低色度聚乙二醇(200)双甲基丙烯酸酯的合成

以聚乙二醇(PEG-200)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为原料,采用酯交换法合成聚乙二醇(200)双甲基丙烯酸酯大分子功能单体。考察了溶剂、催化剂、阻聚剂和脱色剂对酯交换反应的影响。结果表明,在酯交换反应中,溶剂环己烷能够降低反应温度,且易于脱出副产物甲醇。当m(环己烷)∶m(总反应液)=2∶5,m(碳酸钾)∶m(醇酯总质量)=8.5∶100,m(氢醌单甲醚)∶m(醇酯总质量)=1.1∶100和m(脱色剂A)∶m(醇酯总质量)=2.1∶100时,产率可达到80.2%,色度为50 APHA。     

脂肪酸甘油酯磺酸盐的合成

以α-磺酸脂肪酸甲酯和甘油为原料,经酯交换及中和反应合成了脂肪酸甘油酯磺酸盐。得到较佳的反应条件为:四氯化碳作溶剂,n(α-磺酸脂肪酸甲酯)∶n(甘油)=1∶5,75℃反应4 h,高效液相色谱分析α-磺酸脂肪酸甲酯的转化率可达66.33%。采用红外光谱和质谱确证了脂肪酸甘油酯磺酸盐的结构,结果表明,反应产物中除了含有单脂肪酸甘油酯磺酸盐外,还含有脂肪酸甲酯磺酸盐和二脂肪酸甘油酯磺酸盐。     

环氧脂肪酸甘油酯的合成工艺研究

以菜籽油为原料,通过过氧甲酸环氧化为环氧脂肪酸甘油酯。分别考察了甲酸用量、双氧水用量、反应时间、反应温度对产物环氧值的影响。结果表明,m(原料油)∶m(30%双氧水)∶m(88%甲酸)=l∶0.45∶0.07,反应温度65℃,保温时间8 h,产物的环氧值达4.58%,碘值(I)为3.8 g/l00g。     

C36二聚脂肪酸聚乙二醇聚酯硫酸酯盐的制备及性能表征

以C36二聚脂肪酸(简称二聚酸)和聚乙二醇为原料,缩聚后得到聚酯,再用氨基磺酸硫酸化,制备了新型的C36二聚脂肪酸聚乙二醇聚酯硫酸酯盐型两性高分子表面活性剂,并对其性能进行了研究。聚酯适宜的制备工艺条件是:在0.097 MPa下,n(二聚酸)∶n(聚乙二醇)=1∶1.2,催化剂w(SnC l2)=0.3%(相对于反应物总质量),反应温度200℃,反应时间6 h,酯化率达到98.11%。聚酯平均相对分子质量为613 5,相对分子质量分布系数为1.212。优化的C36二聚脂肪酸聚乙二醇聚酯硫酸酯盐的制备条件是:尿素为催化剂,n(二聚酸聚乙二醇聚酯)∶n(NH2SO3H)∶n(尿素)=1∶1.2∶1.2,反应温度130℃,反应时间2.8 h,聚酯端羟基硫酸酯酯化率达81.17%。表面性能分析结果为:产物γCMC(25℃)为3.021 mN/m,与十二烷基硫酸钠(K12)相当;CMC(25℃)为1.07 mmol/L,远低于K12;乳化性能和乳化稳定性与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)相当。与K12相比,产物起泡性差但表现出很好的抑泡性能。该工作的新颖性已为河南省科学技术情报研究所2005年12月15日出具的第2005 c0006号《论文查新报告》所证实。     

粘土负载TiO_2/SO_4~(2-)催化菜籽油与乙二醇酯交换反应

制备了负载TiO_2/SO_4~(2-)固体酸粘土催化剂,采用XRD和FT-IR对催化剂进行表征,并对其用于菜籽油与乙二醇酯交换反应进行研究。考察催化剂用量、焙烧温度、原料配比、反应温度和反应时间对高级脂肪酸乙二醇二酯收率的影响。催化剂制备和反应的最佳条件:催化剂焙烧温度(450～500)℃,催化剂用量为菜籽油质量的9%,n(乙二醇):n(菜籽油)=0.75:1,反应温度110℃,反应时间10 h。在此条件下,高级脂肪酸乙二醇二酯的收率达91.4%,且工艺操作简单,催化剂可回收再生。     

