Fatty acid composition of seed oil triglycerides inCoincya (Brassicaceae)

Oil and triglyceride contents and fatty acid composition were determined for seeds in nine taxa belonging to the genusCoincya (Brassicaceae) on the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). The oil content ranges from 11.1 to 24.6%, triglycerides from 68.7 to 88.5%. The major fatty acids were erucic (24.6–30.5%), linolenic (17.7–27.7%), linoleic (13.9–24.6%) and oleic acid (12.3–21.8%).     

Fatty acid composition of some pine seed oils

The fatty acid composition of seeds from seven species of the genusPinus (P. pinaster, P. griffithii, P. pinea, P. koraiensis, P. sylvestris, P. mughus, andP. nigra) was established. Pine seeds are rich in oil (31–68% by weight) and contain several unusual polymethylene-interrupted unsaturated fatty acids with acis-5 ethylenic bond. These are thecis-5,cis-9 18:2,cis-5,cis-9,cis-12 18:3,cis-5,cis-11 20:2, andcis-5,cis-11,cis-14 20:3 acids, with a trace ofcis-5,cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:4 acid. Their percentage relative to total fatty acids varies from a low of 3.1% (P. pinea) to a high of 30.3% (P. sylvestris), depending on the species. The majorcis-5 double bond-containing acid is generally thecis-5,cis-9,cis-12 18:3 acid (pinolenic acid). In all species, linoleic acid represents approximately one-half the total fatty acids, whereas the content of oleic acid varies in the range 14–36% inversely to the sum of fatty acids containing acis-5 ethylenic bond. The easily available seeds fromP. koraiensis appear to be a good source of pinolenic acid: their oil content isca. 65%, and pinolenic represents about 15% of total fatty acids. These values appear to be rather constant.Pinus pinaster, which is grown on several thousand acres in the southwest of France, is an interesting source ofcis-5,cis-11,cis-14 20:3 acid (7% in the oil, which isca. 35% of the dehulled seed weight), an acid sharing in common three double bonds with arachidonic acid. Apparently,P. sylvestris seed oil contains the highest level ofcis-5 double bond-containing acids among pine seed oils that have ever been analyzed.     

Cryptolepis buchnani seed oil: A rich source of keto fatty acid

A keto fatty acid (9-oxo-cis-12-octadecenoic acid) has been isolated in appreciable amounts (45.9%) fromCryptolepis buchnani seed oil. The identification was based on chemical and spectroscopic methods.     

Heat-induced geometrical isomerization of α-linolenic acid: Effect of temperature and heating time on the appearance of individual isomers

The formation of linolenic acid geometrical isomers (LAGIs) was studied in linseed oil that was heated under vacuum in sealed ampoules at different temperatures (190–260°C) for several durations (2–16 h). A temperature of about 190°C seems to be necessary to induce the formation of LAGIs. At higher temperatures, disappearance of linolenic acid follows a first-order kinetic. The formation of LAGIs increases with both heating time and temperature, degrees of isomerization of linolenic acid higher than 50–60% could easily be obtained by simply heating the oil under vacuum. Side reactions remain at a low level. The mean probabilities of isomerization of individual ethylenic bonds are similar to those determined in linolenic acid-containing oils marketed in European countries, 41.9, 4.7 and 53.3% for double bonds in positions 9, 12 and 15, respectively. The di-trans t,c,t (trans,cis,trans) isomer is formedvia the mono-trans c,c,t andt,c,c isomers by a two-step reaction. The proportions of thec,c,t andt,c,c isomers (relative to total LAGIs) decrease linearly with the heating time. The proportion of thec,t,c isomer is only slightly affected by this parameter; however, it increases with temperature. The proportion of thet,c,t isomer increases linearly with heating time at each tested temperature, at the expense of thec,c,t andt,c,c isomers. However, there is no simple relationship linking the disappearance of each of the mono-trans isomers and the formation of the di-trans isomer.     

