Cylindrical Rayleigh surface waves on a layer-coated cylinder measured by PVDF transducer and defocusing measurement method

This paper develops a measurement method for accurately determining dispersion curves of Rayleigh-type surface waves propagating on layer-coated elastic cylinders. It utilizes PVDF acoustic transducers and a defocusing measurement system. To deal with the cylindrically curved surface, a new cross-correlation waveform processing approach is proposed and verified. Cylindrical Rayleigh wave velocities of layered cylindrical solid samples have been successfully measured over a frequency range from 3 to 20 MHz. The measured dispersion curves are in good agreement with their theoretical counterparts. It demonstrates the potential application for non-destructive evaluation of coating layers deposited on cylindrical solids.     

Fabrication of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) ultrasound focusing transducers and measurements of elastic constants of thin plates

This paper investigates a modified method for fabricating focusing ultrasound transducers based on spin-coated poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer films. The ferroelectric hysteresis loops of the spin-coated P(VDF-TrFE) films are measured to establish the best fabrication parameters. The fabricated transducers are used for high-frequency wave velocity measurements and for non-destructive determination of elastic constants of thin isotropic plates. Both through-thickness longitudinal wave velocities and Rayleigh surface wave velocities of thin-plate samples with thicknesses ranging from 125 to 250 μm are measured, and hence their elastic constants can be determined in a straightforward and accurate way. The obtained results are in good agreement with the data reported by the manufacturers. Limitation of the proposed fabrication method and conventional method is compared and discussed in terms of signal intensity and frequency characteristics.     

Characterization of stress corrosion cracking in carbon steel using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves

This research uses nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves to characterize stress corrosion cracking (SCC) damage in carbon steel. Cold rolled carbon steel is widely used for buried fuel pipelines; the environment surrounding these pipelines creates a mildly corrosive environment, which, in combination with an applied stress, can cause SCC. To ensure the safe operation of these structures, it is crucial that damage due to SCC be detected before their structural integrity is reduced by large cracks. In the early stages of SCC, microstructural changes such as dislocation formation and microcrack initiation occur, which have shown to considerably increase the acoustic nonlinearity of a material. These microstructural changes distort and generate higher harmonics in an initially monochromatic ultrasonic wave. This research considers four different levels of SCC induced in four separate 1018 steel specimens, a material which has a similar susceptibility to SCC as steel used for buried fuel pipelines. Then nonlinear ultrasonic measurements are performed before and after the SCC damage is induced. Nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves are utilized to detect the SCC damage that is concentrated near the material surface. The amplitudes of the fundamental and second harmonic waves are measured with contact wedge transducers at varying propagation distances to obtain the acoustic nonlinearity of the specimens as a function of SCC damage. The results show an increase in the measured acoustic nonlinearity in the early stages of SCC, indicating the feasibility of using this nonlinear ultrasonic method to detect the initiation of SCC in carbon steels.     

基于泄漏瑞利波的等离子喷涂涂层质量评价

采用瑞利波的特性评价了类金刚石涂层的质量.制备了3种试样,无涂层试样,完好试样,缺陷试样.得到了3种试样的瑞利波群速度频散曲线.结果表明,由于无涂层试样的群速度在不同频率下不变,表明该测量结果是可靠的.由化学气相沉积制备的类金刚石涂层的频散曲线表明,涂层对群速度有一定的影响,完好试样的群速度与缺陷试样的群速度随着频率的变化而变化,因此,泄漏瑞利波可以很好地作为评价类金刚石涂层质量的一种无损检测方法.     

A comparative study of viscous polymer processed ceramics based on aqueous and non-aqueous binder systems

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) is an important piezoelectric material which has wide range of applications as sensors, actuators and transducers. Various forms are required for different devices applications. In this work, extrusion and press forming of PZT ceramic rods and thick films produced via a viscous polymer processing (VPP) route have been investigated. The relationships between the rheology, microstructure and formability of both an aqueous and a non-aqueous polymer binder system have been compared. The non-aqueous PVB system exhibits substantially higher bulk yield stress during plug die flow and higher biaxial extensional stress during squeeze film flow compared to the aqueous PVA system. Discussion of the results is based on differences in the adsorption of the polymer onto the PZT particles and the migration behaviour of the polymer/solvent phase in the two systems.     