聚马来松香PEG酯的合成及性能研究

以松香、顺丁烯二酸酐、聚乙二醇为原料合成了标题化合物。研究了合成条件对产物酸值的影响,确定最佳合成条件为:0.5%对甲苯磺酸为催化剂、PEG分子量为200、投料比m(马来松香)∶m(PEG200)=1∶2、180℃下反应24 h。采用红外光谱和凝胶渗透色谱对其结构进行了初步表征,并测定了聚合物的溶解性、表面张力、乳化力。结果表明,该聚合物能溶于大多数极性和非极性溶剂中,聚马来松香PEG酯溶液临界胶束浓度(CMC)值为12 g/L,γCMC为37 m N/m,对油脂有良好的乳化性能。     

聚乙二醇单全氟壬烯基醚的合成与表面性能

以硼酸、聚乙二醇(PEG)和全氟壬烯为主要原料制备了聚乙二醇单全氟壬烯基醚,以红外光谱表征,并研究了其水溶液的表面性能。硼酸与聚乙二醇酯化反应以四氢呋喃作溶剂,n(PEG)∶n(硼酸)=3∶1,80℃反应3h,生成硼酸三聚乙二醇酯。聚乙二醇另一未反应的羟基再与全氟壬烯进行醚化反应,N,N-二甲基苯胺作缚酸剂,n(C9F18)∶n(硼酸三聚乙二醇酯)=3∶1,80℃反应1h,得硼酸聚乙二醇单全氟壬烯醚三酯,然后在70℃水解反应8h,得聚乙二醇单全氟壬烯基醚,收率90%左右(以全氟壬烯计)。测定了聚乙二醇单全氟壬烯基醚[C9F17O(CH2CH2O)nH]的表面张力和临界胶束浓度(CMC)。C9F17O(CH2CH2O)nH能大大降低水的表面张力,n越小,其表面张力越低。C9F17O(CH2CH2O)8H的CMC、γCMC和浊点分别为1.26×10-4mol/L,24.4mN/m,54.3℃。     

聚乙二醇支链型丙烯酸树脂复鞣剂的制备及应用性能

用聚乙二醇(PEG400~800)与丙烯酸(AA)进行酯化反应,所得产物聚乙二醇丙烯酸酯(PEGAA)再与AA及甲基丙烯磺酸钠(SMAS)进行共聚反应,制备了聚乙二醇支链型丙烯酸树脂复鞣剂。考察了影响酯化反应及共聚反应的因素,确定酯化反应的条件为:n(PEG)∶n(AA)=1∶1,反应温度110℃,反应时间3 h,酯化率为98%;共聚反应的条件为:n(PEGAA)∶n(AA)∶n(SMAS)=1∶1∶0.2,w(过硫酸铵)=2%,反应温度90℃,反应时间1 h。PEG800支链型丙烯酸树脂的应用效果最好。用FTIR及GPC分别对复鞣剂的结构和相对分子质量进行了表征,最好的复鞣剂质均相对分子质量为26 510,分布系数为6.21。应用结果表明,复鞣革具有丰满、柔软、弹性好、发泡感强、无败色现象等优点。     

微碱强化超临界法制备生物柴油组分分析及工艺过程

对超临界条件下添加微量氢氧化钾催化碳酸二甲酯与棕榈油制备无甘油副产的生物柴油反应进行了研究,微碱的添加有效降低了苛刻的反应条件。利用气质联用技术对反应产物的组分进行了定性确证并建立了产物的定量分析方法。结果表明,酯交换反应的产物组分为甘油碳酸酯、脂肪酸甲酯、甘油单酯、脂肪酸甘油碳酸酯、甘油二酯和甘油三酯。考察了反应温度、反应时间、酯油摩尔比以及催化剂添加量对酯交换反应的影响。当反应温度280℃、反应时间20 min、KOH添加量为0.1%、酯油摩尔比20:1、反应压力3.5MPa时,脂肪酸甲酯的收率可达到83.11%。     

