乳化剂在聚醋酸乙烯乳液聚合中的应用研究

以烯丙氧基羟丙磺酸钠(HAPS)、甲基丙烯酸羟丙磺酸钠(HPMAS)、乙烯基磺酸钠(SVS)、烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚硫酸铵(DNS-86)和磺基琥珀酸癸基聚氧乙烯醚酯二钠(DNS-628)为乳化剂,采用一次投料法合成乳液,选择适宜醋酸乙烯乳液聚合的乳化剂。结果表明,在该聚合条件下,DNS-86和DNS-628适合醋酸乙烯酯乳液聚合。采用半连续种子乳液聚合,以DNS-628为乳化剂,设计理论乳液固含量为45%,当加入量为1.0%时,可合成稳定的乳液;以DNS-86为乳化剂,加入量为2.0%～6.0%时,合成的乳液不稳定,采用预乳化工艺,加入量为6.0%时可合成稳定的乳液。以DNS-86和DNS-628为乳化剂合成的乳液,其固含量、稀释稳定性、粘度、粒径和热老化性能等基本性能与传统乳化剂的明显不同。     

丙烯酸酯乳液型压敏胶的聚合稳定性研究

以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、丙烯酸-2-羟基丙基酯(HPA)、β-羧乙基丙烯酸酯(β-CEA)和苯乙烯(St)为共聚单体,过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂,碳酸氢钠(NaHCO3)为缓冲剂,DNS-458(铵盐型阴离子乳化剂)/OP-10(普通非离子乳化剂)为复合乳化剂,采用半连续种子乳液聚合法合成了丙烯酸酯乳液型PSA(压敏胶)。研究了单体、乳化剂、引发剂及缓冲剂等对乳液聚合稳定性的影响。结果表明:共聚单体对乳液聚合稳定性的影响依次为β-CEABA≈HPASt,β-CEA单体对聚合稳定性影响最显著;当w(APS)=0.6%、w(NaHCO3)≥0.3%、复合乳化剂中m(DNS-458)∶m(OP-10)=1∶1且w(DNS-458+OP-10)=0.5%时,乳液的聚合稳定性相对较好。     

核壳结构纳米TiO_2/丁苯复合乳液制备研究

为制备高固高粘新型丁苯乳液(SBRL),以经硅烷偶联剂改性的纳米TiO2为核,阴离子乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)与非离子乳化剂辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)为复合乳化剂,其质量比为1:1,采用半连续种子乳液聚合法,制备了具有核壳结构的纳米TiO2/聚丁苯(PSB)复合乳液,并测定了复合乳液的性能。确定了适宜聚合工艺条件:纳米TiO2为总量0.5%,乳化剂用量为3.5%,引发剂用量为单体量0.4%,聚合温度为64℃,可以制备出性能良好的复合乳液。所制乳液固含量最高可达50%以上,粘度可依据不同使用要求调节。     

高固含量丙烯酸酯无皂乳液的研制

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)为硬单体、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为软单体、丙烯酸(AA)为功能单体和过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用不同的反应性乳化剂合成了固含量为50%～60%的丙烯酸酯无皂乳液。讨论了反应性乳化剂的种类及用量对无皂乳液性能及粒径等影响。结果表明:当反应温度为80～85℃、反应性乳化剂为烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯硫酸铵(DNS-86)且w(DNS-86)=4%～5%时,无皂乳液的固含量高达60%左右、凝胶率几乎为零且粒径相对较小。     

叔碳酸乙烯酯改性醋酸乙烯酯乳液的研制

采用半种子连续乳液聚合的方法，以过硫酸钾为引发剂，以十二烷基硫酸钠和OP—10复配为乳化剂，合成了叔碳酸乙烯酯／醋酸乙烯酯共聚乳液。研究了乳化剂的用量、阴离子／非离子质量比和叔碳酸乙烯酯用量对乳液性能的影响；引发剂用量、聚合温度、种子单体加入量以及单体进料速率对聚合过程的影响。乳化剂用量为3％、阴离子／非离子为1：1、叔碳酸乙烯酯用量为30％；聚合温度为76℃、引发剂用量为0．4％、种子加入量为10％、进料周期为4h，聚合过程稳定，乳液性能良好。     