Ultrasonic surface wave propagation and interaction with surface defects on rail track head

Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) are non-contact ultrasonic transducers capable of generating wide band ultrasonic surface waves on metallic samples. A lab-based laser-EMAT system has been developed to observe the ultrasonic surface wave propagation and interaction with surface breaking defects on the sample rail head surface. A wide band EMAT generating surface waves with a frequency content between approximately 50 and 500 kHz is used to propagate ultrasonic waves on the surface of a rail head down the length of the sample. A stabilised Michelson interferometer is used to measure the out-of-plane displacement of the surface wave. A complete picture of the ultrasonic surface wave on the sample surface over time is reconstructed using this technique, with exceptionally high spatial and temporal resolution. Despite the curvature of the rail head, the ultrasonic surface wave propagating down the rail is found to have similar properties to Rayleigh waves by direct comparison to those observed on flat samples using the same technique.     

Assessment of porosity of mortar using ultrasonic Rayleigh waves

The relationship between Rayleigh wave velocity at ultrasonic frequencies and porosity is investigated in dry and fully saturated mortar. Porosity is varied by changing the water/cement ratio. Rayleigh wave (RW) pulse velocity is measured accurately using air-coupled ultrasonic transducers as transmitter and receiver. The experimental results are compared with two single-phase models. Due to relatively weak correlation between RW velocity and porosity, measured data and the models are compared using statistical hypothesis tests. Although the parameters of the model are not accurately predicted, these tests conclude on a reasonable agreement between measured data and the models. This result can be useful to develop simplified models of wave propagation in concrete, or to estimate porosity in concrete cover from ultrasonic measurements.     

Development of novel ultrasonic transducers for microelectronics packaging

Novel high-frequency ultrasonic transducers have been developed in order to provide faster, more repeatable and stronger microelectronics bonding technology, and fine-pitch packaging can be accomplished by these transducers. The analytical model of the transducer system is established on the basis of electromechanical equivalent circuitry theory, vibration theory and wave theory, which lays the foundation for determining the initial topological information of the ultrasonic transducer. By use of finite element method (FEM), the dynamic characteristics of components are investigated. The resonance frequency, vibration displacement nodes and rule of ultrasonic energy transmission are acquired by making modal and harmonic analysis. Through optimum design by considering the piezoelectric effect, the dimensions of ultrasonic transducer have been gained finally. The prototyped transducer is tested through the impedance analyzer and laser Doppler vibrometer, which proves remarkable resemblance with the theory and FEM. The experimental results also show that there are no undesirable vibration modes around the working frequency, thus it becomes convenient for the vibration control.     

柴油机连杆断裂失效分析

本文通过对断口的宏观、微观分析确定了连杆的失效是由于应力集中引起的高周疲劳断裂，并通过对连杆材料的金相分析，成份分析和力学性能分析，讨论了热处理对连杆材料性能的影响。     

表面改性技术降低生长棒临床并发症发生率研究进展

生长棒是应用于早发性脊柱侧凸患者矫正治疗的医疗器械.首先介绍了由钛合金或钴铬合金材料制造的单生长棒、双生长棒、Shilla生长棒等在早发性脊柱侧凸矫正领域的临床应用现状;同时总结了生长棒在体内服役时,由于金属疲劳、固定螺钉松动、植入物的磨损和腐蚀等原因导致的金属棒断裂、固定螺钉拔出、金属离子富集等问题,以及由此引起的过敏反应、炎症反应、骨溶解等相关并发症.为降低生长棒临床应用并发症发生率,国内外研究人员采用喷丸、微弧氧化、等离子喷涂、物理气相沉积等表面改性手段,对生长棒进行表面改性.国内外研究表明,采用激光冲击强化、喷丸等可以提高生长棒系统中金属棒的表面硬度及应力,提高金属棒的微动疲劳特性,避免金属棒断裂;采用喷丸、微弧氧化处理和等离子喷涂处理等方法,可以促进生长棒系统中椎弓根螺钉和天然骨界面长合,增强椎弓根螺钉-骨组织的结合强度;采用物理气相沉积可以提高生长棒系统的耐磨性、耐蚀性,进而降低其离子释放量.经过表面改性后的生长棒系统,生物相容性提高,过敏反应、炎症反应、骨溶解等相关并发症的发生率降低.     

