究进展

从成因上论证了煤中有害微量元素存在的必然性,基于有害微量元素在煤中的赋存特征,评介了开采、洗选、燃烧、热解、气化等过程中煤中有害微量元素迁移、转化的研究现状,指出气化过程中煤中有害微量元素演变研究中的不足,强调加强有害微量元素在典型气化工艺过程中迁移转化规律与污染防治方法研究的必要性,针对相关领域研究各自独立、衔接不紧的问题,提出从煤炭全生命周期的角度对有害微量元素展开整体性研究或为煤中有害微量元素未来的研究方向。     

酸洗脱除矿物对煤化学组成及润湿性的影响

为探究酸洗处理对煤尘含氧官能团和矿物质变化及对煤尘结构和润湿性的影响,采用盐酸、磷酸、乙酸和盐酸-氢氟酸对榆林煤(YL)进行处理,并利用FTIR,XRD及XRF分析煤尘化学组成及结构变化,借助毛细管上向渗透法研究煤尘的吸湿量,考察煤的灰分、矿物质组成及官能团对润湿性的影响规律。结果表明:酸处理能够脱除煤中的大部分矿物质,对含Si的矿物质元素脱除效果较差,对Ca和K等碱金属矿物的脱除效果较好,盐酸-氢氟酸脱除率最高,为95.3%,盐酸、磷酸、乙酸的单独脱灰率分别为88.4%,84.0%和79.9%。由XRD谱可以看出,酸处理后灰样谱图上的矿物质杂峰数量明显减少,石英峰在处理后增强。通过对XRD参数拟合,发现酸处理破坏了煤中碳的微晶结构,使煤的结构发生了一定程度的解体。FTIR分析表明,酸处理后煤中的羟基官能团含量下降,羧酸和酚羟基C—O的吸收峰占比增加;对灰分含量、矿物质元素组成、官能团变化与润湿性的拟合关系进行分析,发现酸处理降低了灰分含量,降低了煤尘润湿性;无机矿物质元素中Si和Al元素的变化与润湿性的变化规律一致;对比原煤和脱灰煤的润湿性变化与含氧官能团的含量关系,发现在1 050cm-1～1 250cm~(-1)处的酚羟基C—O的峰面积与YL的润湿性变化趋势相反,3 400cm~(-1)～3 450cm~(-1)处羟基的峰面积与YL的润湿性变化趋势相同。     

部分进口煤炭中氟元素的含量特征及赋存形态

为加强对进口高氟煤炭的管理,评价进口煤炭中氟元素的环境迁入风险,采用高温燃烧水解-氟离子选择电极法对唐山港口岸进口的225批煤炭中的氟含量进行了测定;用稳健统计描述了其整体含量水平,并根据我国煤炭行业分级标准及富集比进行了质量评价;用相关分析对氟的赋存形态进行了分析。结果表明:唐山港口进口煤炭中的氟含量可描述为(137±24)mg/kg;按我国煤炭行业标准进行质量分级评价,唐山港口进口的68%的朝鲜煤、62%的加拿大煤属于中氟煤,氟含量算术平均值高于中国煤、世界煤,其迁入风险值得关注;进口朝鲜煤中氟含量与灰分、全硫含量呈中度正相关、与磷含量呈微弱正相关,推断氟的赋存形态主要为无机硫结合态(硫化物和硫酸盐)和黏土矿物,少部分可能存在于磷酸盐类矿物及有机硫结合态中;进口澳大利亚煤中氟含量与灰分、全硫含量相关性不显著,与磷含量呈低度正相关,推断氟的赋存形态比较复杂,可能部分以磷酸盐结合态存在,赋存于氟磷灰石、磷铝钙石中;进口加拿大煤中氟含量与灰分、全硫含量相关性不显著,与磷含量的相关性系数为0.763,显著性水平为0.01,表明二者呈高度正相关,具有显著性,说明二者有很强的伴生关系,推断氟主要以磷酸盐结合态存在,赋存于氟磷灰石、磷铝钙石中。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。