油套管和管线管抗硫化氢腐蚀性能与夹杂物的关系

研究了油套管和管线管抗硫化氢腐蚀性能与夹杂物的关系。结果表明:大型B类夹杂物作为裂纹源可引起硫化物应力腐蚀(SSC)A法试验试样早期断裂,表面和内部夹杂物形成的"鱼眼"白点均可能成为裂纹源;夹杂物在D法双悬臂梁(DCB)试验断口上形成"鱼眼",降低了临界应力强度因子KISSC;无应力渗氢后拉伸断口上可见夹杂物形成的"鱼眼"。氢致开裂试验中,A、B、D类夹杂物均可形成氢鼓泡,氢鼓泡大小与夹杂的大小和聚集程度有关。     

高浓度H2S天然气井中射孔段套管的应力腐蚀

高含H2S介质气井中,射孔段套管始终工作在腐蚀性环境中,必然会引起射孔套管发生严重腐蚀甚至突然断裂。结合材料学和电化学腐蚀知识,分析了含H2S腐蚀环境中射孔段套管的应力腐蚀开裂失效机理;并在此基础上,将射孔段套管看作带"尖角圆孔"型裂纹的无限大圆柱筒壳体,运用弹塑性断裂力学理论,得到了带环向和轴向尖角圆孔型裂纹的射孔段套管在H2S腐蚀环境中的应力腐蚀临界应力强度因子,据此推导出了射孔段套管硫化氢应力腐蚀断裂临界应力和容许的最大尖角裂纹长度。根据弹塑性力学理论,推导出了射孔段套管在H2S腐蚀环境中工作时的环向和轴向拉应力,提出了判断射孔段套管硫化氢应力腐蚀程度和敏感性两项性能指标。为高深度H2S天然气井中射孔段套管的应力腐蚀、强度安全性、腐蚀疲劳分析和寿命估算提供理论参考和技术依据。     

城轨机车HXD3B 一系弹簧断裂失效分析

采用化学成分分析、金相分析、硬度测试、X射线衍射法残余应力测试和扫描电镜断口观察等手段,对发生断裂的铁路机车HXD3B一系弹簧断裂失效原因进行分析。结果表明,弹簧的组织出现了明显的混晶现象,弹簧表面出现较为严重的脱碳现象,在工作过程中若承受过大应力时,在夹杂物处产生疲劳裂纹源,最终导致该弹簧早期疲劳断裂失效。     

变速箱副箱中间轴断齿失效分析

对变速器中间轴在试验过程中发生断齿失效,进行了失效中间轴的化学成分、断口宏观和微观形貌、硬度和金相组织及非金属夹杂物能谱(EDS)分析。结果表明,由于齿根圆角存在非马氏体网状组织,降低了中间轴的疲劳极限强度,断裂源处的非金属夹杂物促进了疲劳裂纹的产生,使其在试验早期失效。     

铀矿用不锈钢泵轴断裂原因分析

目的找到不锈钢泵轴断裂原因。方法通过对断裂的泵轴进行失效分析,利用扫描电镜、金相显微镜、直读光谱仪、显微硬度计等测试方法和手段,对失效泵轴的断口形貌、组织、化学成分、显微硬度等进行分析。结果断口形貌呈明显的脆性疲劳开裂特征,且裂纹源呈现多源特征,有疲劳辉纹和二次裂纹存在。316L泵轴材质成分和组织问题不大,在近表面存在大量夹杂物,同时泵轴表面观察到点蚀和微裂纹存在。结论近表面夹杂物在酸性环境中极易引起点蚀,同时泵轴与联轴器根部结合处存在变截面,形成应力集中。当泵轴受到腐蚀、应力以及电机交变载荷作用时,形成腐蚀疲劳裂纹源,裂纹扩展造成瞬断是此次不锈钢泵轴断裂的主要原因。     

Cl-浓度对油井管用钢湿H2S腐蚀行为的影响

对油井管用钢进行了湿H2S环境中4种Cl-浓度应力环试验.结果表明:断裂试样的表面形貌可分为4部分,断口裂纹源、裂纹扩展区、瞬断区和滑移带.油井管用钢的断裂机理符合滑移-溶解-断裂理论.Cr和V在金属表面富集,形成的腐蚀产物膜起到了保护作用.在湿硫化氢环境中腐蚀溶液中Cl-浓度达到0.850 mol/L时,油井管用钢腐蚀最严重.     

