中国煤层气开发利用现状及发展建议

中国煤层气储量丰富,煤层气资源的开发利用处于起步阶段,煤层气的抽采量逐年上升,但抽采率相对较低,煤层气的综合利用主要集中在居民燃气、工业燃料、化工应用、发电等传统领域和清洁发展机制项目等新型领域。笔者综述了中国煤层气开发和利用的现状,分析了目前煤层气产业发展中存在的问题,并在此基础上提出了相关发展建议。     

煤层气的化工利用进展

在对煤层气的性质、分类、资源状况及利用途径进行介绍的基础上,对近年来煤层气在化工中的应用现状如利用煤层气制氢气、甲醇及发电等进行了分析和论述,指出我国煤层气抽取方法存在的主要问题.     

瓦斯发电工业的现状与未来

我国煤层气资源十分丰富,瓦斯发电是煤层气利用的重要方式。本文阐述了我国瓦斯发电的技术现状及存在液态水含量过高大大降低了瓦斯发电的效率,瓦斯发电的尾气余热利用率低的问题,提出了提高瓦斯发电效率的解决方案。     

中国煤层气发电技术发展和应用现状

煤层气发电是煤层气利用的重要途径之一,以中国"十一五"期间煤层气发电的进展为背景,研究并分析了燃气发电设备在煤层气发电方面应用的优缺点以及适用范围,重点对基于内燃机的联合循环和热电(冷)联产系统方案进行分析,指出内燃机发电机组在煤层气发电方面的应用较为广泛,大规模煤层气发电项目大多采用联合循环热电发电形式,较小规模则采用热电冷联产方案,并结合具体案例进行经济分析。最后,对煤层气发电项目发展方向进行了展望。     

晋城矿区煤层气发电现状及规划

晋城矿区赋有丰富的煤层气资源 ,为充分利用这部分煤层气资源 ,晋城无烟煤矿业集团利用美国的打钻、压裂、排采技术实施煤层气开发示范工程 ,经潘庄、寺河两矿煤层初步发电试验 ,取得成功 ,2 0 0 2年初运转的 1 1× 1 0 4kW发电示范工程 ,取得良好的经济效益 ,为后续煤层气资源利用积累了宝贵的经验。     

中国煤层气利用途径

介绍了中国煤层气资源的分布,对各种利用形式加以阐述,并分析了煤层气发电系统的流程和各发电机组的优缺点,对中国煤层气发电利用案例进行举例说明,指出发电是煤层气利用的主要途径。     

晋城市煤层气综合利用发展初探

介绍了晋城市煤层气资源储量状况及煤层气的开发利用现状,对晋城市煤层气的开发利用提出了建议:可用于发电,可作为工业燃料和化工原料等。煤层气具有广阔的发展前景,其开发利用会带来很好的经济效益和社会效益。     

鹤壁煤业集团煤层气综合利用现状及发展前景

介绍了国内外对煤层气资源的排放及利用情况;重点论述了鹤壁煤业集团煤层气资源储量及综合利用现状,该集团主要将煤层气用于民用、发电和建设矿井乏风氧化装置;具体分析了煤层气发电的应用技术;提出煤层气综合利用具有广阔的发展前景。     

煤层气标准体系现状研究——以钻完井工程为例

煤层气开发标准化对规范工程施工和促进煤层气健康快速发展具有重要的指导和战略意义。本文介绍了煤层气开发标准化的发展历程及现状,以钻完井工程为例指出了目前煤层气标准化存在的问题,并结合实际需要提出了几点有效的建议。     

探讨煤层气的开发建设和安全环保工作

我国的煤层气资源十分丰富,作为一种洁净的优质能源,在世界能源价格持续上涨的局势下,开发利用煤层气就具有很大的前景。由于地质条件特殊,目前还没有进行大规模的开采利用,仅仅只有沁水盆地实现了商业开发。煤层气开采可以减少煤矿甲烷气体的排放,降低温室效应;但是在钻探、压裂、回注水和提纯等过程中,则会使杂质气体和有毒有害物质富集,对浅层地表水造成污染。同时,在煤层气开采过程中,还存在着许多安全隐患,比如产生危害性爆炸事故,物理性事故以及技术责任事故等等。本文总结了煤层气开采利用的重要意义,分析了煤层气开采引发的安全与环境问题,并针对煤层气开采的安全环保措施提出了一些看法和建议。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。