Application of ultrasonic guided waves for non-destructive testing of defective CFRP rods with multiple delaminations

One of the most important parts of gliders is a lightweight longeron reinforcement made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) rods. During manufacturing, in order to build the arbitrary spar profile, these small diameter (few millimetres) rods are glued together into epoxy filled matrix. Still, defects present in the rods, such as break of fibres, multiple delaminations due to lack of bonding and reduction in density affect construction strength markedly and are extremely complicated to eliminate. Therefore, appropriate non-destructive testing techniques intended for carbon fibre rods should be applied prior to gluing them together.The aim of the present paper is to analyse development possibilities of NDT technique based on application of ultrasonic guided waves and intended for CFRP rods that are used for aerospace applications and are defective with multiple delaminations.The regularities of ultrasonic guided wave propagation in a defective CFRP circular-shape rod with multiple delaminations have been investigated using 3D numerical simulations, finite difference and finite element models. The corresponding experiments have been conducted as well. Based on leaky wave suppression over a defective region due to the weak vertical component of particle displacements, the mechanism of guided wave interaction with the region of multiple delaminations is explained from the ultrasonic NDT viewpoint.     

A new technique for calibration in frequency of piezoelectric transducers

The calibration in frequency of piezoelectric transducers can be obtained by sending an ultrashort laser pulse (30 ps), generated by a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser, directly on the detector surface. Thanks to its short duration, the mode-locked pulse behaves as an excitation source of wide spectral content, so that the spectral analysis of the recorded electric signal gives direct information about the frequency response of the probe. In particular, we report a series of measurements on various transducers of several nominal frequencies and we show the different response of the probe to a focused laser beam to that of an unfocused one.     

热处理对中频感应重熔NiCrBSi涂层抽油光杆性能的影响

采用火焰热喷涂-中频感应重熔技术在20CrMo抽油光杆基体表面制备NiCrBSi涂层并进行热处理,采用扫描电镜、显微硬度计、X射线应力测试仪、万能试验机和疲劳试验机等仪器,研究了热处理工艺对涂层光杆组织、硬度、表面应力、力学性能和疲劳性能等方面的影响。结果表明,中频感应重熔NiCrBSi涂层的制备和热处理对光杆基材表层组织、硬度和表面应力影响较大,热处理温度对涂层的硬度影响不显著;涂层制备和热处理会显著降低杆体的疲劳性能,重熔处理工艺的抗拉强度最大但塑性指标很差,并在疲劳试验中出现典型脆性断口,高温热处理工艺可以使涂层光杆获得较好的拉伸力学性能;普通20CrMo抽油光杆以磨损、腐蚀和疲劳断裂为主要失效原因,而NiCrBSi涂层/20CrMo光杆疲劳性能的显著降低可能成为其失效的主要原因。     

Simultaneous ultrasonic evaluation with differentiation of stress and texture

An ultrasonic method for either independent or simultaneous determination of stress and texture is discussed. Quantitative differentiation between stress and texture during simultaneous measurements can be made. The method is useful for unidirectionally rolled, extruded, or cast material, and the validity of the method has been experimentally verified by extensive tests on rolled materials. Electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMAT’s) have been used, and these allow measurements during processing. In principle the method is applicable to non-conducting materials if piezoelectric or ferroelectric transducers are used, but since they are contracting and EMAT’s are noncontacting, the constraints are more severe.     

Temperature field analysis and its application in hot continuous rolling of Inconel 718 superalloy

A coupled thermo-mechanical model containing metal flow and temperature field for calculating temperature variation has been developed on fourteen-pass hot continu-ous rolling of round rod for Inconel 718 alloy using 3D elastic-plastic finite element method(FEM).The temperature of characteristic analysis points in the intermedi-ate cross-section of the workpiece has been simulated at initial temperature ranging from 960 to 1000 °C and initial velocity in range of 0.15-0.55 m·s-1.Based on fi-nite element ana...     