110钢级油套管两种抗SSC性能试验方法的研究

采用NACE TM 0177—2005标准中的A法和D法,对110钢级抗硫油套管进行抗腐蚀性能试验研究。试验结果表明:A法试验主要研究试样的屈服强度、非金属夹杂物和金相组织三方面与其腐蚀性能的关系,强度高、非金属夹杂物严重、金相组织不均匀都会导致试样断裂;D法则研究了临界应力强度因子K_(ISSC)值、平衡楔形块载荷P和裂纹长度a与屈服强度的关系,K_(ISSC)值和P值与屈服强度基本成反比,裂纹长度a与屈服强度基本成正比。     

7A04铝合金球铰失效分析

7A04铝合金球铰在疲劳试验过程中发生断裂失效。通过对失效件断口的宏微观形貌观察、能谱分析以及有限元模拟计算等,分析了7A04铝合金球铰疲劳裂纹形成原因及其失效机制。结果表明,疲劳裂纹萌生于气孔、氧化夹杂物等冶金缺陷位置,并在后续起桥接连通作用进一步加速裂纹扩展,造成试件断裂失效。     

高速列车挡风板安装座用5083铝合金断裂原因分析

某型号高速列车在入厂检修时发现其挡风板安装座出现裂纹和断裂现象.结合宏观及微观形貌观察、化学成分分析等手段对失效件的失效机理进行分析.研究表明,安装座表面处的断裂是由疲劳裂纹的扩展引起的,即疲劳失效,而疲劳裂纹是由挡风板承受来自侧风和穴风的循环载荷作用引起的;安装座补强板处的裂纹是由应力腐蚀作用引起的,应力来自于挡风板承受的交变载荷,腐蚀作用主要是电极电位相差较大的5083铝合金和普通碳素结构钢裸露接触,并且在腐蚀介质作用下发生电偶腐蚀.     

球罐用钢16MnR的应力腐蚀开裂性能试验研究

基于液化石油气球罐的安全性,选用线弹性断裂的力学方法,以16MnR钢材球罐为对象,利用改进处理后的M-WOL预裂纹试样,置于湿硫化氢条件下做应力腐蚀开裂试验,观察不同硫化氢浓度以及不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂。结果表明:随着硫化氢体积分数的减少,16MnR钢材应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率降低;在一定硫化氢浓度范围内,裂纹发生在热影响区时,M-WOL试样所呈现出的裂纹扩展速率要明显大于裂纹发生在母材的情况。16MnR钢材为原料予以热处理能够在一定程度上抑制裂纹扩展速率,16MnR钢材母材抗应力腐蚀开裂性能强于热影响区的。     

Effect of inclusions on initiation of stress corrosion cracks in X70 pipeline steel in an acidic soil environment

The effect of inclusions on the initiation of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) X70 pipeline steel was investigated in an acidic soil solution using slow strain rate test, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray techniques. The results demonstrated that stress corrosion cracks are not initiated in X70 steel when it is under anodic polarization. At cathodic polarization, hydrogen evolution is enhanced, and hydrogen is actively involved in SCC processes. Two types of inclusions exist in the steel and play different role in crack initiation. The inclusions enriching in Al are brittle and incoherent to the metal matrix. Microcracks and interstices are quite easily to be resulted in at the boundary between inclusions and metal. There is no crack initiating at inclusions containing mainly Si.     

B101连续油管应力腐蚀开裂行为分析

研究了连续油管的抗H2S环境应力腐蚀开裂(SSCC)行为.利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了断口形貌,用能谱仪(EDS)分析了断口元素组成,从环境因素、材料组织、化学成分等方面分析了断裂机理.结果表明,母材对应力腐蚀不敏感,焊缝是应力腐蚀的薄弱区域.焊缝断裂可分为裂纹孕育期、裂纹发展期、裂纹快速增长期、完全破坏期.应力在72...     

某输气管线弯管开裂原因分析

某弯管发生刺漏现象,为明确该弯管开裂原因及失效机理,本文采用宏观分析、理化性能、微观分析、腐蚀模拟试验等手段对其进行分析研究。结果表明：该弯管开裂失效机理为硫化氢应力腐蚀,失效的主要原因为,该弯管热煨弯工艺不合理,导致弯曲段产生大量的马氏体组织,马氏体组织硬度较高,对硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂较为敏感;该弯管输送的天然气中含有游离水和硫化氢,硫化氢溶于游离水,对金属基体产生应力腐蚀作用,导致弯管发生开裂。     

S135钻杆钢预腐蚀后的弯曲疲劳性能

目的：考察有机盐钻井液对S135钻杆材料腐蚀及疲劳性能的影响。方法首先利用高温高压釜模拟有机盐钻井液井筒的工况环境,对疲劳试样进行预腐蚀,通过点蚀仪测定试样表面的腐蚀状况;然后利用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机在不同弯曲应力条件下对预腐蚀试样和未腐蚀试样的疲劳性能进行测试,算得不同存活率下的疲劳强度,并绘制不同存活率下的S-N曲线。用体视显微镜和扫描电镜观察预腐蚀试样和未腐蚀试样的疲劳断口形貌,进而得出S135钻杆材料表面腐蚀对其疲劳寿命的影响程度和影响机制。结果经过腐蚀的试样表面有较多腐蚀坑,腐蚀坑深度在0.4~0.7 mm之间。未腐蚀试样的疲劳强度为553 MPa,其疲劳断口只观察到单个疲劳裂纹源;腐蚀试样的疲劳强度为409 MPa,其疲劳断口观察到多个疲劳裂纹源。 S135钻杆材料腐蚀疲劳开裂敏感性指数为26%。结论经过高温高压有机盐钻井液环境腐蚀后,试样表面点蚀严重,腐蚀坑底部存在应力集中并导致裂纹源的形成,多个裂纹源的同时生长加快了裂纹的扩展,最终降低S135钻杆钢的疲劳强度。     