PEGBAMA-MAFA型聚羧酸混凝土减水剂的研究

以聚乙二醇400、苯甲醇、甲基丙烯酸、反丁烯二酸为原料先酯化后聚合成了聚羧酸减水剂。首先以聚乙二醇400、苯甲醇和甲基丙烯酸为酯化反应原料,正交实验确定最佳的酯化工艺条件为n(聚乙二醇)∶n(苯甲醇)=1∶2、n(混合醇)∶n(甲基丙烯酸)=1∶1.15、m(阻聚剂)∶m(甲基丙烯酸+混合醇)=0.9%(简写为酸醇,下同)和m(催化剂)∶m(酸醇)=3.5%。然后所得酯化产物、甲基丙烯酸和反丁烯二酸聚合得到目标产物,正交实验确定聚合反应最优工艺条件为n(酯化单体)∶n(甲基丙烯酸)∶n(反丁烯二酸)=5∶3∶1、m(引发剂)∶m(酸醇)=1.1%、聚合温度85℃和聚合时间4h。红外光谱分析(IR)分析表明,所合成产物的官能团结构与目标产物一致。此工艺所合成聚羧酸减水剂水泥净浆流动度262mm,并检测的该种减水剂的减水率21.90%。     

Biodiesel production from soybean oil using modified calcium loaded on rice husk activated carbon as a low-cost basic catalyst

Activated carbon was obtained by hydrothermal process using rice husk as raw materials. The study in our lab had been developed to produce high-quality biodiesel from soybean oil with the activated carbon-base catalyst. The polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) modified calcium loaded on the rice husk activated carbon (CaO/AC) catalyst was prepared via the dipping method and then was used as a heterogeneous solid-base catalyst to produce biodiesel. The effects of CaO/AC ratio and calcination time on catalytic performance were researched according to the yield of biodiesel, and the optimum reaction conditions for biodiesel from soybean oil via PEG 400–modified CaO/AC catalyst were evaluated. The results showed that the yield of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) achieved 93.01% at the reaction temperature of 342 K, methanol/oil molar ratio of 10:1, and reaction time of 6 h. All in all, modified CaO/AC catalyst showed very high activity for transesterification of soybean oil and had catalytic repeated availability.     

聚乙二醇改性植物油的催化剂研究进展

综述了植物油改性合成聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯的催化剂研究进展。提出采用固体碱为催化剂进行脂肪酸酯类化合物与聚乙二醇酯交换反应来制备聚乙二醇脂肪酸酯基的方法。指出固体碱催化剂在此酯交换反应中的优良性能和应用前景。     

聚乙二醇单甲醚脂肪酸酯的碱催化合成及性能

在碱催化下通过聚乙二醇单甲醚（ＰＧＭＥ）和脂肪酸甲酯的酯交换反应合成了ＰＧＭＥ脂肪 酸酯。在酯和醇醚摩尔比为１：１．２．催化剂质量分数为０５％、反应温度１２０℃、反应时间６．５ｈ条 件下,对脂肪酸甲酯的摩尔收率可达９０％。用ＩＲ、~（１３）ＣＮＭＲ对产物结构进行了确证,同时对产物 的表面物性进行了测试。     

高酸价油脂制备生物柴油的研究

以高游离脂肪酸含量的大豆酸化油为原料,在较高的压力和温度条件下,经催化甲酯化制备生物柴油,研究了甲酯化的优化反应条件并在此条件下对大豆酸化油、菜籽酸化油、地沟油的甲酯化效率进行了验证试验。结果表明在醇油质量比1:1.25,催化剂NaA/MgR用量为油质量的 1%,压力 3.0 MPa,温度 188℃,反应时间 120 min,3种原料油脂总脂肪酸甲酯含量达到 95%,生物柴油得率在 94% 左右。所得生物柴油产品质量指标符合ASTM 6751-03a的质量指标,且本工艺可以实现工业化。     