Determination of conjugated linolenic acid content of selected oil seeds grown in Turkey

Seeds originating from some Turkish sources were analyzed with respect to their characteristics and FA compositions. These seeds represented pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), bitter grourd (Momordica charantia L.), pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), catalpa (Catalpa bignonoides), bourdaine (Rhamnus frangula L.), Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium), sarsaparilla (Smilax aspera), mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.), black-thorn (Prunus spinosa L.), cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.), and firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea). Bitter gourd and bourdaine seeds contain more than 20% oil. Catalpa, bourdaine, Oregon grape, blackthorn, and cherry laurel seed oil contents ranged from 15 to 20%. In the seeds from plants belonging to the Rosacea family, oil content ranged from 4.5 to 18.5%. Among the seed oils analyzed, pot marigold had one of the lowest oil contents (5.9%). Pomegranate contained the highest amount of total conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) (86.0%). Seed oils of bitter grourd, pot marigold, mahaleb, and catalpa were rich in CLNA: 60.0, 29.5, 27.6, and 27.5%, respectively. Bourdaine, Oregon grape, and sarsaparilla seeds contained low amounts of CLNA. On the other hand, mahaleb, bourdaine, catalpa, Oregon grape, sarsaparilla, cherry laurel, blackthorn, and firethorn seed oils are basically oleic and linoleic acid-rich oils and therefore have little drying ability (semidrying oil). The results show a potential for the use of endogenous Turkish seeds as a source of CLNA.     

Fatty acid composition of melon seed oil lipids and phospholipids

Fatty acid compositions of crude melon seed oil from two different sources were compared. Melon seeds fromCitrullus vulgaris (syn.C. lanatus) contained phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and phosphatidylserine (PS), whereas melon seeds fromCitrullus colocynthis contained only PC and LPC, but not PS. Analysis of the total lipids revealed that the major fatty acid of the oils was 18:2n-6.Citrullus vulgaris seed oil contained 71.3% andC. colocynthis contained 63.4% of 18:2n-6. The predominant fatty acids in theC. vulgaris PC were 18:2n-6 (32.2%), 18:1n-9 (26.4%) and 16:0 (22.2%), whereas theC. colocynthis PC contained 44.6% of 18:1n-9 as the major fatty acid. The level of monoenes in theC. colocynthis variety (46.2%) was different from theC. vulgaris (27.3%). The major fatty acid in the LPC was 18:1n-9 for both varieties. Notably, theC. colocynthis variety did not contain any PS. The major fatty acids in theC. vulgaris PS were 18:1n-9 (37.9%) and 18:2n-6 (33.7%). Of all the phospholipids, LPC contained the greatest amount of monoenes, 48.6–52.4%.     

Fatty acids and triacylglycerols of cherry seed oil

Cherry seed oil, from the Rosaceae family, prunoid subfamily, is characterized by the existence of about 10% α-eleostearic acid. The structure of the acid was proven by H and¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance. The triacylglycerols of this oil were identified and quantitated by highperformance liquid chromatography by means of several types of detectors. α-Eleostearic acid was not found in the seeds of previously studied prunoids (almond, peach, apricot and plum). The main fatty acids found in the seeds of cherry and other prunoids were linoleic (L), oleic (O) and palmitic acids, and the major triacylglycerols were LLO, LOO and OOO. These chemical data support the botanical relationship within the prunoid subfamily and show the proximity of cherry to the Chrysobalanaceae family.     

Fatty acid composition in seed oils of some onagraceae

The seeds ofOenothera picensis, O. indecora, Ludwigia longifolia andL. peruviana (Onagraceae) contained 18.3, 16.4, 13.9 and 10.1% oil, respectively. Chromatographic analyses showed high levels of linoleic acid (>71.5%) in the seed oils.     

Variation in fatty acid content and seed weight in some lauric acid richCuphea species

Significant genetic variation for lauric acid (12∶0) and capric acid (10∶0) composition and seed weight was measured within lauric acid-rich, self-pollinating germplasm accessions ofCuphea wrightii, C. tolucana, andC. lutea. Means and ranges of individual plant progenies for 12∶0 content ofC. wrightii accessions was 60.5±.63% (49.8±65.8%), 10∶0 content was 23.7±.54% (18.6±33.0%), and 1000-seed weight was 1.50±.03 g (1.20–2.47 g). Progenies of single plant selections carried to the S₂ generation exhibited reduced variability within selections, but significant variation among selections for 12∶0, 10∶0 and 1000-seed weight. Variation among single plant selections ofC. tolucana was less than that ofC. wrightii and attributed to a restricted germplasm base. Means and ranges for 12∶0 content were 61.6±.47% (59.2–69.9%), 10∶0 was 22.3±.62% (11.7–25.3%), and 1000-seed weight was 1.40±.05 g (0.90–1.69 g).Cuphea lutea has a significantly different 12∶0−10∶0 profile than the other lauric acid-rich species. Means and ranges for 12∶0 were 36.8±.14% (33.7–40.8%), 10∶0 was 21.8±.08% (16.4–23.9%), 1000-seed weight was 2.26±.02 g (1.82–272 g). The 1000-seed weight was highly positively correlated with 8∶0, 10∶0, 18∶1 and 18∶2 contents and highly negatively correlated with 12∶0, 14∶0 and 16∶0 in bothC. wrightii andC. tolucana. No such relationship was found forC. lutea. A highly significant negative correlation was also measured for 12∶0 and 10∶0 contents inC. wrightii andC. tolucana.     

Fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions of seed oils of five Amaranthus accessions and their comparison to other oils

This paper reports the fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions of five Amaranthus accessions (RRC1011, R149, A.K343, A.K432, and A. K433) representing two species and a cross between one of these and a third species. Seed oils of these were analyzed by gas chromatography and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and their compositional properties compared with buck-wheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), corn (Zea mays), rice bran (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), sesame (Sesamum indicum), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), and cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) oils. All Amaranthus accessions were relatively high in palmitic (21.4–23.8%) and low in oleic (22.8–31.5%) and linolenic (0.65–0.93%) acids when compared to most of the grain and seed oils. The fatty acid composition of Amaranthus accessions K343, K433, and K432 (group I) were different from R149 and RRC1011 (group II) in mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, but the saturate/unsaturate (S/U) ratios were very similar. All Amaranthus accessions were similar in TAG type, but showed slight differences in percentage. High similarities in UUU, UUS, and USS composition were observed among Amaranthus K343, K433 and K432, and between R149 and RRC1011. The fatty acid compositions of Amaranthus oil (group I) and cottonseed oil were similar, but their TAG compositions were different. The grain and oilseed oils were different from each other and from the Amaranthus accessions oils in terms of fatty acid composition, S/U, and TAG ratios. The UUU, UUS, and USS percentages were very diverse in grain and seed oils. The percentages of squalene in the TAG sample from the Amaranthus accessions were 8.05% in K343, 11.10% in K433, 11.19% in K432, 9.96% in R149, and 9.16% in RRC1011. Squalene was also tentatively identified in quinoa and ricebran oils at levels of 3.39 and 3.10%, respectively.     

Fatty acid selectivity of lipases: γ-linolenic acid from borage oil

The γ-linolenic acid (Z,Z,Z-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid, GLA) present in borage oil free fatty acids was concentrated in esterification reactions that were catalyzed by several preparations of the acyl-specific lipase ofGeotrichum candidum. In this manner, a 95% recovery of the GLA originally present in borage oil (25% GLA) was obtained as a highly enriched fatty acid fraction with a GLA content of >70%. Other fatty acids concentrated in this fraction were the monounsaturated fatty acids with chainlengths of C-20 and longer that were present in the oil. An immobilized preparation ofG. candidum on silica gel also was used for the enrichment of GLA in borage oil. In this instance, a 75% recovery of GLA was obtained, and the supported lipase was reusable (three cycles) with minimal loss in activity. Presented in part at the 84th Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Anaheim, California, May 1993.     

橡籽油的酸催化水解工艺研究

以橡籽油为原料进行常压一次酸催化水解反应。研究了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、油水比和乳化剂用量对水解反应的影响,得出橡籽油水解的最优条件:反应温度为95℃,反应时间为9 h,催化剂浓硫酸用量为10%,油水比为1∶2,乳化剂十二烷基磺酸钠用量为1%,此时橡籽油的水解产物酸值为189.41mg KOH/g,水解率为94.71%。     

Unusual fatty acids inBrunfelsia americana seed oil: A rich source of oil

Brunfelsia americana Linn, belonging to the Solanaceae plant family, was found to contain ricinoleic acid together with cyclopropenoid and normal fatty acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, gas-liquid chromatography techniques and chemical degradations.     

Variation in fatty acid composition of the different acyl lipids in seed oils from fourSesamum species

Seeds from different collections of cultivatedSesamum indicum Linn. and three related wild species [specifically,S. alatum Thonn.,S. radiatum Schum and Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl.] were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition of the total lipids. The wild seeds contained less oil (ca. 30%) than the cultivated seeds (ca. 50%). Lipids from all four species were comparable in their total fatty acid composition, with palmitic (8.2–12.7%), stearic (5.6–9.1%), oleic (33.4–46.9%) and linoleic acid (33.2–48.4%) as the major acids. The total lipids from selected samples were fractionated by thin-layer chromatography into five fractions: triacylglycerols (TAG; 80.3–88.9%), diacylglycerols (DAG; 6.5–10.4%), free fatty acids (FFA; 1.2–5.1%), polar lipids (PL; 2.3–3.5%) and steryl esters (SE; 0.3–0.6%). Compared to the TAG, the four other fractions (viz, DAG, FFA, PL and SE) were generally characterized by higher percentages of saturated acids, notably palmitic and stearic acids, and lower percentages of linoleic and oleic acids in all species. Slightly higher percentages of long-chain fatty acids (20∶0, 20∶1, 22∶0 and 24∶0) were observed for lipid classes other than TAG in all four species. Based on the fatty acid composition of the total lipids and of the different acyl lipid classes, it seems thatS. radiatum andS. angustifolium are more related to each other than they are to the other two species.     