Growth and morphology of rod eutectics

The formation of rod eutectic microstructure is investigated systematically in a succinonitrile–camphor alloy of eutectic composition by using the directional solidification technique. A new rod eutectic configuration is observed in which the rods form with elliptical cylindrical shape. Two different orientations of the ellipse are observed that differ by a 90° rotation such that the major and the minor axes are interchanged. Critical experiments in thin samples, where a single layer of rods forms, show that the spacing and orientation of the elliptic rods are governed by the growth rate and the sample thickness. In thicker samples, multi layers of rods form with circular cross-section and the scaling law between the spacing and velocity predicted by the Jackson and Hunt model is validated. A theoretical model is developed for a two-dimensional array of elliptical rods that are arranged in a hexagonal or a square array, and the results are shown to be consistent with the experimental observations. The model of elliptic rods is also shown to reduce to that for the circular rod eutectic when the lengths of the two axes are equal, and to the lamellar eutectic model when one of the axes is much larger than the other one.     

声发射研究用的非接触式传感器

与常用压电声发射能器不同，声发射研究中使用的非接触式宽带传感器主要有两种，即电容传感器和光学探测器，为了削弱孔径效应，空气间隙的电容传感器采用了不同的结构。光学探测器则是建立在激光干涉的基础上，利用偏振干涉方法研制的光学探测器是传感器的一种优化设计，而光纤传感器在实现声发射技术的现场应用中有许多潜在的优点。     

Characterization of ultrasonic Rayleigh surface waves in asphaltic concrete

This research examines the application of ultrasonic Rayleigh surface waves to the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) of asphaltic concrete in the frequency range 40–100 kHz. Two ultrasonic parameters, the phase velocity and amplitude attenuation, are considered to be sensitive to local compositional and structural variations and are measured. A wedge technique is used to generate Rayleigh surface waves in an asphaltic concrete beam with uniformly distributed aggregate, and this technique is shown to be effective in launching Rayleigh waves in this highly viscoelastic (absorptive) and heterogeneous medium. Three different ultrasonic detection setups using contact and non-contact transducers as receivers are examined and their results are compared. The experimental results show that the wedge generation technique along with an air-coupled receiving transducer with a finite-size aperture is the most reliable for characterizing Rayleigh waves in asphaltic concrete. It is also experimentally demonstrated that the proposed setup may be used to detect aggregate segregation in asphaltic concrete.     

瑞利波无损评价薄镀层应力方法的试验

结合力学静载拉伸试验,采用声程固定的5 MHz的双瑞利波探头对电刷镀层应力进行评价。结果表明,随着拉伸应力的增加,瑞利波在电刷镀层中的传播速度呈线性规律增加,当拉伸应力达到104 MPa时,时间差达到最大值180 ns;再随拉伸应力的增加,瑞利波在电刷镀层中的传播速度呈"跳跃式"变化。采用超声显微成像方法对承受不同载荷的电刷镀层进行检测结果表明,微裂纹是造成电刷镀层应力-时间差呈"跳跃式"变化的主要原因。在分析镀层平整度及镀层变形程度对评价结果影响的基础上,得到可用于评价镀层应力的声弹性公式,验证结果表明采用该方法对镀层应力进行评价是可行的。     

Spectral analysis of surface wave response of multi-layer thin cement mortar slab structures with finite thickness

The method of spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW), a nondestructive testing method, has mainly been developed and used for many years in the fields of geotechnical engineering and highway engineering, such as for examining the material properties of pavement systems and soil media under an infinite half-space condition. Extensive research in this area has been focused on understanding the applicability and limitations of the SASW method in recent decades. This method consists of generation, measurement, and processing of dispersive surface waves. During an SASW test, the surface of the medium under investigation is subject to an impact to generate surface wave energy at various frequencies. Two vertical accelerometer receivers are set up near the impact source to detect the energy transmitted through the testing media. By recording signals in digitized form using a data acquisition system and processing them, surface wave velocities can be obtained by constructing a dispersion curve. Through forward modeling, the shear wave velocities can also be found, which can be related to various material properties. This paper presents the relationship between the theoretical and experimental compact dispersion curves when the SASW method is applied to multi-layer thin cement mortar slab systems with a finite thickness. The test results of surface wave velocity obtained from the experimental compact dispersion curve are found to have higher values than the results obtained from the theoretical dispersion curve due to different boundary conditions and reflections from the boundaries. An experimental study was conducted to examine if the dispersive characteristics of a Rayleigh wave exist in the multi-layer cement mortar slab systems. This study can be utilized in examining structural elements of general concrete structures and can be applied in the integrity analysis of concrete structures with a finite thickness.