偏氯乙烯聚合物基多孔炭的制备及应用研究进展

叙述了以偏氯乙烯聚合物为碳源,通过高温直接炭化制备微孔为主的多孔炭,及炭化、催化活化和模板法制备中孔-微孔复合多孔炭的研究进展,归纳了影响2种新型多孔炭制备过程中炭材料孔隙的主要因素.介绍了偏氯乙烯聚合物基微孔和中孔-微孔复合多孔炭材料在超级电容器电极、催化剂负载和吸附分离等方面的应用.认为偏氯乙烯聚合物基多孔炭属新型...     

超级电容器用生物质衍生多孔炭材料研究进展

能源消费增加促使绿色能源开发成为趋势,同时推动能源存储系统快速发展,超级电容器以高功率密度和长循环寿命的优势得到广泛关注,其中电容炭材料逐渐成为研究热点。用来源广泛、有可再生性、价格低廉、绿色环保的生物质制备超级电容器用多孔炭材料,在开发绿色能源的同时解决了能源存储问题。多孔炭材料结构调控与性能完善是提高超级电容器性能的重要途径之一。综述了生物质衍生多孔炭材料及其在超级电容器领域的应用,按原料来源(植物、动物和微生物)及材料维度(0D、1D、2D和3D)的分类体系,多孔炭材料制备方法及技术现状。将多孔炭的制备分为炭化和活化,简述了炭化与活化机理、活化方式选择和常见活化剂特性,但生物质衍生多孔炭材料制备过程中影响因素多,且性能不及传统煤基碳材料,需进行多方面设计优化,包括选择生物质前驱体、合理使用炭化技术、调控活化过程各影响因素和选择改性过程中掺杂物等。基于在超级电容器领域的应用需求,重点探讨生物质多孔炭材料优化方式,包括孔结构调控、表面元素掺杂及与石墨烯复合形成新型炭材料等。梳理多孔炭材料用于超级电容器中时的难题与重点,通过寻找多孔炭材料在高比表面积、均匀孔隙分布和高导电性3方面的最优...     

具有发达中孔的多孔炭材料的研究进展

本文综述了国内外在调控多孔炭材料孔径分布，特别是提高其中孔率方面的研究进展，着重介绍了催化活化、界面活化、混合聚合物炭化、有机凝胶炭化、铸型炭化等孔径调控技术及其孔结构形成机理。为控制多孔炭材料的孔径大小和分布，提出其中孔容积（率）和吸附性能提供了理论和实验依据。     

酚醛树脂基多孔炭材料制备的研究

以酚醛树脂为炭前驱体、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)为造孔剂,采用聚合物共混炭化法制备了多孔炭材料,考察了造孔剂PVB的含量、炭化温度和炭化时间对多孔炭材料比表面积和孔结构的影响.结果表明,在造孔剂PVB的含量为40%、炭化温度为700℃、炭化时间为1.0 h的条件下,可制得BET比表面积为540.4 m2·g-1、孔容为0.37 cm3·g-1、平均孔径为7.298 nm的多孔炭.     

氮掺杂多孔炭材料的研究进展

杂原子掺杂是提升多孔炭材料性能的有效方法之一,其中氮原子掺杂以其原料来源广、制备工艺简单成为了杂原子掺杂的研究热点.本文对近年来氮掺杂多孔炭材料的研究进行了总结,对直接热解法、水热合成法、模板法、化学气相沉积法和后处理法制备氮掺杂多孔炭材料的研究进展进行了综述,同时介绍了氮掺杂多孔炭材料在吸附、催化和电化学领域的应用情...     

利用海藻酸钠制备多孔炭及其油污水处理应用

针对油污废水对环境的污染问题,本文提出可用高温炭化海藻酸钠制备的多孔炭材料解决油污水问题。实验首先考察不同炭化温度得到的多孔炭材料对油污水的吸附性能影响;其次多孔炭材料的用量对油污水处理的影响;最后考察了多孔炭材料在油污水中的吸附时间对油污水处理的影响。实验结果证明,当炭化温度为900℃时,多孔炭材料的吸附能力最强,油污剩余量最少;当多孔炭材料的质量与油污水的体积比为1 g∶0.5 L时油污水的含量最低;当吸附时间为6 h时,油污水的含量最低。结果表明,多孔炭材料用于油污水的治理具有广泛的应用前景,可望在未来油污水处理方面发挥更大的作用。     

