基于二维手绘草图的三维形状检索

随着互联网上三维模型数量的迅猛增多,需要发展便捷、可靠的基于内容的三维形状(模型)检索引擎。手绘草图具有以视觉形象表达概念的能力,符合人类传递信息的习惯,因而成为三维形状检索的重要交互手段。然而,直接表达人类意识的二维手绘草图与标准的三维形状表达之间常常存在较大的语义鸿沟,这给基于手绘草图的三维形状检索带来很多技术难题。文章对基于手绘草图的三维形状检索相关背景以及技术进展进行了介绍,重点介绍了用上下文信息填补语义鸿沟的最新方法。     

融合信息熵和CNN 的基于手绘的三维模型检索

基于手绘草图的三维模型检索(SBSR)已成为三维模型检索、模式识别与计算机视 觉领域的一个研究热点。与传统方法相比,基于卷积神经网络(CNN)的三维深度表示方法在三 维模型检索任务中性能优势非常明显。本文提出了一种基于手绘图像融合信息熵和CNN 的三 维模型检索方法。首先,通过计算模型投影图的信息熵得到模型的代表性视图,并将代表性视 图经过边缘检测等处理得到三维模型投影图的轮廓图像;然后,将轮廓图像和手绘草图输入到 CNN 中提取特征描述子,并进行特征匹配。本文方法在Shape Retrieval Contest (SHREC) 2012 数据库和SHREC 2013 数据库上进行实验。实验证明,该方法的效果较其他传统方法检索准确 度更高。     

基于自适应多类中心和半异构网络的三维模型草图检索

草图具有易于构建且不受语言、专业、年龄限制等优势,基于手绘草图的三维模型检索受到越来越多的关注.然而在三维模型草图检索任务中,三维模型具有复杂性,草图具有类内多样性,同时三维模型与草图之间又具有巨大的域间差异性,这些特点的相互作用严重影响检索的准确性.针对以上问题,提出了一种基于自适应多类中心和半异构网络的三维模型草图...     

A survey on freehand sketch recognition and retrieval

With the development of digital devices and pressure sensing equipment, research into freehand sketches from touch-screen interfaces has increased significantly in recent years. As such, we provide the first comprehensive survey of recognition tasks based on sketch generation, freehand sketch classification, sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR), fine-grained sketch-based image retrieval (FG-SBIR), and sketch-based 3D shape image retrieval. Specifically, SBIR and FG-SBIR were the main focus of the survey. Primary technologies and benchmark datasets related to all sketch-based recognition topics are also discussed, along with future trends for this promising technology.     

草绘3维人体建模的模板形变方法

目的 采用草绘交互方式直接构造3维人体模型是当前人体建模研究的重要课题之一.提出一种草绘3维人体建模的模板形变方法.方法 针对输入的草图,首先,采用关节点定位方法获取草图中的人体关节点,根据人体结构学约束识别人体骨架结构,通过解析人体轮廓草图获取人体草图特征;其次,通过骨架模板和外观轮廓模板形变,将草图特征映射到3维人体模型,实现3维人体建模.结果 草图解析方法能有效提取草图特征,通过模板形变方法生成3维人体模型,并在模型上保持草图特征;能适应不同用户的绘制习惯,且生成的3维人体模型可用于人体动画设计.结论 提出一种草绘3维人体建模的模板形变方法,支持用户采用草绘方式进行3维人体模型设计,方法具有良好的用户适应性,对3维动画创作具有重要意义.     

基于图像辅助的三维模型形状检索

随着3D建模技术的快速发展,互联网上可用的3D模型库出现了爆炸式增长,越来越多的3D模型可以方便地通过网络下载使用.这直接促使了3D形状检索技术的发展,即给出特定的搜索信息,要求系统搜索出符合要求的、相似的3D模型.文章提出了一种新的3D形状检索方法,以3D模型作为输入,系统将会从模型数据库中自动检索出与输入形状最相似的模型.对于给定的输入模型以及数据库中的每一个模型,首先由计算机生成多幅在不同视角下的2D草图;然后,应用Gabor滤波器对每一幅2D草图提取图像上的局部特征,并对特征进行量化,从而得到代表该图像特征的直方图,这样对于每一个3D模型将得到多个代表该模型的直方图;最终,通过对比两个模型之间直方图的相似性,可以得到它们的相似性值,从而检索出与输入模型最相似的模型.文章所提出的方法通过采取2D图像分析方法提取能反映3D模型的特征并计算出模型之间的相似性值.经过测试,在一些公开的数据集上得到了较好的效果.     