Enzymatic preparation of polyethylene glycol esters of castor oil fatty acids and their surface-active properties

This study concerns the preparation and evaluation of nonionic surfactants prepared from polyethylene glycol (PEG) esters of castor oil fatty acid, a source of hydroxy fatty acid. A lipase-catalyzed esterification reaction has been employed to prepare PEG esters of hydroxy acid to overcome problems associated with chemical processes. Castor oil fatty acid (85% ricinoleic acid) was mixed with PEG of different molecular weight. Rhizomucor miehei lipase was added as catalyst (10% level) and the reaction was continued at 60°C under 2 mm Hg pressure for 360 min. Conversion of PEG to esters was in the range of 86–94%, depending on the molecular size of PEG. The products were isolated and examined for surface activity by surface tension measurement. Surface tension values measured at 25°C were about 36–37 dynes/cm.     

Synthesis and characterization of surfactants <Emphasis Type="Italic">via</Emphasis> epoxidation of tall oil fatty acid

The synthesis and characterization of novel surfactants derived from tall oil fatty acid methyl esters are presented. The tall oil fatty acid methyl esters, which mainly contain methyl oleate, were converted to 9,10-epoxy derivatives and further transformed to the 9 (or 10) polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers. Compounds with three different monomethylated PEG chain lengths with molecular weights of 350, 550, and 750, corresponding roughly to 7, 11, and 16 ethylene oxide units, were prepared. Surfactants were formed at an 89% overall yield from tall oil fatty acid. Cloud points were 46, 63, and 84°C, respectively, and surface tensions at the CMC (2.0, 1.0, and 0.4 mM, respectively) varied from 33 to 38 mN/m. Equilibrium surface tension and reflectometry measurements were made and results were similar to those of conventional long alkyl chain PEG surfactants. Results of the tensiometry and reflectometry measurements showed that the surfactants aligned better at the air-water interface than conventional surfactants. The adsorption properties for the three surfactants were similar to those of polyoxyethylene glycol alkyl ethers.     

固体碱法制备生物柴油及其性能

用共沉淀法制备了水滑石,焙烧后得到Mg-Al复合氧化物,以此为催化剂进行菜籽油的酯交换反应,正交实验表明该酯交换反应的小试最佳工艺条件为： 反应温度65 ℃、醇油摩尔比6∶1、反应时间为3 h,催化剂加入量为菜籽油质量的2%,脂肪酸甲酯（生物柴油）含量为95.7%.得到的生物柴油低温流动性能好,闪点高达170 ℃,氧化安定性好,主要性能指标符合0#柴油标准,可以和0#柴油以任何比例调和.     

脂肪酸酯类抗静电剂的合成及应用研究

以棕榈酸和回收的聚乙二醇为原料,采用酯化法合成了一种脂肪酸酯类抗静电剂,研究了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间和反应温度对酯化反应的影响。结果表明,在醇酸摩尔比为1.5:1,催化剂用量为0.8 %,反应时间为5 h,反应温度为140 ℃的条件下,所得产物的综合性能最好。将制备的脂肪酸酯应用于聚乙烯中作为抗静电剂,讨论了其含量、试样放置时间、环境温度对聚乙烯抗静电性能的影响,发现随着脂肪酸酯含量的增加、放置时间的延长和环境温度的升高,抗静电效果提高,当脂肪酸酯含量为3份时,抗静电效果最佳。     

Surface Activity and Cleavability of Gemini Surfactants Featuring Hydrophilic Spacer Groups

In this study we prepared and characterized a series of novel ester-linked gemini surfactants, featuring ester bonds in their structures, through the reactions of polyethylene glycol (PEG400) with various fatty acids (C8?CC18). These gemini surfactants exhibit excellent surface activities, as evidenced by their surface tension, wetting power, and low-foaming and buffer abilities. We examine the influence of the concentrations of the ester-linked gemini surfactants on the surface tension, from which we obtain the critical micelle concentrations. Under basic conditions, each of these cleavable surfactants decomposes into a water-insoluble fatty acid and two water-soluble products; in contrast, they are stable under neutral and acidic conditions.