玉米芯制备多孔炭及其孔结构的表征

以小于20目的玉米芯为原料，以水蒸气为活化剂，在N2保护下，采用物理活化法制备多孔炭，考察了炭化温度、炭化时间、操作方式以及活化时间等操作条件对多孔炭收率、比表面积和孔结构参数等的影响。同时采用N2吸附法，对多孔炭的比表面积及孔结构进行了表征。实验结果表明：经过800□炭化30min，并采用恒温时加料，恒温时取出的操作方式，是制备较高比表面积多孔炭的最佳炭化条件：在同一活化温度下，为得到收率较高的产品，不易延长其活化时间；经过对原料进行酸处理和热压成型，可以提高多孔炭的收率，增加多孔炭的比表面积和总孔容。     

煤基多孔炭材料的制备及其处理焦化废水的研究

以无烟煤为原料制备煤基多孔炭材料。考察了炭化温度及CO2流量对炭材料性能的影响,比较了粉末状和柱状炭材料对焦化废水中COD的去除效果。实验结果表明:当炭化温度为600℃,CO2流量为0.4L/min时,多孔炭材料的比表面积最大,为838.51m2/g。粉末状多孔炭材料处理焦化废水的效果更好,COD的去除率可达到72%。     

溶胶凝胶法多孔炭材料的制备及其表征

以十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)稳定过的商业硅溶胶为模板硅源、蔗糖为炭前体、运用溶胶凝胶法制备了多孔炭材料。并采用低温N2等温吸脱附、X射线衍射等对材料的结构进行了测试与表征。结果表明:CTAB的加入使所得的多孔炭孔径分布更加集中,由于炭化温度较低,所得的炭材料仍为无定形结构。     

木质素多孔炭的制备及应用研究进展

木质素是一种具有三维网状分子结构、含有大量芳香基团和高含碳量等特点的天然高分子,其在制备多孔炭领域具有巨大潜力。多孔炭在催化剂和能源储存领域具有极大的应用前景。以来源于制浆造纸和生物炼制行业的副产物工业木质素作为原料制备多孔炭应用于能源储存、吸附、催化剂载体等领域,可实现工业木质素在碳基功能材料领域的高附加值循环再利用。本文详细综述了目前木质素多孔炭的常用制备方法和微结构特性的调控方法,总结归纳了各制备方法的主要特点以及影响木质素多孔炭微结构与性能的关键因素;重点综述了近些年对木质素多孔炭孔道结构调控方面的研究,归纳了孔调控的方法;此外,总结了木质素多孔炭在超级电容器、锂离子电池、吸附剂和催化剂载体领域中的应用研究现状,讨论了催化和储能材料对木质素多孔炭的微结构特性要求。总结并展望了木质素多孔炭在制备与应用中面临的机遇和挑战。     

Catalytic graphitization of templated mesoporous carbons

Graphitic porous carbons with a wide variety of textural properties were obtained by using a silica xerogel as template and a phenolic resin as carbon precursor. The synthetic procedure used to prepare them was as follows: (a) infiltration of the porosity of silica by a solution containing phenolic resin, (b) carbonization of the silica-resin composite, (c) removal of the silica skeleton, (d) impregnation of the templated porous carbon with a metallic salt and (e) catalytic graphitization of the impregnated carbon by heat treatment at 900 °C. The graphitization of the carbons thus prepared varies as a function of the carbonization temperature used and the type of metal employed as catalyst (Fe, Ni or Mn). The porous characteristics of these materials change greatly with the temperatures used during the carbonization step. These graphitized carbons exhibit high electrical conductivities up to two orders larger than those obtained for the non-graphitized samples.     

以硅凝胶网络结构为模板制备多孔炭材料的研究

分别以蔗糖和正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)作为炭和硅凝胶的前驱体,通过溶胶凝胶过程形成蔗糖聚合物和硅凝胶的复合物,经高温炭化后将硅模板刻蚀去除制备了一种多孔炭材料。研究发现,影响多孔炭孔结构的主要因素是原料的摩尔比,另外还与胶凝温度、炭化温度、刻蚀方式有关。     

工艺参数对天然沸石模板多孔炭结构的影响

以内蒙古赤峰市的天然沸石矿为模板，以蔗糖为炭的前驱体，制备了具有较窄中孔孔径分布的模板多孔炭。利用SEM、XRD及N2吸附等方法对模板炭进行了表征。采用BJH法分析了模板炭的孔径分布特征。研究了制备工艺中催化剂H2SO4的用量和炭化温度对所得模板多孔炭结构的影响。结果表明，硫酸用置和炭化温度对模板多孔炭的表面形貌、微晶结构和孔结构都有一定的影响。催化剂H2SO4用置过多时模板炭表面结构粗糙、致密，杂质较多，比表面积和总孔容较小；炭化温度越高，模板炭的结构收缩越严重，总孔容和中孔孔容越大，中孔率越高。     