基于球体投影的三维模型检索

针对草图检索三维模型时存在的域不匹配和如何选取视图等问题,提出一种基于球体投影的三维模型检索方法。针对域不匹配问题,提出基于球体投影的二维视图获取方法,并使用高斯差分和贝塞尔曲线完成线图的提取;利用草图和投影图像之间的关系构建分类器,以获取模型的最优视图;通过两个Siamese网络获取草图和二维视图的特征,并用联合贝叶斯（Joint Bayesian）方法来融合二者的输出,从而获得最终结果。实验证明了该方法的可行性,与其他方法相比具有更好的检索效果。     

A Data‐Driven Approach for Sketch‐Based 3D Shape Retrieval via Similar Drawing‐Style Recommendation

Sketching is a simple and natural way of expression and communication for humans. For this reason, it gains increasing popularity in human computer interaction, with the emergence of multitouch tablets and styluses. In recent years, sketch‐based interactive methods are widely used in many retrieval systems. In particular, a variety of sketch‐based 3D model retrieval works have been presented. However, almost all of these works focus on directly matching sketches with the projection views of 3D models, and they suffer from the large differences between the sketch drawing and the views of 3D models, leading to unsatisfying retrieval results. Therefore, in this paper, during the matching procedure in the retrieval, we propose to match the sketch with each 3D model from historical users instead of projection views. Yet since the sketches between the current user and the historical users can have big difference, we also aim to handle users' personalized deviations and differences. To this end, we leverage recommendation algorithms to estimate the drawing style characteristic similarity between the current user and historical users. Experimental results on the Large Scale Sketch Track Benchmark(SHREC14LSSTB) demonstrate that our method outperforms several state‐of‐the‐art methods.     

Extracting 3D model feature lines based on conditional random fields

We propose a 3D model feature line extraction method using templates for guidance. The 3D model is first projected into a depth map, and a set of candidate feature points are extracted. Then, a conditional random fields (CRF) model is established to match the sketch points and the candidate feature points. Using sketch strokes, the candidate feature points can then be connected to obtain the feature lines, and using a CRF-matching model, the 2D image shape similarity features and 3D model geometric features can be effectively integrated. Finally, a relational metric based on shape and topological similarity is proposed to evaluate the matching results, and an iterative matching process is applied to obtain the globally optimized model feature lines. Experimental results showed that the proposed method can extract sound 3D model feature lines which correspond to the initial sketch template.     

DeepSketch 3

Freehand sketches are a simple and powerful tool for communication. They are easily recognized across cultures and suitable for various applications. In this paper, we use deep convolutional neural networks (ConvNets), state-of-the-art in the field of sketch recognition, to address several applications of automatic sketch processing: complete and partial sketch recognition, sketch retrieval using query-by-example (QbE), and sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR) i.e the retrieval of images using a QbE paradigm but where the query is a sketch. We first focus on improving sketch recognition. For this purpose we compare different ConvNet architectures, training paradigms and data fusion schemes. This enabled us to outperform previous state-of-the-art in two large scale benchmarks for sketch classification. We achieved a mean average accuracy of 79.18% for the TU-Berlin sketch benchmark and 93.02% for the sketchy database. For partial sketch recognition, we were able to produce a system that achieves a mean average accuracy of 52.58% with only 40% of the strokes. We then conduct a comprehensive study of ConvNets features to enhance sketch retrieval and image retrieval, using a kNN similarity search paradigm in the ConvNet feature space. For the sketch retrieval tasks, we compare the performance obtained with features extracted from various depths (ConvNet layers) using one of the best performing model from the previous work. For the sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR), a sketch query is used to retrieve images of objects that belong to the same category, or even with a shape and pose close to the sketch query. The main challenge in the field of SBIR is to obtain efficient cross-domain features for sketch-image similarity measure. For this, besides comparing features extracted from different depth, we additionally compare different training approaches (some novel) for the ConvNets applied to sketches and images. Eventually, our best SBIR system achieves state-of-the-art results on the sketchy database (close to 40% recall at k = 1).

