H_3PW_(12)O_(40)催化合成己二酸

以环己烯为原料,w(H2O2)=30%的过氧化氢为氧化剂,在草酸(H2C2O4)作为助剂的条件下,采用磷钨酸(H3PW12O40)作催化剂合成己二酸,结果表明,当n(环己烯)∶n(H3PW12O40)∶n(H2C2O4)∶n(H2O2)=100∶1∶1∶538,反应温度为92℃,反应时间为6h时,己二酸的收率可达70 1%。讨论了H3PW12O40加入量、环己烯加入量、过氧化氢加入量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对反应的影响。     

清洁氧化一步法合成己二酸

采用合成的复合季铵磷钨酸盐为催化剂,以50%双氧水为氧源催化环己烯合成了己二酸,反应结束催化剂能够与反应体系分离和回收套用。考察了反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量、双氧水与环己烯物质的量比等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明,在反应温度90～95℃、反应时间8h、n（H2O2）∶n（环己烯）=4.4、n（催化剂）∶n（环己烯）=7∶1000的条件下,己二酸的平均收率达85%,该催化剂重复使用5次后,己二酸产率仍可达到83%。     

表面活性剂型过氧钨酸盐催化合成己二酸

对清洁合成己二酸反应中的钨酸盐催化剂进行了改性,制备了一种含长碳链的亲油性钨过氧酸盐双功能催化剂[C7H7C12H25(CH3)2N]2W2O3(O2)4,通过元素分析、重量法、化学滴定、TG-DSC和IR光谱对催化剂的组成和结构进行了表征。与已报道的钨酸盐类催化体系相比,该配合物在温和的、不需助催化剂的条件下,能有效地催化w(H2O2)=30%双氧水氧化环己烯、环己醇、环己酮和1,2-环己二醇生成己二酸。以环己烯作底物,讨论了催化剂用量、反应温度、时间、H2O2用量4个因素对反应的影响,得到的较佳合成条件(以100 mmol环己烯计)为:反应温度90℃,反应时间12 h,n(环己烯)∶n(催化剂)∶n(H2O2)=100∶1.2∶538,己二酸收率可达85.8%。同样条件下,催化剂对1,2-环己二醇、环己醇和环己酮的活性分别为88.5%、58.3%和52.0%。     

环己烯臭氧化合成1,6-己二醛

以环己烯为原料,采用Zn-CH_3COOH为还原剂,经臭氧氧化和还原分解得到1,6-己二醛。讨论溶剂种类、溶剂用量、反应温度、氧气流量、氧化反应时间、还原剂种类、还原分解时间、还原剂用量对环己烯臭氧化合成1,6-己二醛反应的影响。得到较佳反应条件(以0.05 mol环己烯计)为:采用冰乙酸和1,2-二氯乙烷混合溶剂,冰乙酸6 g,1,2-二氯乙烷30 mL,臭氧化温度(0～5)℃,O_2流量(100～200) mL·min^(-1),臭氧化反应时间180 min,活化锌粉为还原剂,n(锌粉)∶n(环己烯)=1∶1,还原分解时间60 min。在该反应条件下,重复实验三次,1,6-己二醛平均收率可达61.6%。     

酸铵催化H2O2氧化环己烯合成己二酸

以（NH4）5[H2（WO4）6]·H2O为催化剂,用H2O2氧化环己烯合成己二酸。探讨了催化剂用量、H2O2用量、反应温度和时间等条件对反应的影响。在优化工艺[n（环己烯）：n（H2O2）cn（钨酸铵）=100：440：1,反应温度为92℃,反应时间6h]条件下,己二酸分离收率可达81．4％,纯度为99．8％。催化剂重复使用3次,己二酸收率稳定。     

