天然气中稀有气体浓度与同位素比值联测技术及应用

研制了天然气中稀有气体纯化富集的前处理装置,并与稀有气体同位素质谱仪联用,构建了气体样品中He、Ne、Ar、Kr、Xe浓度和同位素比值联测的分析系统,通过1次进样可得到5种稀有气体组分浓度和同位素比值的共计23个数据。稀有气体纯化效果可达99.9%,质谱分析He、Ne、Ar、Kr浓度的相对标准偏差小于10%,同位素比值分析的标准偏差普遍小于5%。将该方法用于分析塔里木盆地天然气样品,得到了丰富的地质地球化学信息,通过稀有气体分布特征进一步明确了塔河和雅克拉气田区域构造活动的差异,以及二者气源岩特性的不同。     

影响烃类天然气中稀有气体同位素准确测量的干扰因素与消除途径

在烃类天然气中 ,由于稀有气体的含量很微 ,所以其同位素组成的检测相对较困难。要实现稀有气体同位素的准确测量 ,还必需排除诸多的干扰因素。本文作者根据多年的实践经验和理论分析 ,认为影响烃类天然气中稀有气体同位素准确测量的干扰主要有 :离子碎片迭加、不同样品中稀有气体组分含量及其同位素组成的巨大差异、仪器系统的本底、漏率和吸附分馏等因素。本文还针对性地提出了相应的控制措施。     

全海深宏生物保压采样-培养系统设计与实验研究

提出了一种新型的全海深(作业水深11000 m)宏生物保压采样-培养系统的设计方法。该系统能够实现全海深环境下宏生物保压采样,同时满足实验室无压降转移和原位培养。详细介绍了全海深宏生物保压-培养系统的基本结构及工作原理,对全海深宏生物保压采样-培养系统进行了设计与分析。利用研制的全海深宏生物保压采样器工程样机开展了全海深宏生物保压采样器保压性能和样品转移试验。试验结果表明,全海深宏生物保压采样器能够承载127 MPa的压力,压力越大,采样器保压性能越好,且在超高压环境下实现了无压降转移,为深渊海底科学研究提供了高质量的宏生物保压样品。     

水中氦同位素的质谱分析

本文是关于水中氦浓度及其同位素质谱分析技术的研究报告，使用特制的玻璃瓶采集水样，真空脱气率大于９８％，经净化析出Ｈｅ和Ｎｅ送质谱计测量。以空气氦为标样，采用“ＡＢＡ”峰高比分析技术，对蒸馏水，泉水，西太平洋浅层海水等样品的氦浓度同位素组成进行了测试，该项技术已在探讨西太平洋浅层海水氦同位素分布的研究中获得了成功的应用。     

油中溶解气体分离系统的研究

基于目前在线监测技术的发展,针对变压器油气分离现状,为了提高色谱在线监测系统的可靠性,研制出一种油气分离系统.该系统主要包括真空脱气和自动进样系统,涉及到温度控制和电磁阀控制,研究发现:该系统主要通过油缸、气缸,然后借助搅拌电机实现油气分离,在20 min内脱气率已经达到97.3％.试验表明:该系统能够快速实现真空脱气,对色谱在线监测技术具有很好的辅助作用.     

干式机械泵真空脱气系统

<正>公司2016年新产品,节能环保领域项目,由设计研究院承担设计任务。本次开发的干式机械泵真空脱气系统应用于钢厂炉外精炼工艺,替代目前钢厂通用的蒸汽泵真空脱气系统,节能效果明显,相对于蒸汽泵真空脱气系统,干式机械泵真空脱气系统吨钢运行成本可降低10元/t~20元/t,按年产量75万t计算,改造后年节约运行成本     

NG—1型全金属稀有气体纯化和质谱分析系统

本文论述了一种比玻璃纯化系统更具优点的稀有气体金属纯化系统和质谱分析系统,系统的静态真空16小时维持在10~(-7)托内。活性碳管在-195℃下将He、Ne与Ar有效地分离,以便Ne同位素的分析。用自制的金属大小球均匀分装稀释剂。质谱计的分辩能力105(峰高百分之五处),精度±2%。最小可检测限:He为1.3×10~(-5),Ar为8×10~(-5),Ne为9×10~(-5)。测得空气的~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar比值为296.05,~4He/~(40)Ar比值为1.94x10~(-4),~4He/~(20)Ne比值为0.167。该质谱分析系统可用于地质学、地震气体地球化学等的研究。     

高真空金属样品处理系统的研制

为了分析岩石样品脱出气体的成分和稳定同位素比,研制了一个与气体质谱计配套的金属高真空样品处理系统。本文对此系统进行简单介绍。     

ICP-MS顺次分析鸡蛋壳中微量元素

本研究基于顺次电离质谱分析技术,发展了一种直接质谱分析方法分析鸡蛋蛋壳中微量元素.在仅需少量样品预处理的条件下,分别用水和5％稀硝酸作为洗脱液,对鸡蛋壳中水溶性微量元素组分和酸溶性微量元素组分进行顺次提取,然后在线传输至ICP-MS进行分析.该方法可在10 min内实现单个样品中15种微量元素水溶性组分和酸溶性组分的顺...     