Synthesis and characterization of microporous carbons templated by ammonium-form zeolite Y

Emerging applications such as gas storage require porous carbon materials with tailored structural and surface properties. Template synthesis approach to porous carbons offers opportunities for tailoring these properties. In this study, ammonium-form zeolite Y (NH₄Y) was used as a template and furfuryl alcohol (FA) was employed as a carbon precursor to prepare microporous carbons by simple impregnation method. The effects of synthesis conditions such as carbonization temperatures and heating rates on the pore structure of the microporous carbons were investigated. The thermal behaviors of FA-NH₄Y mixtures and zeolite/carbon composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The physical, structural, and surface properties of the microporous carbons were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), elemental analysis, and physical adsorption of nitrogen. Microporous carbons with high surface areas, pore volumes and nitrogen-containing surface functional groups can be readily synthesized.     

Imaging the structure and porosity of active carbons by scanning tunneling microscopy

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been employed for a comparative structural characterization, down to the atomic scale, of a representative set of porous carbons with different adsorption characteristics and prepared either by activation (physical or chemical) or templating techniques. The studied materials included a chemically activated, supermicroporous high surface area carbon, two activated carbons containing both micro- and mesopores synthesized by physical activation, an ultramicroporous carbon molecular sieve, and an ordered microporous carbon templated in the nanochannels of zeolite Y. In general, good agreement was found between the porous structures as imaged by STM and the porous texture derived from gas adsorption data for all the carbons investigated. The activated carbon samples were dominated by networks of slit type micropores and, in some cases, by mesopores of varied morphologies. By contrast, the zeolite-templated carbon exhibited rounded micropore morphology, and the carbon molecular sieve displayed a rather featureless conformation dominated by voids only below 1 nm wide. The structural differences observed by STM were interpreted in terms of the different preparation procedures of the studied carbons. In particular, the templated carbon consisted of minute clusters about 1 nm in diameter that were interpreted to be formed within the extremely confined, microporous spaces of the zeolite Y template.     

溶胶-凝胶法碳源对多孔炭材料孔隙结构的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为模板硅源,β-环状糊精和可溶性淀粉分别为碳前驱体,运用溶胶-凝胶法制备了多孔炭材料。利用低温N2等温吸脱附、X射线衍射、高倍扫描电子显微镜等对所得炭材料的结构进行了测试与表征,结果表明,β-环糊精为碳源的样品主要孔径分布在2~3 nm;以可溶性淀粉为碳源的样品孔径呈双峰分布,即孔径集中在3.7 nm和5~20 nm,但由于炭化温度较低,所得的炭材料仍为无定形结构。     

Hierarchically porous phenolic resin-based carbons obtained by block copolymer-colloidal silica templating and post-synthesis activation with carbon dioxide and water vapor

A series of hierarchically porous carbons was synthesized by self-assembly of polymeric carbon precursors and block copolymer template in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and colloidal silica under acidic conditions. Resorcinol and formaldehyde were used as carbon precursors, poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer was employed as a soft template, and TEOS-generated silica and colloidal silica were used as hard templates. The carbon precursors were polymerized in hydrophilic domains of block copolymer, followed by carbonization and silica dissolution. This resulted in carbons possessing cylindrical (∼12 nm) and spherical (20 or 50 nm) mesopores created by thermal decomposition of the soft template and by the dissolution of colloidal silica, respectively; fine pores were also formed by the dissolution of the TEOS-generated silica (∼2 nm). A further increase in fine porosity was achieved by post-synthesis activation of the carbons with carbon dioxide and/or water vapor, which resulted in hierarchical carbons with a surface area and pore volume approaching 2800 m²/g and 6.0 cm³/g, respectively.     

Development of Microporosity in Mesoporous Carbons

Monolithic carbons with uniform and spherical mesopores can be easily obtained by filling the pores of colloidal silica monoliths with carbon precursors followed by carbonization and silica dissolution. In this study three different phenolic resin blends: resorcinol and crotonaldehyde (MC-RC), phenol and paraformaldehyde (MC-PP), and resorcinol and furfural (MC-RF) were used as carbon precursors. Subsequent heating and carbonization of the resulting silica–phenolic resin nanocomposites followed by silica dissolution afforded monolithic carbons with spherical mesopores matching the size of the silica colloids used. Development of microporosity in these carbons was achieved by post-synthesis KOH activation. This study shows that the combination of colloidal templating with post-synthesis activation affords monolithic micro–mesoporous carbons with large specific surface area and well-developed accessible porosity for adsorption, catalysis, environmental and energy-related applications.