     

View-wised discriminative ranking for 3D object retrieval

In this paper, we propose a new framework which can capture the latent relative information within the multiple views of 3D model, named View-wised Discriminative Ranking(VDR). Different to existing view-based methods which treat the multiple views as the independent information, we want to model the relative information within multiple views. By placing the views of model in certain order, we learn the parameters of ranking function as a new robust model representation. We evaluate our proposal on several challenging datasets for 3D retrieval and the comparison experiments demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in both retrieval accuracy and efficiency.     

基于渲染图像角度结构特征的三维模型检索方法

为了充分利用三维模型的颜色、形状、纹理等特征,提出以三维模型渲染图像为数据集,利用渲染图像角度结构特征实现三维模型检索。首先,该方法以三维模型渲染图像为测试集,利用已有类别标记的自然图像作为训练集,通过骨架形状上下文特征对渲染图像进行分类,提取角度结构特征,建立特征库;然后,对输入的自然图像提取角度结构特征,与特征库中的角度结构特征进行相似度匹配计算,实现三维模型检索。实验结果表明, 充分利用 渲染图像的颜色、形状和空间信息是实现三维模型检索的有效方法。     

On visual complexity of 3D shapes

We present an approach to compute the perceived complexity of a given 3D shape using the similarity between its views. Previous studies on 3D shape complexity relied on geometric and/or topological properties of the shape and are not appropriate for incorporating results from human shape perception which claim that humans perceive 3D shapes as organizations of 2D views. Therefore, we base our approach to computing 3D shape complexity on the (dis)similarity matrix of the shape's 2D views. To illustrate the application of our approach, we note that simple shapes lead to similar views whereas complex ones result in different, dissimilar views. This reflected in the View Similarity Graph (VSG) of a shape as tight clusters of points if the shape is simple and increasingly dispersed points as it gets more complex. To get a visual intuition of the VSG, we project it to 2D using Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) and introduce measures to compute shape complexity through point dispersion in the resulting MDS plot. Experiments show that results obtained using our measures alleviate some of the drawbacks present in previous approaches.     

3D Object retrieval based on viewpoint segmentation

In the last decades, extensive efforts have been dedicated to develop better 3D object retrieval methods. View-based methods have attracted a significant amount of attention, not only because of their state-of-the-art performance, but also they merely require some of a 3D object’s 2D view images. However, most recent approaches only deal with the images’ content difference without the discrepancy of view relative positions. In this paper, we propose a normal method for view segmentation, based on Markov random field (MRF) model, which consider not only the difference between the content of views but also the relative locations. Each view is obtained by projecting at certain viewpoints and angels, therefore, these locations can be applied to depict each view, with content of views. We use the MRF to implement view segmentation and choose the representative views. Finally, we present a framework based on the proposed view segmentation method for 3D object retrieval and the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can achieve better retrieval effectiveness than state-of-the-art methods under several standard evaluation measures.     

三维手绘CAD系统的设计与表达

描述了一个基于手绘草图的三维设计系统,并给出了该系统的体系结构．该系统采用以草绘手势规则和草图语义自动机为基础的设计与表达的思路,描述了草图语义的获取、表达和理解方法,从而较好地支持了早期的三维产品概念设计．该系统以手写笔和手写板为交互输入设备,能够自然、高效地进行一些复杂的三维实体和三维场景设计．     

A template-based reconstruction of plane-symmetric 3D models from freehand sketches

This paper presents a method for reconstructing a 3D model from a freehand sketch. There are two methods used in sketch-based modeling research: gestural modeling and reconstructional modeling. This research involves the reconstructional modeling method of Mitani, which was originally designed for a box-shaped model using a predefined template. Here, this method is improved by leveraging a relational template and a template matching method that extend the range of categories of the reconstructed objects. Sketch preprocessing details are provided and the template-based reconstructional method then uses the sketch preprocessing results to reconstruct a 3D model from a freehand sketch.     

采用草绘轮廓的3维人脸建模方法

为方便用户进行3维人脸形状设计,提出一种基于手绘轮廓的3维人脸建模方法。该方法的主要特点在于,一方面,引用姿态估计技术对人脸草图进行解析,将用户绘制的侧视人脸草图转换成对应的正视人脸草图,可支持用户选择多个视角绘制人脸;另一方面,采用多层映射机制建立人脸草图特征点与3维人脸特征点之间的一一对应关系,由对应特征点之间的形变量来控制生成3维人脸,保证草图笔画的几何形状信息能有效映射到3维模型中。实验结果表明,文中方法能快速生成形状新颖的特定人脸,可有效支持用户进行3维人脸形状的手绘建模。