新型钻井液油气含量检测系统

针对目前存在的钻井液气测录井脱气不定量、分析成分少的问题,设计了钻井液油气分析系统。系统脱气部分利用半透膜分离原理,脱气器可直接插入钻井液中提取分析成分,摆脱了传统电动脱气方式不能定量化的局限,通过实验获取了脱气器的动态衰减特性和膜两侧浓度关联系数;系统分析单元采用在线色谱分析原理,优化了分析流程,扩展了在线分析的组分范围,可在线分析钻井液中油、气成分。该系统提高了油气检测的定量性和评价的准确性。     

静置油液中单气泡运动规律研究

液压系统由于吸空、回油、气穴等原因会产生气泡,对液压元件及系统造成气蚀、噪声、振动及关键元件损坏等危害,降低系统可靠性与工作效率。油箱作为液压系统中除气的重要辅助元件,在移动设备中为保障除气等功能存在体积大、质量大的不足,限制了设备的承载能力与续航能力。油箱静置工况下的排气能力决定了其容积的大小,明确油液中的气体运动规律可以指导油箱的小型化设计,提升油箱的轻量化潜力。通过对静置油液中气体形态及运动特性进行研究采用VOF法进行气泡运动的边界追踪,得到的气泡形态与上升路径轨迹,建立静置油液中气泡自由上升的运动特性模型,计算得到40℃下46号液压油中不同直径气泡的平衡速度,并通过试验进行对比验证。研究表明液压油中气泡在上升过程中呈现球形,轨迹为直线;运动特性模型的理论速度与实际速度平均相对误差为3.272%,验证运动特性模型可靠性。研究明确油液中气泡的运动特性,建立的运动特性模型可以有效反映油箱在静置状态下的除气能力,为静置油液中的气体分离规律研究及油箱的小型化设计提供了参考。     

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石油稳定同位素地球化学新进展

本文简述了我国氢、碳、氧稳定同位素标准物质的研究情况和有机质稳定同位素分析技术的进展,总结了我国有机氢、碳稳定同位素研究中的一些重要方面。煤和干酪根碳同位素组成的变化主要是与其类型和沉积环境有关,而与其热演化阶段无关。根据氯仿A、原油及其族组分碳同位素相似性进行油源对比是一种好方法。应用天然气组分的氢、碳同位素能有效地判识天然气的成因类型、成熟度和进行油气源岩对比。应用碳同位素数据还能判识地表油气化探烃气异常的成因和来源,但在实际应用时要注意气态烃可能遭受生物降解作用碳同位素分馏的影响。     

苏丹3/7区减压渣油对减粘分馏塔顶冷却器腐蚀的原因及分析

介绍了广西东油沥青有限公司减粘裂化装置分馏塔顶冷却器腐蚀状况,并分析了装置腐蚀泄露的原因,随着减粘裂化反应同时,原油中的盐类开始水解,并随着低温油气在分馏塔顶冷却器相变区发生点蚀。苏丹3/7区原油属低硫高酸值油质,因此减压渣油的酸值含量更加高,所以针对减粘裂化装置塔顶冷却器腐蚀泄露等情况进行分析。     

MRT letter: Auto‐fluorescence by human alveolar macrophages after in vitro exposure to air pollution particles

Macrophages from smokers demonstrate an increased auto‐fluorescence. Similarly, auto‐fluorescence follows in vitro exposure of macrophages to cigarette smoke condensate (i.e., the particulate fraction of cigarette smoke). The composition of particles in cigarette smoke can be comparable to air pollution particles. We tested the postulate that macrophages exposed to air pollution particles could demonstrate auto‐fluorescence. Healthy nonsmoking and healthy smoking volunteers (both 18–40 years of age) underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage and alveolar macrophages isolated. Macrophages were incubated at 37°C in 5% CO₂ with either PBS or 100 μg/mL particle for both 1 and 24 h. Particles included a residual oil fly ash, Mt. St. Helens volcanic ash, and ambient air particles collected from St. Louis, Missouri and Salt Lake City, Utah. At the end of incubation, 50 μL of the cell suspension was cytocentrifuged and examined at modes for viewing fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and rhodamine fluorescence. Both emission source air pollution particles demonstrated FITC and rhodamine auto‐fluorescence at 1 and 24 h, but the signal following incubation of the macrophages with oil fly ash appeared greater. Similarly, the ambient particles were associated with auto‐fluorescence by the alveolar macrophages and this appeared to be dose‐dependent. We conclude that exposure of macrophages to air pollution particles can be associated with auto‐fluorescence in the FITC and rhodamine modes. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