Lipase-catalyzed incorporation of oleic acid into melon seed oil

The ability of lipase PS30 (Pseudomonas sp.) to modify the fatty acid profile of melon seed oil by incorporation of oleic acid (18:1n-9) was investigated. The transesterification was carried out in hexane in an orbital shaking water bath at 55°C for 24 h with methyl oleate (70% pure) as acyl donor. Oleic acid content increased from 13.5% to 53%, and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) content decreased from 65% to 33%. The incorporation of oleic acid into melon seed oil by Pseudomonas sp. lipase helped balance the fatty acid profile of the oil in terms of monounsaturated (18:1n-9) and essential fatty acids (18:2n-6).     

Epoxy oleic acid inQuamoclit seed oils

Quamoclit phoenicea Choisy andQuamoclit coccinea Moench. (Syn.Ipomoea coccinea Linn), belonging to the Convolvulaceae plant family, was found to contain palmitic (22.2%, 33.3%), stearic (11.3%, 1.7%) oleic (13.5%, 14.6%), linoleic (40.1%, 30.8%), vernolic (6.4%, 10.2%), arachidic (3.5%, 6.8%) and behenic (3.8%, 2.6%) acids, respectively.     

Deacidification of black cumin seed oil by selective supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The deacidification of high-acidity oils from Black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) was investigated with supercritical carbon dioxide at two temperatures (40 and 60°C), pressures (15 and 20 MPa) and polarities (pure CO₂ and CO₂/10% MeOH). For pure CO₂ at a relatively low pressure (15 MPa) and relatively high temperature (60°C), the deacidification of a highacidity (37.7 wt% free fatty acid) oil to a low-acidity (7.8 wt% free fatty acid) oil was achieved. The free fatty acids were quantitatively (90 wt%) extracted from the oil and left the majority (77 wt%) of the valuable neutral oils in the seed to be recovered at a later stage by using a higher extraction pressure. By reducing the extraction temperature to 40°C, increasing the extraction pressure to 20 MPa, or increasing the polarity of the supercritical fluid via the addition of a methanol modifier, the selectivity of the extraction was significantly reduced; the amount of neutral oil that co-extracted with the free fatty acids was increased from 23 to 94 wt%.     

Fatty acid composition of two new pepper varieties (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jaranda and Jariza). Effect of drying process and nutritional aspects

Composition in fatty acids of the pericarp and seeds of two new pepper fruits (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Jaranda and Jariza) and the effects of different processing stages on the fatty acid composition of these tissues and of paprika are shown. In the pericarp the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic and linolenic, both in the same proportion, are the major acids; in the seed, linoleic is in a very high concentration as compared to in the pericarp. In the pericarp, a storage zone of carotenoid pigments, linolenic acid does not participate in the carotenoid esterification process. From the different lipid patterns, nutritional aspects are deduced. In the drying step the concentrations of constituent fatty acids are constant in the seed, while in the pericarp there is a net increase in the total content of fatty acids.     

氢化棉油脂肪酸蔗糖酯的合成工艺研究

以氢化棉油脂肪酸和蔗糖为原料合成了氢化棉油脂肪酸蔗糖酯 ,最佳合成条件为 n(脂肪酸酯 )∶ n(蔗糖 ) =1∶ 1,亲合剂为反应物质量的 3 0 % ,催化剂用量为反应物质量的 2 .1% ,反应温度为 15 5℃ ,反应时间为 6h     

The seed oil ofBernardia pulchella (Euphorbiaceae) —A rich source of vernolic acid

The fatty acids from the seed oil ofBernardia pulchella (Euphorbiaceae) have been analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of their methyl esters. Vernolic acid is the main compound (91%), along with other usual fatty acids. In addition to the quantitation by GC analysis,¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals from the seed oil have been used to estimate the total epoxy fatty acid content. The structure of vernolic acid has been proven by spectroscopic methods (infrared,¹H, and¹³C-NMR) and by GC-MS analysis of the corresponding silylated hydroxy-methoxy derivative. The 4,4-dimethyloxazoline derivatives of the fatty acid mixture have also been examined by GC-MS, and it was shown that this derivazation reaction is not suitable for the structure analysis of vernolic acid.