Na2WO4/1,2,3,4-丁烷四羧酸催化氧化环己烯合成己二酸

在无有机溶剂、无相转移剂的条件下,以E(H2O2)=30％为氧源,采用原位合成的Na2WO4／1,2,3,4-丁烷四羧酸／H2O2过氧钨酸络合物为催化剂,催化氧化环己烯合成己二酸。考察了酸性配体1,2,3,4-丁烷四羧酸的用量、反应温度和反应时间对反应的影响。当n(1,2,3,4-丁烷四羧酸)：n(Na2WO4)=4：1、n(Na2WO4)：n(环己烯)：n(H2O2)=1：40：176、水浴控制温度(70～90℃)时,反应8h,己二酸分离产率高达85．1％。催化剂重复使用至第5次,己二酸产率仍分别可达80．4％(回流控温)和80．2％(水浴控温70～90℃)。     

环己烯催化环氧化合成环氧环己烷的的优化实验研究

实验选用绿色环保且原子经济性高的分子氧或H2O2为氧化剂,以自制的固载型过氧化磷钨杂多酸季铵盐相转移催化剂,对环己烯催化环氧化合成环氧环己烷研合成工艺条件进行了研究。得出在不使用任何溶剂时的优化条件为:反应物料物质的量配比n环己烯∶nH2O2=1.75∶1(摩尔数),wH2O2水溶液(w=30%)∶w催化剂=7.08∶1(质量比),wH2O2水溶液(w=30%)∶w助剂A=21.24∶1(质量比);反应温度55℃,反应时间5.5 h。在此条件下环己烯的平均当量转化率为84.89%,目的产物环氧环己烷的选择性平均值达94.53%。     

一步法催化氧化环己烯制备己二酸的工艺研究

用“一锅煮”的方法将自制的催化剂400PW/SBA(40)（简记为PW/SBA）用于过氧化氢氧化环己烯制备己二酸的绿色工艺中,该工艺无溶剂化。通过己二酸合成预试验,确定了环己烯和过氧化氢的摩尔比为5.47:1,用正交试验法和单因素实验法优化反应工艺条件,考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、反应温度和加料方式对己二酸收率、纯度的影响。确定出较优工艺条件为：反应时间9h,温度80℃,催化剂用量1.75g,n(H2O2): n(环己烯)=5.47:1(环己烯以5.3ml,0.0497mol 计),反应3.5h后加入另外1/2量的w(H2O2)=30%。通过3次平行实验,己二酸产品的收率可达74.5%,纯度可达99.7%。并对PW/SBA进行表征,得出其氮气吸附等温线和BJH孔容曲线。     

WO3催化H2O2氧化环己醇合成己二酸

以WO3为催化剂,H2O2氧化环己醇合成己二酸。探讨了催化剂用量、H2O2用量、反应温度和时间等条件对反应的影响。优化条件：n（环己醇）∶n（H2O2）∶n（WO3）=100∶600∶4、反应温度100℃、反应时间6h。己二酸分离收率达67.6%,纯度99.8%;催化剂重复使用5次后,己二酸收率仍可达60.2%。     

催化氧化环己烯制备己二酸

采用"一锅煮"的方法,在无有机溶剂存在下,将自制的催化剂400PW/SBA(40)(简记为PW/SBA)用于过氧化氢氧化环己烯制备己二酸的绿色工艺中。通过己二酸合成预实验,确定了n(过氧化氢)/n(环己烯)=5.47;用正交实验法和单因素实验法优化反应工艺条件,考察了反应时间、催化剂用量、反应温度和加料方式对己二酸收率的影响。确定出较优工艺条件为:反应时间9 h,温度80℃,催化剂用量1.75 g,n(H2O2)/n(环己烯)=5.47(环己烯以5.3 mL,0.049 7 mol计),反应开始时加入半量过氧化氢,反应3.5 h后再加入另外半量过氧化氢〔w(H2O2)=30%〕。通过3次平行实验,己二酸产品的收率可达73.5%,质量分数可达99.7%。并对PW/SBA进行了表征,得出其氮气吸附等温线和BJH孔容曲线。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.