高固含量苯丙微乳液的制备与性能研究

以苯乙烯(St)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为共聚单体,丙烯酸(AA)为功能单体,反应型乳化剂(DNS-86)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和壬基酚醚磺基琥珀酸酯钠盐(OS)为复合乳化剂,采用种子乳液聚合法制备了粒径小、耐水性好且固含量为50%的苯丙微乳液。研究结果表明:当w(引发剂)=0.7%、m(MMA+St)∶m(BA)∶m(AA)=5.0∶4.7∶0.3、w(St)=15%~25%、m(DNS-86)∶m(SDS+OS)=3∶2且w(复合乳化剂)=5%时,高固含量苯丙微乳液的综合性能良好。     

聚合条件对丙烯酸酯微乳液粒径及其分布的影响

以烯丙氧基壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚硫酸铵(DNS-86)为阴离子型反应性乳化剂、过硫酸钾(KPS)为引发剂,制备丙烯酸酯微乳液。研究了聚合工艺、乳化剂、引发剂和单体等对微乳液的粒径及其分布的影响。结果表明:随着DNS-86、KPS用量的不断增加,乳胶粒的粒径逐渐减小,但过多加入KPS时会导致乳胶粒的粒径增大;乳胶粒的粒径均呈双峰分布,并且双峰随单体用量增加均向大粒径方向偏移;当w(DNS-86)=11%、w(KPS)=0.5%和m(单体)∶m(水)=6∶14时,采用种子预乳化半连续聚合法,可以制备出粒径小(平均粒径为39 nm)、分布窄(粒径分布指数为0.202)的丙烯酸酯微乳液。     

高固含量无皂丙烯酸酯共聚乳液的合成研究

以烯丙氧基壬基酚乙基聚氧乙烯硫酸钠（DNS-86）为反应性乳化剂,甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）为硬单体,丙烯酸丁酯（BA）为软单体,甲基丙烯酸（MAA）为功能性单体,采用预乳化种子半连续聚合方式,合成了固含量65％的无皂丙烯酸酯乳液。讨论了软硬单体配比、乳化剂用量、聚合温度等反应条件对高固含量乳液的合成及性能的影响。     

可聚合乳化剂DNS-6对丙烯酸酯乳液稳定性的影响

使用可聚合乳化剂烯丙氧基壬基酚丙醇聚氧乙烯（10）醚硫酸铵（DNS-86）,通过半连续聚合工艺制备了水基丙烯酸酯乳液。考查了DNS-86对乳液的固含量、转化率、乳胶粒的大小及形态、Zeta电位以及各种稳定性（聚合稳定性、化学稳定性及冻融稳定性）的影响。与常规乳化剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）制备的丙烯酸酯乳液性能进行了对比。结果表明,DNS－86因反应活性大,能与丙烯酸酯单体进行共聚,制得的乳胶粒大小均一,形态规整,乳液的稳定性得到改善。     

纳米二氧化硅/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液的合成及其涂膜性能

以改性硅溶胶与丙烯酸酯类单体原位聚合,采用单体预乳化、半连续滴加法制备了高硅含量纳米SiO2/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液,研究了纳米SiO2和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)的用量、乳化剂配比和乳液固含量对乳液性能的影响,利用红外光谱、热重分析等方法对乳液结构和热稳定性进行了表征,测试了乳胶膜的性能。当SiO2用量为20%,乳化剂中m(OP-10):m(DNS-86)=1:3,功能性单体MAA用量为5%,乳液固含量为40%时,可制得稳定性良好的纳米SiO2/聚丙烯酸酯复合乳液,其涂膜硬度为6H,附着力1级,耐磨性达2500r,且具有良好的耐水性和耐热性。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。