Inclusion‐involved fatigue cracking in high temperature water

The nonmetallic inclusions in low‐alloy pressure vessel steel A533B were carefully examined and the low cycle fatigue (LCF) behavior of the steel was investigated in 288°C air and water. Much attention was paid to the roles of inclusions on fatigue crack initiation and propagation in high temperature water. Three types of inclusions were observed in the steel, consisting of isolated or clustered sulfide inclusions, duplex oxide‐sulfide inclusions and isolated oxide inclusions. In high temperature air, fatigue cracks initiated predominantly from subsurface inclusions. In high temperature water, however, fatigue cracks initiated primarily at corrosion pits on the specimen surfaces resulted mainly from the dissolution of large or clustered sulfide inclusions. The subsurface and bulk inclusions also contributed to the fatigue cracking in high temperature water. Possible influence of the above three types of inclusions on environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) was evaluated. The fatigue fractographic features suggested a synergism between sulfide inclusions and hydrogen‐induced cracking dominate the present EAC in high temperature water.     

Q235B 钢含硫污水罐的腐蚀开裂失效分析

目的对某炼油厂原料水罐Q235B钢腐蚀开裂失效原因进行分析。方法采用宏观形貌、金相组织和断口观察以及成分分析和力学性能测定等手段,分析Q235B钢腐蚀开裂失效的宏观和微观行为。结果 Q235B钢在污水罐罐顶形成的湿硫化氢环境中发生沿晶型应力腐蚀开裂。腐蚀过程中,电化学反应产生的氢渗入基体,导致微裂纹的萌生。腐蚀产物在基体表面积聚,其自身体积膨胀以及涂层的闭塞作用对基体形成非常大的拉应力。结论结合应力分析和环境分析,Q235B钢含硫污水罐的腐蚀开裂失效机制为硫化氢应力腐蚀开裂,应力来源于氢渗透和腐蚀产物膨胀。     

液化石油气储罐缺陷的超声波监测

在役液化石油气储罐硫化物应力腐蚀开裂、氢鼓泡和氢致开裂等缺陷可能会扩展，需要监控其扩展状况。介绍了针对这些不同类型缺陷的超声波监控方法，总结了超声波监测过程中所必须注意的要点。     

Environmentally Assisted Cracking of Drill Pipes in Deep Drilling Oil and Natural Gas Wells

Corrosion fatigue (CF), hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) and sulfide stress cracking (SSC), or environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) have been identified as the most challenging causes of catastrophic brittle fracture of drill pipes during drilling operations of deep oil and natural gas wells. Although corrosion rates can be low and tensile stresses during service can be below the material yield stress, a simultaneous action between the stress and corrosive environment can cause a sudden brittle failure of a drill component. Overall, EAC failure consists of two stages: incubation and propagation. Defects, such as pits, second-phase inclusions, etc., serve as preferential sites for the EAC failure during the incubation stage. Deep oil and gas well environments are rich in chlorides and dissolved hydrogen sulfide, which are extremely detrimental to steels used in drilling operations. This article discusses catastrophic brittle fracture mechanisms due to EAC of drill pipe materials, and the corrosion challenges that need to be overcome for drilling ultra-deep oil and natural gas wells.     

U. R. Evans Award 1977

Abstract

Nucleation and growth of transgranular stress corrosion cracks has been studied in Type 316 austenitic steel stressed in MgCl₂ solutions of various degrees of acidity and under a narrow range (?0·24 to ?0·40 V SCE) of controlled potential. Slip line attack occurs in relatively acid solutions and is accompanied by the formation of {110} slots which are covered with a chromium rich oxide. In well boiled solutions, which are of low acidity, nucleation occurs at inclusions. MnS particles are efficient crack nuclei, but for other inclusions the size and geometry is of greater importance than chemical composition. High potentials favour pitting and crevice corrosion and such sites are particularly important crack nuclei at low stresses.

Edge notched sheet specimens have shown very low threshold stress intensities for crack growth and a sensitivity to prior deformation. Crack tips are extremely narrow and the crack sides show evidence of corrosion. Data pertinent to aslip dissolution model are discussed.     

40Cr浮头螺栓断裂原因分析

浮头式换热器40Cr紧固螺栓使用时间不到2 a即发生断裂。通过宏观观察、化学成分分析、硬度测试、金相检验和断口分析,确定螺栓的断裂原因。结果表明:由于调质处理不当,螺栓显微组织为保持马氏体位向的回火索氏体,铁素体沿原奥氏体晶界网状析出,硬度值偏高,导致材料抵抗硫化物应力腐蚀能力不足。长期在湿硫化氢环境中服役,在拉应力作用下,发生湿硫化氢应力腐蚀和氢致开裂,导致螺栓断裂。