原油正构烷单体的氢同位素分析

A hydrogen isotope analytical method on individual n-alkanes in crude oil was established, including the sample pretreatments and the instrumental tests. The error of δD was less than 5‰. The factors which influenced determination, such as the effective separation between individual hydrocarbons, the organic H in target components completely convert into H2 and the accurate measurement by mass spectrometry, were discussed. The hydrogen isotope compositions and the geochemical significance about the individual n-alkanes of two type crude oils in Dongying City depression were also studied. The results show that the hydrogen isotope of individual n-alkanes is a good index sign for studying the paleoenvironment and the oil source.     

On-line measurement of oil/gas/water mixtures,using a capacitance sensor

This paper describes the use of a non-intrusive capacitance transducer for the simultaneous on-line measurement of water and undissolved gas in crude oil. The water concentration of the flow is determined from the mean capacitance of the flowing mixture. The same transducer can be used simultaneously to determine the void fraction of the flow by measuring the instantaneous variation in the permittivity of the mixture created by fluctuations of the gas component. There is an interaction between these two measurements but this can be decoupled. This measurement principle was investigated experimentally, using process oil/water/air mixtures. Results are reported for mixtures with water contents up to 40% v/v and void fractions up to 15% v/v.A three-component volumetric flowrate measurement system, based on the capacitance transducer discussed in this paper was proposed. The work reported and the conclusions drawn relate to tests using mixtures of lubricating oil/fresh clean water/air. No work has so far been carried out in mixtures of crude oil/saline waters/hydrocarbon gases typical of the intended applications, nor have estimates been made of the effects that the variable nature of these actual components might have on the performance of the technique. Also, the tests were made on a Perspex section of pipe at nominal pressure whereas the real-life application would require measurements on a high-pressure/high-integrity stell pipeline; the practical problems of adapting the technique to the latter situation have not been examined though they are considered to be resolvable.     

在线分析仪在提升炼油装置油品质量中的应用

在线分析仪及APC等先进技术的应用一直是生产装置的重要部分,柴油全馏程及倾点闪点、核磁共振在线分析仪等在常减压、催化、催化裂化、加氢等主要生产装置中使用广泛.随着国家当前对油品指标要求的提高,以及环保污染的达标要求,加之原油日趋劣质化等因素,加大了炼油过程的难度和在线分析仪及APC先进控制或RTO实时优化等技术依赖.因...     

Bearing Fatigue Life Tests of Two Advanced Base Oils for Space Applications Under Vacuum and Atmospheric Environments

Four series of rolling-element bearing fatigue tests were conducted with 51104 size thrust ball bearings with three balls made from SUJ2 (AISI 52100) steel lubricated with two advanced synthetic base oils used for space applications. The test lubricants were perfluoropolyether (PFPE) and multiply alkyated cyclopentane (MAC). Each oil was tested with bearings under vacuum and atmospheric environments. The bearings were tested at a maximum Hertzian stress of 4 GPa on the inner and outer races. The outer race was rotated at a speed of 250 rpm. A pool lubrication system was used. Fresh lubricant was used for each test bearing. Testing in vacuum conditions was at 5 × 10^?2 Pa. The test oils were analyzed to determine whether changes occurred as a result of operating in air and in a vacuum. In a vacuum environment, the PFPE 815Z oil exhibited a longer fatigue life than the MAC 2001A oil. However, in an air environment, the MAC 2001A oil had a longer L₁₀ fatigue life than the PFPE 815Z oil. The fatigue life tests of PFPE 815Z oil in vacuum resulted in a longer L₁₀ life than when tested in an air environment. In an air environment, hydrogen fluoride was generated in the bearing tests with the PFPE 815Z oils. Under vacuum conditions, hydrogen fluoride was not generated with the PFPE 815Z oil, resulting in longer bearing fatigue lives. The fatigue life tests of MAC 2001A oil in a vacuum resulted in shorter L₁₀ fatigue life than in an air environment. The shorter life was attributed to the lower elastohydrodynamic oil film formation with the MAC 2001A oil because of a higher operating temperature and decomposition of the oil in vacuum.